Bio 101 CH. 30

stigma, style, and ovary

A carpel is composed of _____ a. zygote, anther, and endosperm b. ovule, megasporocyte, and anther c. petal, sepal, and stamen d. ovary, ovule, and anther e. stigma, style, and ovary.

anther and filament

A stamen consists of _____. a. stigma and anther b. ovary and sepal c. stigma and style d. stigma and filament e. anther and filament

1. Megaspore 2. Integument 3. Fertilized egg

After fertilization, the ovule develops into a seed. Can you match the parts of the ovule with the corresponding parts of seed? 1. After fertilization of the ovuled, the _________ develops into the food supply of the mature seed. 2. After fertilization of the ovule, the ________ develops into the seed coat 3. After fertilization of the ovule, the _________ develops into the embryo of the mature seed. a) Integument b) Megaspore c) Fertilized egg

Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.

Among plants known as legumes (beans, peas, alfalfa, clover, for example) the seeds are contained in a fruit that is itself called a legume, better known as a pod. Upon opening such pods, it is commonly observed that some ovules have become mature seeds, whereas other ovules have not. Thus, which of the following statements is/are likely accurate? a. There was apparently not enough endosperm to distribute to all of the ovules in such pods, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized. b. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods, and the ovules that failed to develop into seeds were derived from sterile floral parts. c. Pollen tubes did not enter all of the ovules in such pods, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized. d. The flowers that gave rise to such pods were not pollinated, and fruit can develop even if all ovules within have not been fertilized.

Flowers

Angiosperms are different from all other plants because only they have _____. a. a sporophyte phase b. a life cycle that involves alternation of generations b. a vascular system c. flowers d. seeds

carpel, ovary, ovule, embryo sac, egg

Arrange the following structures from largest to smallest, assuming that they belong to two generations of the same angiosperm. a. embryo sac, carpel, egg, ovary, ovule b. embryo sac, ovary, carpel, ovule, egg c. carpel, embryo sac, ovule, ovary, egg d. carpel, ovary, ovule, embryo sac, egg

sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive). a. sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei b. pollen cone, sporophyte, microspores, microsporangia, pollen nuclei c. sporophyte, microspores, microsporangia, pollen nuclei, pollen cone d. pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei, sporophyte

diploid, haploid, haploid, diploid

Can you identify the ploidy of different structures (picture) The embryo is__________ The megaspore is ___________ The gametophyte generation is _____________ The sporophyte generation is ________ a) diploid b) haploid c) polyploid

Produce much more pollen because winds disperse pollen randomly

Compared to animal-pollinated plants, wind-pollinated angiosperms _____ a. produce fewer seeds because winds disperse seeds in a targeted manner b. produce much less pollen because winds disperse pollen in a highly targeted manner c. produce much more pollen because winds disperse pollen randomly d. produce more seeds because winds disperse seeds greater distances

Cycads only: have palmlike leaves Ginkgos only: only one living species today, leaves have fanlike appearance Gnetophytes only: includes three genera that vary greatly in appearance Conifers only: pines, all species produce cones, redwoods All gymnosperms: seeds do not form in an enclosed structure, undergo alternation of generations

Gymnosperm diversity Indicate whether each description applied to a specific group of gymnosperms or to all gymnosperms. (picture) Specific groups: 1. Cycads only 2. Ginkgos only 3. Gnetophytes only 4. Conifers only 5. All gymnopserms Description: a) Pines b) seeds don not form in an enclosed structure c)all species produce cones d)includes three genera that vary greatly in appearance e) have palmlike leaves f) only one living species today g)redwoods h)undergo alternation of generations i) leave have fanlike appearance

polyphyletic

If one were to propose a new taxon of plants that included all the plants that are pollinated by animals, but excluded all plants that are not pollinated by animals, then this new taxon would be ________. a. monophyletic b. polyphyletic c. identical in composition to the phylum Anthophyta d. paraphyletic

They are probably win pollinated

Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. What does this indicate about their pollination? a. Their pollinating insects are probably color blind. b. They probably attract pollinators using strong fragrances. c. They are probably wind pollinated. d. They probably self-fertilize and do not need pollen carried from one plant to another.

pollen

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants? a. sporopollenin b. megaphylls c. pollen d. lignin present in cell walls

