bio 101 chapter 7

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List the steps of lactic acid fermentation in order from when glucose enters the process.

1. 2 ATP are invested 2. NADH is produced 3. 4 ATP are produced for a net gain of 2 ATP 4. Pyruvate is produced 5. NADH gives up two electrons and a hydrogen ion to another molecule 6. Lactic acid is produced

List the steps of glycolysis from the point at which glucose enters until the point at which pyruvate is produced.

1. 2 ATP transfer phosphate groups to substrates 2. G3P is produced 3. NADH is produced 4. 4 ATP are produced

Muscle cells use oxygen to completely break down glucose during _________ metabolism, producing ATP.

Aerobic

What is the process that produces lactate?

Aerobic respiration

Fermentation in yeast yeilds ATP, carbon dioxide, and ethyl _______

Alcohol

The inter membrane space is found where?

Between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondrion

What happens to the electrons carriers (NADH and FADH2) after the electron transport chain?

Both are recycled to their low energy form and return to carry more electrons

During a period of oxygen deflicit, most ATP is produced via:

Fermentation

What are the products of processing of fats and oils that occur before they enter cellular respiration and are broken down.

Glycerol and fatty acids

The phase of cellular respiration that takes place outside the mitochondrion, does not require the presence of oxygen, and produces two ATP molecules is called...?

Glycolysis

Before being used for energy during cellular respiration, into what two parts are an amino acid broken?

ammonia and hydrocarbon backbone

In the electron transport chain of cellular respiration, electrons are passed from one molecule to the next. As the electrons move down the chain their energy levels change from a _______ energy level to a _______ energy level

Higher: lower

ATP is produced as _______ ions move through ATP synthase

Hydrogen

Oxidation is the removal of electrons and _________ ions from a molecule

Hydrogen

The enzyme ATP synthase is located on the cristae of the mitochondrion's _______ ___________

Inner membrane

Where is the ATP synthase complex attached to a mitochondrion?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

During the energy-________ step of glycolysis, two ATP transfer phosphate groups to substrates, resulting in two ADP + two inorganic phosphates

Investment

Where, specifically, does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur?

Matrix of the mitochondria

Define cellular respiration.

Metabolic reactions that use the energy from carbohydrate, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecule.

What are two coenzymes involved in cellular respiration?

NAD+ and FAD

What are carriers that are produced during the citric acid cycle?

NADH and FADH2

What are two steps of glycolysis?

The energy-harvesting step and the energy-investment step

For each molecule of glucose, glucoses produces...?

The same net number of ATP as the citric acid cycle

If 1 molecule of glucose produces 10 molecules of NADPH and 2 molecules of FADPH2+ how much ATP is produced in the ETC

34

Because it attracts electrons to a greater degree than other carrier in the electron transport chain, ________ is well-suited to be the final electron acceptor, combining H+ to form a water molecule.

Oxygen

Fermentation is used by cells when ________ is not present.

Oxygen

What serves as the final electron acceptor during the electron transport chain?

Oxygen

What are the reactants for cellular respiration?

Oxygen and Glucose

What are inputs of cellular respiration AND outputs of photosynthesis?

Oxygen and glucose

Proteins can enter the energy pathways at what stages?

Preparatory reaction and Citric acid cycle

During glycolysis, one glucose is converted into two ________ molecules.

Pyruvate

When NADH donates electrons to the first carrier molecules in the electron transport chain, that carrier molecule is...?

Reduced

Glycolysis requires an initial energy investment, which allows for the production of relatively larger quantities of ATP during...?

Substrate-level ATP synthesis


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