BIO 105 Final Exam

Which of the following is only true of RNA, but not DNA?

Adenine pairs with uracil.

Where within the lungs does gas exchange occur?

alveoli

_____________ is the final step in cell division.

cytokinesis

Antigens are

foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors, leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes.

Enzymes are able to speed up the rate of a reaction by _______________.

lowering the energy needed for the reaction to proceed

How does the body recognize "self" cells compared to "nonself" cells?

"Self" cells are marked by glycoproteins called major-histocompatibility complexes (MHCs).

Which of the following statements relate to natural selection. Check all that may apply

- Populations experience differential reproductive success. - Populations experience competition for resources. - Variation within a population is heritable.

How are flu viruses named? Check all that may apply.

- by their year of isolation - by their hosts - by their strain - by their type (A or B)

Which of the following structures are associated with the immune system. Check all that may apply.

- spleen - lymph nodes - red bone marrow - thymus

Select all of the following statements that describe the structure of a molecule of DNA.

-contains the nitrogenous bases, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine -contains deoxyribose sugar -twisted double helix

Mutations can be caused by _______________. A. radiation B. viruses C. carcinogens D. all of the answer choices are correct

D. all of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following statements about PCR is true?

PCR uses DNA polymerase

The pedigree shown displays the occurrence of an inherited disease. For an individual in the fourth generation with two heterozygous parents, what is the likelihood that they will be impacted by the disease?

25%

Which of the following statements is true? A. The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate. B. The citric acid cycle begins and ends with pyruvate. C. Aerobic respiration releases oxygen and uses carbon dioxide. D. Aerobic respiration of glucose has five phases. E. Cellular respiration will eventually produce three ATP molecules.

A. The end product of glycolysis is pyruvate.

Which of the following statements best describes ATP?

ATP is comprised of a sugar, base, and three phosphate groups.

Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied?

All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied.

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?

All living things maintain a constant internal environment.

Some traits are multiple-allele traits, meaning there are more than simply one recessive and one dominant allele possible. Which of the following is NOT an example of a multiple-allele trait? A. blood grouping, which is controlled by the interaction of three different alleles B. sickle-cell disease C. cystic fibrosis, which is controlled by more than 300 different alleles D. All of these answer choices are correct.

All of these answer choices are correct.

After eating some yogurt from a container you store it overnight in the refrigerator. A day later you return and find the surface of the yogurt is no longer smooth but has broken into several liquefied products. You correctly guess that enzymes from your saliva, via the spoon, have continued digesting the yogurt in your absence. What will happen over time?

As long as the enzyme is not denatured by environmental conditions, the reaction will continue until all of the substrate is used up

A method of genome editing that uses the Cas9 enzyme to identify and cut specific nucleotides from the genome is called _____.

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)

How does caffeine influence metabolic pathways?

Caffeine increases energy generated by cellular respiration pathways by increasing metabolic rates.

Which of the following is a characteristic of cancer cells?

Cells with abnormal nuclei.

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules and mitochondria convert this chemical energy into ATP molecules used for work.

Which of the following statements describes the correct flow of energy conversions through living systems?

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to the chemical energy of nutrient molecules.

If cancer is discovered at an early stage, surgical removal is most likely used as a first means of treatment before chemotherapy. This is because chemotherapy agents ________. A. are not specific and can target all cells of the body. B. can cause negative side effects including nausea, and hair loss. C. can cause damage to other organs and tissues. D. All of the answer choices are correct.

D. All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following describe normal cell division function? A. repair B. reproduction C. growth D. all of the answer choices are correct

D. all of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following is a correct association? A. haploid - two of each chromosome B. centromere - division of the cytoplasm C. mitosis - when a cell duplicates and then divides twice to reduce the chromosome number by half D. sister chromatids - two identical chromosome strands still attached at the centromere E. cytokinesis - breaking of the centromeres

D. sister chromatids - two identical chromosome strands still attached at the centromere

What is the name of the enzyme that fits new complementary DNA nucleotides into the new strand?

DNA polymerase

Which of the following statements best describes the benefits of radiation therapy? A. Radiation therapy can be combined with other therapies, including chemotherapy. B. Radiation damages the DNA within cancer cells, either slowing down cell division or stopping it altogether. C. Radiation therapy may shrink tumors, making them easier to remove surgically. D. Radiation therapy can be directed against specific cells and tissues within the body. E.All of the choices are correct.

E. All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following statements about B cells is true? A. B cells carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces. B. B cells develop and mature in the bone marrow C. some B cells become memory cells D. B cells change into plasma cells after encountering an antigen and then produce antibodies. E. all of the answer choices are correct

E. all of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following statements is true concerning enzymatic activity?

Each enzyme has a preferred pH at which the enzyme reaction rate is highest.

When a car burns gasoline, much of the energy is released in the form of heat. Which of the following best describes this process in relation to the first law of thermodynamics?

Energy can be changed from one form to another.

