Bio 102- Cancer
81) Individuals receive ______ (how many) chromosomes from their mother?
23
48) If a breast cancer patient has not responded to treatment and the cancer has spread to the brain the patient is classified as having Stage ______ cancer.
4
79) RNA polymerase copies a gene to provide a transcript of mRNA. What would be the transcript from the following DNA nucleotide sequence?
??
84) Chemicals, radiation, and viruses can cause ______ to occur in genes. This may lead to the cell becoming cancerous.
??
85) In breast cancer patients there is over expression of the proto-oncogene ERBB-2. This causes an increase production in the ______ protein.
??
13) The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides. The following correctly matches the complementary nucleotides of DNA.
Adenine:thymine and cytosine:guanine
56) There are different drugs that interfere with the M phase of the cell cycle. ______ interfere with the formation of the spindle fibers and ______ prevent the breakdown of the microtubules.
Alkaloids, Taxines
46) Cells within the inside of a tumor secrete growth factors which cause capillaries to grow toward the tumor. This process is called ______, and contributes to the growth and spread of the tumor.
Angiogenisis
23) In a normal cell G1 phase is the checkpoint for DNA damage. If the damage is too extensive, the cell will undergo __________.
Apoptosis
35) If a gene mutation occurs that results in a premature stop codon in the mRNA sequence the protein will __________.
Be smaller
88) A ______ procedure is used to remove a small piece of tissue to test for the presence of cancer cells.
Biopsy
49) If cancer invades the ______ this can cause an accumulation of blood calcium and may lead to a coma.
Bone
You are reading an article about a person being diagnosed with a type of sarcoma. This type of cancer affects __________ tissue.
Bone/Muscle
5) DNA encodes for proteins that are involved in __ (DNA is the genetic material called the genome. )
Cellular regulation
9) During the division of eukaryotic cells the ______ assists by dividing the genetic material and cell contents into the two resulting cells.
Centrioles
25) Your instructor is showing you a model of prophase in mitosis. There is an arrow pointing to a structure holding the two sister chromatids together. What structure is your instructor asking you to identify?
Centromere
83) Short sections of DNA called ______, are located on chromosomes.
Chromosome
24) The DNA is compacted into multiple ______ that condense and organize the genetic information before cells divide.
Chromosomes
82) In cellular division the two parts of M phase are mitosis and ______.
Cytokenisis
51) There are several ways a person can be tested to assess their risk of cancer. One is genetic testing. What genetic testing technique provides multiple copies of a gene?
DNA Cloning
40) Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes and in proto-oncogenes can result in cancer. If both are mutated
DNA damage will go unrecognized and cell division will increase.
28) Normal cell division is highly regulated by proteins to prevent mutations from occurring. If the cell division is stalled due to excessive DNA damage the cell is placed in ______ phase in an attempt to repair the DNA.
G0
32) At which checkpoint is DNA assessed for accuracy before cell division?
G1
60) Chemotherapy can interact with different phases of the cell cycle. What are the main phases that these drugs target?
G1, S, G2, or M,
66) There are three checkpoints during cell division. Which checks for DNA damage?
G2
75) There are three checkpoints during cell division. Which checks for DNA replication?
G2
38) A mutation in the _ ERBB-2_____ results in uncontrolled cell division. This mutation can lead to cancer.
Gene
80) A ______ is a short segment of DNA that encodes a functional protein.
Gene
41) A breast cancer patient may be diagnosed with being hormone receptor positive. This receptor protein is known as the ______ protein.
HER-2
87) Cancer affects the normal operation of the body and the response to the external environment. The normal operation is maintained by a process called ______.
Homeostasis
27) In which stage does the cell spend most of its time?
Interphase
61) There are two types of brachytherapy. ______ brachytherapy is when the "seed" is placed in the tumor and ______ brachytherapy is when the "seed" is placed near the tumor.
Intersistial, Intracavitary
62) Internal radiation that requires the seeds to remain in the body is referred to as ______ treatment.
Low-dose
30) Cell division occurs in ______ phase.
M
67) There are three checkpoints during cell division. Which checks for proper alignment of chromosomes?
M
16) The purpose of transcription is to ___
Make mRNA that will carry the instructions for making proteins outside of the nucleus.
8) What cell organelle converts the energy found in food into a form usable by cells?
Mitochondria
22) In eukaryotic cell division what are the two major parts of the cell cycle?
Mitosis and Interphase
44) Benign tumors are not considered a threat because they do not have
Mutations, have controlled cell division, do not spread or cause more tumors, maintain their original function.
45) Malignant tumors need nutrients and oxygen to grow. From what structures do they obtain nutrients and oxygen?
Nearby blood vessels
42) The appearance of cancerous cells differs from normal cells. If you were to view cancerous cells under the microscope you would notice enlarged __________.
Nuclei
14) In animal cells DNA is located in the __________.
Nucleus
78) In eukaryotic cells transcription occurs in the ______.
Nucleus
6) Know the hierarchy of biological organization
Organelle, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ systems, Organism.
50) Which of the following blood cells would be measured to evaluate a patient for cancer?