Stigma

In angiosperms, pollination is the transfer of pollen grain to the _____ of a flower on the same plant or another plant of the same species. a. style b. stigma c. anther d. ovulate cone e. ovary

micropyle

In pine trees, pollen grains get to the ovule via the _______ a. pollen cone b. integument c. micropyle d. megaspore e. eggs

immature sporophyte

In pines, an embryo is a(n) ______ a) seed b) food reserve for the immature sporophyte c) immature female gametophyte d) immature sporophyte e) immature male gametophyte

seed coat

In the flowering plants the integuments of the ovule develop into a(n) _______. a. endosperm b. sporophyte c. seed coat d. cotyledon e. fruit

archegonia, egg

In the pines, the femal gametophyte contains _____ each of which contains a(n) _____ a) microsporangia... egg cell b) antheridia... sperm cell c) archegonia... egg d) antheridia... egg e) archegonia... sperm cell

haploid, meiosis

In the spine, microsporangia form _____ microspores by _____. a. tiploid, fetilization b. diploid, meiosis c. haploid, mitosis d. diploid, mitosis e. haploid, meiosis

a. meiosis b. mitosis c. haploid d. gametophyte e. pollination f. diploid g. gametophyte h. diploid I. diploid j. sporophyte

Life cycle of a gymnosperm The diagram below illustrates the life cycle of one type of gymnosperm, a conifer. Indicate which structures in the life cycle are haploid or diploid (using pink labels), and label the processes (using blue labels) and stages (using white labels). (picture) 1. Mitosis 2. Meiosis 3. pollination 4. haploid 5. diploid 6. gametophyte 7. sporophyte

is nutritious to the dispersing organisms

Mistletoe is a plant that lives on trees and gains nutrition from them (that is, it is a parasite). The fruit of the mistletoe is a one-seeded berry and is consumed by birds. In members of the genus Viscum, the outside of the seed is viscous (sticky), which permits the seed to adhere to surfaces such as the branches of host plants or the beaks of birds. What should be expected of the fruit if the viscosity of Viscum seeds is primarily an adaptation for dispersal rather than an adaptation for infecting host plant tissues? The fruit ________. a. is drab in color b. secretes enzymes that can digest bark c. is colored so as to provide it with camouflage d. is nutritious to the dispersing organisms

one

Of the four haploid cells produced by a pine cone's megasporocyte (megaspore mother cell), _____ survivie(s) a. four b. one c. three d. two e. integuments

The dust is pine pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated.

One day, you go outside and see that the cars on the street are covered in a yellow "dust". Which of the following statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"? a. The dust is pine pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated b. The dust is the seed production of ferns and is so abundant because the seeds are tiney and take very little energy to produce. c. The dust is the spore production of the ferns and is so abundant because the spores are wind-dispersed d. The dust is the seed production of pines and is so abundant because the seed are tiny and take very little energy to produce.

B

Ovules are found within structure _____. (picture) A B C D E

decreased surface area, reducing water loss

Spruces and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of ________. a. increased surface area, increasing gas exchange b. decreased surface area, reducing water loss c. decreased surface area, reducing gas exchange d. increased surface area, increasing photosynthesis

modified leaves

Stamens, sepals, petals, carpels, and pinecone scales are all _____. a. capable of photosynthesis b. found on flowers c. female reproductive parts d. modified leaves

containing a nutrient store for a developing sporophyte

The advantages of seeds, compared to spores, include _________ a. using wind as a dispersal agent b. providing nutrition for animals c. containing a nutrient store fo a devloping sporophyte d. relying on animals for pollination

protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from the sporophyte, and protection from drying out

The advantages of the reduced gametophytes in seed plants include ____________ a. development of the seed b. protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from its own photosynthesis, and protection from drying out c. protection from ultraviolet radiation, gain of nutrients from the sporophyte, and protection from drying out d. protection of the spores from ultraviolet radiation and drying out, and gain of nutrients from the sporophyte.

gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

The closest relative of the familiar pine and spruce trees are ______. a. elms, maples, and aspens b. ferns, horsetails, lycophytes, and club mosses c. hornworts, liverworts, and mosses d. gnetophytes, cycads, and ginkgos

Presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule

The major difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms comes from the _____. a. production of microspores versus megaspores b. presence or absence of a protective covering over the ovule c. presence or absence of alternation of generations d. presence or absence of vascular structures e. dominance or lack of dominance of the sporophyte generation

Pollen grains

The male gametophytes of flowering plants are also referred to as a. male sporophytes b. embryo sacs c. megaspores d. endosperm e. pollen grains

produce two kinds of spores

Unlike almost all ferns, seeds plants _______ a. have vascular tissue b. can photosyntesize c. produce two kinds of spores d. have large gametophytes

petals

Unlike most angiosperms, grasses are pollinated by wind. As a consequence, some unnecessary parts of grass flowers have almost disappeared. Which of the following parts would you expect to be most reduced in a grass flower? a. stamens b. petals c. anthers d. ovaries e. carpels

