Bio 1 exam
What is the structure of chloroplast DNA?
they comprise a single circular molecule with a quadripartite structure that includes two copies of an IR region that separate large and small single-copy (LSC and SSC) regions
Molecules
two or more atoms joined together
What is the basic unit of life?
Cells are considered the basic units of life in part because they come in discrete and easily recognizable packages.
How do cells use ATP?
Cells use ATP for functions such as building molecules and moving materials by active transport.
What step produces most of the CO2 waste?
Cellular respiration and alcohol fermentation
What does cellular respiration do for the cell?
Cellular respiration is used to generate usable ATP energy in order to support many other reactions in the body
Which types of living things carry out cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration occurs in the cells of all living things, both autotrophs and heterotrophs.
What is the function of mitochondria?
cellular respiration, powerhouse of the cell
At what stage of photosynthesis is oxygen released?
Non-cyclic photo phosphorylation (from the splitting of water)
scientific theory
Observation, explanation (hypothesis), prediction, test
Chemical bonds
Occur to fill outer energy level
Basic structure for eukaryotic cells
Organelles serve specific functions within eukaryotes, such as energy production, photosynthesis, and membrane construction
Electron
Surround the nucleus and forms chemical bonds (carries a negative charge)
Scientific Method allows:
Testing of multiple hypothesis to eliminate the incorrect ones
At what stage of cellular respiration does oxygen get used?
The TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation require oxygen
What is energy?
The ability to do work or cause change
How is energy released from ATP molecules?
By hydrolysis. When water cuts a phosphate off. It's "spring loaded". As it pops off it releases energy
Protons
carry a positive charge
Atoms have
protons, neutrons, electrons
What is an exergonic reaction?
reaction that releases energy
nucleic acids
store and transmit genetic information
What kinds of food molecules are converted to acetyl-CoA?
sugars and fats.
What are the two laws of thermodynamics and what do they mean?
the First Law of Thermodynamics states that total energy in a closed system is neither lost nor gained — it is only transformed. The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy constantly increases in a closed system
What step of cellular respiration makes the most ATP?
the electron transport system
Atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
Parts of a nucleotide
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
What is an endergonic reaction?
A reaction that absorbs energy
Hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
What is ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active transport.
What are the major types of cells on Earth?
All cells on Earth can be classified as either prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells.
How is the structure of bacterial cells different from eukaryotic and archaea cells?
Archaea and bacterial cells lack organelles or other internal membrane-bound structures. Therefore, unlike eukaryotes, archaea and bacteria do not have a nucleus separating their genetic material from the rest of the cell.
ionic bond
Atom completely gives up e- to another
covalent bond
Atoms share a pair of electrons
Atoms
Basic unit of matter
How is the overall chemical reaction for photosynthesis similar to the overall reaction for cellular respiration? How are different?
Both are similar reactions that occur in a specific manner. In the process of respiration, oxygen and glucose yield water and carbon dioxide, while carbon dioxide and water yield glucose and oxygen during the process of photosynthesis.
Where in the cells does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplast
What are the components of cell membranes and how do they function?
Composed of a mix of proteins and lipids. Its function is to protect the integrity of the interior of the cell by allowing certain substances into the cell while keeping other substances out.
2 types of sugars in nucleotides
Deoxyribose (DNA) and ribose (RNA)
starting reactants and end products for cellular respiration?
During cellular respiration, the reactants—glucose (sugar) and oxygen—combine together to form new products: carbon dioxide molecules and water molecules.
How are they different? prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic organisms may be multicellular or unicellular, but prokaryotes are always unicellular organisms.
Nucalic acids are made
In the nucleus
What is a pigment?
Light-absorbing molecule
What characteristics separate life from the non-living world?
Living things are composed of cells, which use chemical processes (like respiration and excretion) to stay alive. Non-living things are not composed of cells. They do not perform "living" tasks like respiration, excretion, reproduction, etc.
Is oxygen required for glycolysis?
No, glycolysis is an anaerobic process
What is the function of the Golgi?
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell
inductive reasoning
Process of going from a specific observation to a single, general observation
deductive reasoning
Process of making specific predictions based on a single, general explanation
Are all wavelengths of light equally used in photosynthesis?
Red and blue lights the best
Nucleus
Small dense center or atoms
Which types of living things carry out Photosynthesis?
The process is carried out by plants, algae, and some types of bacteria,
What are the four major steps of cellular respiration?
The stages of cellular respiration include glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid or Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
What are the steps of photosynthesis?
The sunlight is absorbed by the chlorophyll in the leaves of the plants. Carbon dioxide enters the plant through structures called the stomata, which are usually found on the underside of the leaves. Water is absorbed through the roots of the plant.
What important functions do lysosomes perform in cells?
They are widely known as terminal catabolic stations that rid cells of waste products and scavenge metabolic building blocks that sustain essential biosynthetic reactions during starvation.
Election orbitals
Volume around an atomic nucleus where electrons most likely to be found
What happens when light is absorbed?
Water is split and electrons are energized
Hydrogen bonds
Weak attraction between polar molecules
What determines whether acetyl-CoA enters the citric acid (=Krebs) cycle or gets converted to stored fat?
When there is enough oxygen available to the cell, pyruvate crosses the mitochondrial membrane and is quickly converted to Acetyl CoA.
What is an active site?
a region on an enzyme that binds to a protein or other substance during a reaction.
Which cells need ATP?
all cells require ATP for their existence and metabolism.
What kinds of cells have mitochondria?
all eukaryotic cells (plant and animal cells)
3 parts of amino acid
amino group, carboxyl group, R group
How do diffusion and surface to volume ratio influence cell size?
as the cell gets bigger, its surface-to-volume ratio decreases, making diffusion less efficient
How do enzymes speed up chemical reactions?
by lowering the activation energy
What is the structure of mitochondrial DNA?
circular and double stranded
What is made in rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
creation/ storage of lipids and steroids, while the RER plays a significant role in the synthesis of various proteins. (protein milks ect.)
What is inside lysosomes?
digestive enzymes
What happens to energy transferred in chemical reactions?
energy is released when new bonds form in products
What is activation energy?
energy needed to start a reaction
What are the major pigments in a plant?
four main categories: chlorophylls, anthocyanins, carotenoids, and betalains
How did mitochondria originate?
from engulfed, originally free-living proteobacteria
What are the starting reactants and end products of photosynthesis?
light energy converts carbon dioxide and water (the reactants) into glucose and oxygen (the products).
Where does the citric acid cycle take place?
mitochondria
Neutron
no charge
Where is DNA in eukaryotic cells?
nucleus
What is osmosis and how is it different from diffusion?
osmosis is the diffusion of water and has to do with water and diffusion is the process of movement. Diffusion can be air and osmosis is water.
teritary structure
overall 3D shape of a protein
What is the function of chloroplasts?
photosynthesis
What kinds of cells have chloroplasts?
plant cells
What are the two states of energy?
potential and kinetic