bio 101 chapter 7
List the steps of lactic acid fermentation in order from when glucose enters the process.
1. 2 ATP are invested 2. NADH is produced 3. 4 ATP are produced for a net gain of 2 ATP 4. Pyruvate is produced 5. NADH gives up two electrons and a hydrogen ion to another molecule 6. Lactic acid is produced
List the steps of glycolysis from the point at which glucose enters until the point at which pyruvate is produced.
1. 2 ATP transfer phosphate groups to substrates 2. G3P is produced 3. NADH is produced 4. 4 ATP are produced
Muscle cells use oxygen to completely break down glucose during _________ metabolism, producing ATP.
Aerobic
What is the process that produces lactate?
Aerobic respiration
Fermentation in yeast yeilds ATP, carbon dioxide, and ethyl _______
Alcohol
The inter membrane space is found where?
Between the outer and inner membranes of the mitochondrion
What happens to the electrons carriers (NADH and FADH2) after the electron transport chain?
Both are recycled to their low energy form and return to carry more electrons
During a period of oxygen deflicit, most ATP is produced via:
Fermentation
What are the products of processing of fats and oils that occur before they enter cellular respiration and are broken down.
Glycerol and fatty acids
The phase of cellular respiration that takes place outside the mitochondrion, does not require the presence of oxygen, and produces two ATP molecules is called...?
Glycolysis
Before being used for energy during cellular respiration, into what two parts are an amino acid broken?
ammonia and hydrocarbon backbone
In the electron transport chain of cellular respiration, electrons are passed from one molecule to the next. As the electrons move down the chain their energy levels change from a _______ energy level to a _______ energy level
Higher: lower
ATP is produced as _______ ions move through ATP synthase
Hydrogen
Oxidation is the removal of electrons and _________ ions from a molecule
Hydrogen
The enzyme ATP synthase is located on the cristae of the mitochondrion's _______ ___________
Inner membrane
Where is the ATP synthase complex attached to a mitochondrion?
Inner mitochondrial membrane
During the energy-________ step of glycolysis, two ATP transfer phosphate groups to substrates, resulting in two ADP + two inorganic phosphates
Investment
Where, specifically, does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur?
Matrix of the mitochondria
Define cellular respiration.
Metabolic reactions that use the energy from carbohydrate, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecule.
What are two coenzymes involved in cellular respiration?
NAD+ and FAD
What are carriers that are produced during the citric acid cycle?
NADH and FADH2
What are two steps of glycolysis?
The energy-harvesting step and the energy-investment step
For each molecule of glucose, glucoses produces...?
The same net number of ATP as the citric acid cycle
If 1 molecule of glucose produces 10 molecules of NADPH and 2 molecules of FADPH2+ how much ATP is produced in the ETC
34
Because it attracts electrons to a greater degree than other carrier in the electron transport chain, ________ is well-suited to be the final electron acceptor, combining H+ to form a water molecule.
Oxygen
Fermentation is used by cells when ________ is not present.
Oxygen
What serves as the final electron acceptor during the electron transport chain?
Oxygen
What are the reactants for cellular respiration?
Oxygen and Glucose
What are inputs of cellular respiration AND outputs of photosynthesis?
Oxygen and glucose
Proteins can enter the energy pathways at what stages?
Preparatory reaction and Citric acid cycle
During glycolysis, one glucose is converted into two ________ molecules.
Pyruvate
When NADH donates electrons to the first carrier molecules in the electron transport chain, that carrier molecule is...?
Reduced
Glycolysis requires an initial energy investment, which allows for the production of relatively larger quantities of ATP during...?
Substrate-level ATP synthesis