It is a measure of pollination success

Use the information to answer the following question. Scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata) usually has red flowers in an inflorescence of up to 250 flowers. In certain populations in the Arizona mountains, however, the flowers range from red to pink to white. In early summer, most (but not all) of the flowers were red. Six to eight weeks later, the same individual plants were still present; the flowers ranged from pink to white, and few red flowers were present. The major pollinators early in the season were two species of hummingbirds active during the day; they emigrated to lower elevations, and the major pollinator later in the season was a hawk moth (a type of moth). The hawk moth was most active at sunset and later, and it preferred light pink to white flowers after dark. When hummingbirds were present, more red flowers than white flowers produced fruit. When only hawk moths were present, more white flowers produced fruit. (K. N. Paige and T. G. Whitham. 1985. Individual and population shifts in flower color by scarlet gilia: A mechanism for pollinator tracking. Science 227:315-17). What is the significance of measuring fruit production? a. It is a measure of pollination success. b. It is easier than counting flowers. c. It is an indication of predation on the seeds of the plants. d. It is a measure of seed dispersal success.

They have flagellated sperm and they are pollinated by animals.

Use the information to answer the following question. The cycads, a mostly tropical phylum of gymnosperms, evolved about 300 million years ago and were dominant forms during the age of the dinosaurs. Though their sperm are flagellated, their ovules are pollinated by beetles. These beetles get nutrition from the pollen and shelter from the microsporophylls. Upon visiting megasporophylls, the beetles transfer pollen to the exposed ovules. In cycads, pollen cones and seed cones are borne on different plants. Cycads synthesize neurotoxins, especially in the seeds, that are effective against most animals, including humans. Which feature of cycads distinguishes them from most other gymnosperms? a. They have flagellated sperm and they are pollinated by animals. b. They are pollinated by animals. c. They have exposed ovules. d. They have flagellated sperm.

The seed coat should be able to withstand high acidity, and the seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes.

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? a. The seed coat should be able to withstand high acidity, and the seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes. b. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks, and the seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. c. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth, and the seed coat should be able to withstand high acidity. d. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals.

food supply, seed coat, embryo

What are the main components of a mature gymnosperm seed? a) food supply b) seed coat c) megaspore d) megasporangium e) pollen grain f) ovule g) embryo

Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

Whcih of t the following statemnts correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle? a. pollen grains contains female gametophytes b. seeds are produced in pollen-producing cones c. Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs d. A pollen tube slowly digests its way through the triploid endosperm

ovulate cone

Which of the following contains multiple gymnosperm ovules? a) integument b) ovulate cone C) megasporangium d) megaspore

ovary

Which of the following directly produces the fruit of angiosperms? a. male gametophyte b. female gametophyte c. ovary d. pollen tube

double internal fertiliazation

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms? a. double internal fertilization b. ovules that are not contained within ovaries c. free-living gametophytes d. carpels that contain microsporangia

the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

Which of the following is a major trend in land plant evolution? a. the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle b. the trend toward larger gametophytes c. the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle d. the trend toward smaller size

the male gametophyte

Which of the following is found inside a pollen grain? a) the megaspore b) the sporophyte c) the female gametophyte d) the male gametophyte

It lacks gametangia

Which of the following lines of evidence would best support your assertion that a particular plant is an angiosperm? a. It undergoes alternation of generations. b. It lacks gametangia. c. It retains its fertilized egg within its archegonium. d. It produces seeds

ovulate cone

Which of the following mostly directly produces the integument of a pine seed? a. malet gametophyte b. pollen cone c. ovulate cone d. female gametophyte

female sporophyte

Which of the following sex and generation combination directly produces the megasporangium of pine ovules? a. female gametophyte b. male gametophyte c. male sporophyte d. female sporophyte

male gametophyte

Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms? a. female sporophyte b. male sporophyte c. male gametophyte d. female gametophyte

Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

Which of the following statemnts about the pine life cycle is accurate? a. Male and female gametophytes are in close proximity during gamete synthesis. b. Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes. c. The pine tree is a gametophyte. d. Double fertilization is a relatively common phenomenon.

double fertilization

Which of these is unique to flowering plants? a. an embryo surrounded by nutritive tissue b. pollen production c. double fertilization d. haploid gametophytes e. a dominate sporophyte generation

It functions as a haploid food reserve

Which of these statements is true about the gametophyte tissue that surrounds the pine embryo? a. It develops from the fusion of a microspore and a megaspore b. It functions as a haploid food reserve c. it is the remnant of the pollen tube d. it functions as a diploid food reserve e. it functions as a triploid food reserve

E

Which of these structures contains a male gametophyte? (Picture) A B C D E

megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell, sporophyte embryo

Within a gymnosperm megasporangium, which of the following developmental sequences is correct, assuming fertilization occurs? a. sporophyte embryo, megaspore, egg cell, female gametophyte b. megaspore, sporophyte embryo, female gametophyte, egg cell c. megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell, sporophyte embryo d. sporophyte embryo, megaspore, female gametophyte, egg cell