BIO-108-DH: Lect 9 (Pulmonary Ventilation)

Using the spirographic data shown, what is the minute ventilation of an average adult male at rest breathing at a rate of 10 breaths per minute? A. 5000 milliliters per minute B. 36,000 milliliters per minute C. 48,000 milliliters per minute D. 60,000 milliliters per minute

A. 5000 millimeters per minute

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air? A. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration. B. It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles. C. It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall. D. It is driven by increased blood CO2 levels.

A. It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.

The alveolar ventilation rate is the best index of effective ventilation. A. True B. False

A. True

To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure. A. True B. False

A. True

Which of the following is an INCORRECT statement relating to the airflow to the lungs? A. When the sternocleidomastoid is activated, expiration occurs. B. When the ribs are elevated, inspiration occurs. C. When the sternum is depressed, expiration occurs. D. When the diaphragm is activated, inspiration occurs.

A. When the sternocleidomastoid is activated, expiration occurs.

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? A. diaphragm and external intercostals B. internal intercostals and external oblique C. diaphragm and internal intercostals

A. diaphragm and external intercostals

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? A. epinephrine B. an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system C. histamine D. acetylcholine (ACh)

A. epinephrine

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________. A. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere B. greater than the intra-alveolar pressure C. less than the pressure in the atmosphere D. equal to the pressure in the atmosphere

A. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________. A. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid B. humidifying the air before it enters C. warming the air before it enters D. protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

A. interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Which of the following statements is true? A. Breathing rate and depth do not affect gas exchange. B. Rapid shallow breathing can reduce the amount of gas exchange without changing the total amount of gas moved in a minute. C. Slow, deep breathing makes less gas available for gas exchange. D. Normal breathing rates and depth provide the most oxygen for exchange.

B. Rapid shallow breathing can reduce the amount of gas exchange without changing the total amount of gas moved in a minute.

Which of the following statements accurately describes transpulmonary pressure? A. Transpulmonary pressure is the pressure in the alveoli during breathing phases. B. Transpulmonary pressure is usually near 4 mm Hg. C. Transpulmonary pressure reflects the pressure of air surrounding the body at any given time. D. Transpulmonary pressure is the pressure in the pleural cavity during breathing phases.

B. Transpulmonary pressure is usually near 4 mm Hg.

A patient with a restrictive lung disease such as tuberculosis is likely to see an increase in his or her __________. A. residual volume B. breathing rate C. vital capacity D. functional residual capacity

B. breathing rate

Which of the following pressures must remain negative to prevent lung collapse? A. atmospheric pressure B. intrapleural pressure C. intrapulmonary pressure D. transpulmonary pressure

B. intrapleural pressure

In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______. A. intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure B. intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure C. intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure D. intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure

B. intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure

Which of the following pressures rises and falls with the phases of breathing but eventually equalizes with the pressure of the air in the environment? A. transpulmonary pressure B. intrapulmonary pressure C. atmospheric pressure D. intrapleural pressure

B. intrapulmonary pressure

Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________. A. intrapleural pressure; transpulmonary pressure B. intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure C. thoracic cavity volume; lung volume D. tidal volume; vital capacity

B. intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? A. lungs will inflate B. lungs will collapse C. lung volume will stay the same

B. lungs will collapse

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs? A. gas exchange B. pulmonary ventilation C. external respiration D. internal respiration

B. pulmonary ventilation

Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder? A. emphysema B. restrictive disease C. asthma D. obstructive pulmonary disease

B. restrictive disease

Which volumes are combined to provide the inspiratory capacity? A. tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), and expiratory reserve volume (ERV) B. tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) C. tidal volume (TV), inspiratory reserve volume (IRV), expiratory reserve volume (ERV), and residual volume (RV) D. expiratory reserve volume (ERV) and residual volume (RV)

B. tidal volume (TV) and inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

According to this spirographic record, what is the total volume of exchangeable air for a normal male? A. 2400 milliliters B. 3600 milliliters C. 4800 milliliters D. 6000 milliliters