Which of the following statements is true concerning how energy drinks work?

Energy drinks contain vitamins which are known to interact with cellular respiration pathways, helping provide energy.

True or False: Once someone has been diagnosed with stage 4 cancer, there are no further treatment options that may help.

False

True or False: To transcribe something is to make an identical copy, i.e., if the original is DNA, the transcribed copy is also DNA.

False

Which of the following is the correct sequence for the cell cycle? Assume the cell has just completed cell division.

G1-S-G2-M

If the codon is CCA, what is the anticodon and what amino acid will be inserted?

GGU, proline

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. What is the result of this in terms of hemoglobin function?

Hemoglobin has a reduced ability to bind to and transport oxygen in red blood cells.

Rebecca found out that she has a mass of dividing cells called a tumor in her ovaries. She has had tests and is returning to the doctor. Which of the following would be the best news that Rebecca could receive from her doctor?

It is a benign tumor.

Which of the following is true about mutations?

Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection?

On average, it favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics.

Describe the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide during gas exchange.

Oxygen diffuses out of the lungs into red blood cells and carbon dioxide diffuses out of red blood cells and into the lungs.

Which of the following statements is true regarding alternate fuels for energy production within the body?

Proteins and lipids generate substantially more ATP energy than glucose, but the body has a harder time breaking them down.

Which of the following most accurately describes how sickle-cell disease impacts the body?

Red blood cells clump up, blocking capillaries within the alveoli, resulting in acute chest syndrome, marked by pain, fever, and shortness of breath.

Duplicated chromosomes result in two sister chromatids that are held together by a centromere. Which of the following statements best describes the location of genes along these sister chromatids?

Sister chromatids have identical alleles that are located in the same place along each sister chromatid.

Which of the following statements best describe the way molecules move across a plasma membrane?

Small, uncharged molecules pass through the plasma membrane easily.

Which of the following best describes how the environment may play a role in the expression of our genes.

Some phenotypes, including skin color, can be influenced by the environment. The genotype still determines some aspect of skin color, but the interaction with the environment, in the form of sun exposure, can cause variations in the resulting phenotype.

Both starch and cellulose are made by stringing together many glucose molecules. However, while starch is easily digested by humans, cellulose is indigestible. The starch polysaccharide has bonds occurring below the sugar rings, while the bonds in cellulose alternate above the ring and below the next ring. How can you explain humans' inability to digest cellulose?

The enzyme that breaks down starch can only fit the specific bond configuration of bonds below the ring.

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target currently circulating flu strains.

What property of phospholipids makes them suitable for the formation of the double layer found in membranes?

They have both a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic end.

How are lipids different from other categories of biological molecules?

They will not combine with water.

Which of the following best describes the overall goal of transcription?

To create a mRNA copy of a segment of DNA to take outside the nucleus.

True or False: A speicalized cell is said to be differentiated.

True

Two parents with Type A and Type B blood have a child with Type AB blood. How is this possible?

Type A blood is codominant with Type B blood, so both alleles are expressed equally.

During gene therapy, bone marrow stem cells are removed from the individual. What must happen to those cells before they are injected back into the individual?

Viruses act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells.

Which of the following statements is true about vitamins?

Vitamins are molecules that assist enzymes in chemical reactions or assist in energy-related pathways.

Humans have two sex chromosomes that are named based on their shape. Males have (a) _____ and females have (a) _____.

X and Y chromosome; two X chromosomes

During the human life cycle, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm results in

a diploid zygote

All viruses are made up of two components. What are they?

a protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

Sickle-cell disease is a disorder that is caused by...

a single mutation on a single gene

Which of the following is a function of the digestive system?

absorb nutrients

A mutation that causes an increase in function in a tumor suppressor gene would not likely cause cancer, because a tumor suppressor protein _____________.

activates a signal transduction pathway

Variations in genes are called _____. Examples of these variations include eye color. There are blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes, and several combinations of these.

alleles

In which of the following is the correct monomer matched with its polymer?

amino acid—protein

Which of the following is an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

amylose breaking down to form maltose molecules

Which is an example of potential energy rather than kinetic energy?

an apple made up of energy-rich macromolecules

During previous flu seasons, small variations in the influenza virus resulted in the immune system's inability to full recognize and respond to flu exposure. As a result, the vaccine was less than 30% effective. This is an example of _____.

antigenic drift

The activities of macrophages

are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release

Which of the following is an example of a prokaryotic cell?

bacteria

Select the correct association. - lipids—structural components of hair, fingernails, and claws -proteins—have three forms: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides -carbohydrates—composed of amino acids bound together with peptide bonds -carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy -proteins—make up the bulk of the plasma membrane of cells

carbohydrates—provide the body with an immediate source of energy

Angiogenesis contributes to carcinogenesis because it _____________.

causes blood vessels to grow into the tumor.