Platelets, Osteocytes, White blood cells, Red blood cells.
15) Ribosomes are located on the __________ endoplasmic reticulum.
Rough
26) Chromosomes are copied during the ____ phase
S
53) In which stage of breast cancer would a physician most likely use radiation and chemotherapy to treat a cancer patient?
Stage 3
86) The ______ enzyme allows for continuous cell division of cancerous cells.
Telomerase
33) Telomere length can change with age and the type of cell.
Telomeres are the longest in stem cells and cancer cells.
70) Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 3 of breast cancer?
The cancer has become more invasive and is beginning to affect more tissues of the breast and surrounding tissues, but has not yet spread to distant organs of the body.
55) In a normal cell what is the function of topoisomerase
Topoisomerases are nuclear enzymes that play essential roles in DNA replication, transcription, chromosome segregation, and recombination.
76) There are two stages of gene expression. The first stage ______, produces mRNA that is used in the second step.
Transcription
77) There are two main steps in gene expression. This first step produces mRNA and the second step, ______, converts the mRNA into a protein.
Translation
17) The purpose of translation is to ____
Use mRNA codons to link together amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
34) A base substitution can result in a change in DNA nucleotide sequence
a misfolded protein, a different codon sequence.
Tumor suppressor genes halt cell division if
an error is found in the DNA.
54) Radiation is targeted cancer therapy that works by
breaking the DNA and introducing mutations.
4) Cancer begins when
cells divide uncontrollably.
37) A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene can lead to cancer because these genes are involved in
checking the DNA for damage during the cell cycle.
There is one genome; it
consists of many genes that encode for multiple proteins.
59) Alkylating agents work by____________.
destroying the DNA in cancer cells
20) Nucleic acids serve as a ___
genetic code
39) Proto-oncogenes expression depends on external cell signaling. Under normal conditions
growth factors regulate the expression of proto-oncogenes.
64) Normally cancer cells can evade an immune response because the immune system
has a difficult time identifying cancerous cells.
12) DNA is a double strand of nucleotides arranged in a ___
helical structure.
58) Antimetabolites work by __________.
mimicking the molecules that a cell needs to grow.
31) Cells have checkpoints to regulate cell division. The G1 checkpoint allows the cell to ___
move into S phase, may delay division, may cause the cell to enter a resting phase and is regulated by growth hormones.
10) Cells are specialized to form tissues and organs through the control of gene expression. Gene expression is regulated (turning on and off genetic instructions) by ___
nearby cell signals and environmental factors.
11) Cancer cells are less specialized
no longer function with neighboring cells, divide rapidly and ignore the genetic information
19) At the end of gene expression the amino acids are in a _linear_____ structure. This is also the primary structure of a protein.
polypeptide
52) Physicians will request an analysis of proteins in the blood of possible cancer patients because_____
proteins from cancer cells are different from normal cells.
65) The role of the immune system is to continuously scan
recognize foreign agents, and destroy them, identify self versus non-self cells, create antibodies for future attacks by the same infectious agent, signal the body of infection.
68) In cancer vaccines macrophages that display tumor antigens are designed to
stimulate cytotoxic T cells to attack tumor cells.
7) Ribosomes use genetic information to __
synthesize proteins.
18) During translation the ______ reads the codon on the mRNA and brings in the corresponding amino acid.
tRNA
63) Chemotherapy works by
targeting points during cell division
If a person has a cancer that interferes with organs of the urinary system
that person may have trouble with regulating the water-salt balance of the blood.
47) The main difference between Stage 0 and Stage 1 cancer is that in Stage 1
the cancer cells have begun to spread to a few lymph nodes.
69) Which characteristic corresponds with Stage 4 of breast cancer?
the cancer has metastasized, and spread to distant parts of the body, typically the lungs, heart, brain or liver.
57) Topoisomerase inhibitors work by
the cell's ability to unwind DNA during DNA replication.
43) As cancerous cells accumulate mutations
the cells will continue to divide rapidly. This uncontrolled division results in a change in cellular appearance, cells becoming less specialized cells growing in blood vessels, cells moving to different parts of the body.
74) Prophase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during prophase?
the condensation of chromosomes, the movement of the centrosomes, the formation of the mitotic spindle, and the beginning of nucleoli break down.
29) There are three steps in interphase that prepare the cells for cell division. Select the correct order of steps that prepare cells for division.
the first gap phase (G1), the synthesis (S) phase, and the second gap (G2) phase.
71) Metaphase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during metaphase?
the nucleus dissolves and the cell's chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell.
73) Anaphase is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during anaphase?
the sister chromatids moving to opposite poles of the cells, due to the action of the condensing spindle fibres.
36) In normal cells
tumor suppressor genes, monitor the rate of cell division and check newly synthesized DNA for damage before being passed on to daughter cells.
72) Telophase and cytokinesis is a step of mitosis. What key event happens during telophase and cytokinesis?
two daughter nuclear membranes are formed, forming chromatin, while during cytokinesis, a cleavage furrow forms in animal cells and a cell plate forms in plant cells.