C. 4800 millimeters

Calculate the actual intrapleural pressure if atmospheric pressure is 765 millimeters of mercury, assuming that the subject is at rest (not inhaling or exhaling). A. −4 millimeters of mercury B. 0 millimeters of mercury C. 761 millimeters of mercury D. 765 millimeters of mercury

C. 761 millimeters of mercury

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? A. How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility. B. The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. C. The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

C. The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

__________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing. A. Intra-alveolar B. Transthoracic C. Transpulmonary D. Atmospheric

C. Transpulmonary

Which of the following could be responsible for an increase in intrapulmonary pressure? A. a decrease in intrapleural pressure B. an increase in lung volume C. a decrease in lung volume D. inspiration

C. a decrease in lung volume

Which of the following determines lung compliance? A. airway opening B. muscles of inspiration C. alveolar surface tension D. flexibility of the thoracic cage

C. alveolar surface tension

Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________. A. a passive process; an active process B. an active process; also an active process C. an active process; a passive process D. a passive process; also a passive process

C. an active process; a passive process

Which of the following would likely result in a collapsed lung? A. a strong enough contraction of the diaphragm B. an increase in transpulmonary pressure C. an opening in the chest wall that allows the intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure D. a decrease in intrapulmonary pressure to atmospheric pressure

C. an opening in the chest wall that allows the intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? A. intrapulmonary pressure B. atmospheric pressure C. intrapleural pressure

C. intrapleural pressure

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________. A. negative pressure in the intrapleural space B. difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure C. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs D. pressure within the pleural cavity

C. pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

This lung volume CANNOT be directly measured using a spirometer. A. expiratory reserve volume B. tidal volume C. residual volume D. inspiratory reserve volume

C. residual volume

Which of the following behaviors would most likely result in an increased alveolar ventilation rate as compared to that of normal breathing? A. rapid, shallow breathing B. breathing rapidly into a paper bag C. slow, deep breathing D. breathing slowly into a paper bag

C. slow, deep breathing

Which of the following findings consistently matches pulmonary function with problems with ventilation? A. A person with a decreased FVC and FEV1 has an obstructive disorder. B. A person with a FEV1 below 80% has a restrictive disorder. C. A person with decreased FVC and increased FEV1 has an obstructive disorder. D. A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder.

D. A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder.

Which of the following best describes how Boyle's law relates to the mechanics of breathing? A. If lung volume decreases, intrapleural pressure decreases, forcing air out of the lungs. B. If lung volume increases, intrapleural pressure increases, forcing air out of the lungs. C. If lung volume decreases, intrapleural pressure increases, forcing air into the lungs. D. If lung volume increases, intrapleural pressure decreases, drawing air into the lungs.

D. If lung volume increases, intrapleural pressure decreases, drawing air into the lungs.

Which of the following factors benefits pulmonary ventilation by making inspiration easier? A. reduced lung compliance B. increased alveolar surface tension C. increased airway resistance D. increased secretion of surfactant

D. increased secretion of surfactant

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________. A. vital capacity B. reserve air C. expiratory capacity D. inspiratory reserve volume

D. inspiratory reserve volume

Which lung volume tends to be the largest in healthy male and female adults? A. residual volume B. tidal volume C. expiratory reserve volume D. inspiratory reserve volume

D. inspiratory reserve volume

Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest? A. restrictive disease B. healthy lungs C. exposure to asbestos D. obstructive pulmonary disease

D. obstructive pulmonary disease

Which of the following is not a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation? A. alveolar surface tension B. airway resistance C. lung compliance D. partial pressure of oxygen in the air

D. partial pressure of oxygen in the air

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs? A. compliance and transpulmonary pressures B. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures C. compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid D. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

D. the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath? A. vital capacity B. expiratory reserve volume C. inspiratory reserve volume D. tidal volume

D. tidal volume