Which of the following cellular structures assist in dividing the genetic material and contents of the cell during cellular reproduction?

centrioles

Which of these is the best description of a virus?

chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

During prophase I of meiosis, genetic information is exchanged between two homologous chromosomes, resulting in new combinations of alleles. This process is called _____.

crossing-over

A student sitting in the back row of a classroom opened a bottle of foul-smelling perfume and dabbed it on her wrists. One by one (beginning from the back of the room) the students began to cough due to the foul smell. This phenomena was due to ____________.

diffusion

A certain species of butterfly varies in color from white to dark blue. The birds found in the same area feed on the white or lightly colored butterflies, leaving butterflies that are darkly colored. This is an example of what type of selection?

directional selection

The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration?

electron transport chain

Which one of the following is a main function of many proteins?

enzymatic activity

Which of the following is considered to be the unifying theory of biology?

evolution

Which process best describes how viruses may originate in animals and eventually be transmitted to humans, causing outbreaks?

evolution

Which process is responsible for moving bulk cellular wastes across the cell membrane?

exocytosis

Which of the following is a passive mechanism used to move materials into and out of of the cell?

facilitated diffusion

Getting a flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu

false

True or False: In a DNA molecule, adenine always pairs with cytosine.

false

True or False: In order to generate active immunity, individuals must be exposed to the actual pathogen itself. This is why vaccinations always contain live pathogens.

false

True or False: Sickle-cell disease is a recessive disease. This means that two individuals without the disease cannot have a child with the disease. Only parents with the disease can pass it on.

false

Which of the following is not likely to be found in large quantities in an energy drink?

fats

Which of the following is the most effective means of treating or even curing sickle-cell disease?

gene therapy

Segments of DNA that contain instructions for making either proteins or RNA molecules that regulate proteins are called _____.

genes

Which of the following best describes the definition of a gene?

genetic information that produces a product, either proteins or RNA

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

glycolysis → preparatory reaction → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain

In order to infect a cell, a virus must

have a special protein on its surface that can interact with a protein receptor on the surface of the host cell.

Immunotherapy works on the basis of _____________.

helping the body to distinguish "self" cells from "non-self" cells and to destroy only the "nonself" cells.

If blood sugar levels drop below normal, the digestive system is primarily responsible for returning levels to normal. This is an example of _________.

homeostasis

CRISPR systems have been used in cancer treatments to ____________.

inactivate faulty genes that are responsible for the cell cycle, causing them to slow down or stop cell division.

Coenzymes function to ________________.

interact directly with enzymes, either enabling the reaction to occur or making the substrate-enzyme interaction more efficient.

There are three major parts within each DNA nucleotide. Of these three, which is responsible for the storage of genetic information?

its four nitrogen bases

Images of unreplicated chromosomes that allow researchers to organize and identify each chromosome, as well as missing or extra chromosomes is called a(n) _____.

karyotype

The cycle of viral infection in which the viral DNA is integrated into the host's DNA is called the _____ cycle.

lysogenic

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _____ cycle.

lytic

Blood tests can provide information on blood chemistry in order to determine if the organs of the body are functioning correctly. Which of the following test results would be least likely to cause the suspicion of cancer?

negative findings of CA 15.3 (none is present in the blood)

A bilingual couple can speak English and Spanish. They have a child that is also bilingual and can speak English and Spanish. Has evolution occurred?

no

The principal role for sugars in living organisms is to __________.

provide a source of cellular energy for work.

Cancer is a disorder in which some cells have lost the ability to control their ___________.

rate of cell division

Sickle-cell disease results in malformed hemoglobin molecules. Which cell type contains millions of hemoglobin molecules per cell?

red blood cells

Meiosis is different from mitosis in that meiosis

results in four haploid daughter cells that are genetically diverse, whereas mitosis results in two diploid daughter cells that are genetically identical.

DNA replication is considered to be _____ because the end product consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

semiconservative

During translation, a polypeptide chain is created using a RNA template. Which of the following components is responsible for bringing amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain?

tRNA

Which of the following forms of genetic information has direct contact with amino acids and therefore, directly impacts the specific type of protein product being produced? Select the best choice.

tRNA

Chromosomes have regions on their ends called ____________ that protect the DNA from being damaged.

telomeres

Which of the following levels of protein structure represent a 3D molecule?

tertiary structure

Which of the following processes would be most directly impacted from a lack of niacin in the body?

the movement of high-energy electrons to the electron transport chain

Select all of the following that are components of DNA.

the nitrogenous bases, thymine, adenine, cytosine, and guanine a deoxyribose sugar a phosphate group

Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because

the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin.

Cancer can originate in any area of the body. However, death rates are often highest for those cancers involving organs within the digestive, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. This is most likely because ________________

these organs play vital roles in maintaining homeostasis

True or False: Rosalind Franklin used X-ray crystallography to determine that DNA was a double helix in shape.

true

Hydrolysis of sucrose, a disaccharide, results in __________.

two monomers