Bio 109 Final study material

In leaf sieve-tube elements, the concentration of sucrose is significantly greater than in the surrounding mesophyll cells. The mechanism responsible for this difference is A. simple diffusion of sucrose into sieve-tube elements B. bulk flow driven by transpiration C. a H+ gradient generated by proton pumps in companion cells and sieve-tube elements D. cohesion of sucrose molecules E. none of the above

. a H+ gradient generated by proton pumps in companion cells and sieve-tube elements

Assume that a single IPSP has a negative magnitude of - 0.5 mV at the axon hillock, and that a single EPSP has a positive magnitude of + 0.5 mV. For a neuron with initial membrane potential is -70 mV, the net effect of the simultaneous arrival of 6 IPSPs and 2 EPSPs would be to move the membrane potential to A. -72 mV B. -71 mV C. -70 mV D. +69 mV E. +68 mV

A. -72 mV

As a youngster, you drive a nail in the trunk of a young tree that is 3 meters tall. The nail is about 1.5 meters from the ground. Fifteen years later, you return and discover the tree has grown to a height of 30 meters. The nail is now __________ meters above the ground A. 1.5 B. 7.5 C. 3.0 D. 15.0 E. 28.5

A. 1.5

The energy diagram of an arachnid reveals the following: For every 500 J of insects consumed, 125 J end up in the feces, 250 J is used up during cellular respiration and 125 J is incorporated into new biomass. What is the production efficiency of the arachnid A. 33% B. 25% C. 50% D. 2% E. 20%

A. 33%

Allergies are the result of an exaggerated immune response. What triggers this response A. Allergens B. Antidotes C. Antibodies D. Antihistamines E. none of the above

A. Allergens

An eccentric botanist has offered a $25,000 scholarship to anyone who can successfully get a plant to grow through a vertical maze in complete darkness. The maze is not in a box; the maze is simply drawn on the wall, and the contestants must get their plant to grow in a pattern that matches the path through the maze. You need the money and feel confident that you can accomplish this task. Which of the following techniques will help you succeed? A. Apply auxin directly to the part of the stem just below the tip opposite from the direction you want the stem to bend. B. Inject compounds that block auxin receptors into the part of the stem opposite from the direction you want the stem to bend. C. Apply auxin directly to the shoot tip on the side to which you want the tip to bend. D. Plant the roots in two different pots, and apply auxin to the root bucket that is on the same side as the direction you want the plant to bend. E. Apply auxin to the side you want the shoot to bend and then immediately follow that with an application of abscisic acid.

A. Apply auxin directly to the part of the stem just below the tip opposite from the direction you want the stem to bend.

While snorkeling with your friend (from the other university) you observed a colony of sessile marine animals wrapped in calcium carbonate shells that were attached to a pier by thick stalks. The animals employed jointed appendages projecting from their shells to capture small organisms suspended in the water. Your friend said, "These animals belong to the phylum Mollusca," but having taken Bio109 you knew better. "These animals belong to the phylum ___________ ," you replied with an authoritative air. A. Arthropoda B. Phorinida C. Myriopoda D. Nematoda E. Echinodermata

A. Arthropoda

While snorkeling, a student observes an active marine animal that has a series of muscular tentacles bearing suckers associated with its head. Segmentation is not observed, but a pair of large, well-developed eyes is evident. The student is observing an animal belonging to which class A. Cephalopoda B. Apoda C. Polyplacophora D. Polychaeta E. Bivalvia

A. Cephalopoda

Which one of the following is not an advantage of chemical messengers over electrical signals A. Chemical molecules initiate faster responses. B. Chemical molecules can spread to all tissues. C. Chemical signals can persist longer. D. Different chemicals can target different tissues. E. All of the above are advantages.

A. Chemical molecules initiate faster responses.

Which of the following statements concerning human evolution is false A. Homo sapiens are the direct descendants of Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals). B. Different species of the genus Homo coexisted. C. Human characteristics such as brain size and posture evolved independently. D. Human ancestors were not modern apes. E. Chimps and humans share a common ancestor.

A. Homo sapiens are the direct descendants of Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals).

A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster-a small rodent). Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement? A. House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed. B. House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a warmer room than the room where housed. C. House the animals in a cage with plenty of food and water to avoid stress; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed. D. House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a colder room than the room where housed, and exercise the voles

A. House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.

Which of the following describes the functional controls of Wernicke's area A. It is active when speech is heard and comprehended B. It is active during the generation of speech C. It coordinates the response to olfactory sensation D. It is active when you are reading silently E. It is found on the left side of the brain

A. It is active when speech is heard and comprehended

Ovulation is the follicular response to a burst of secretion of A. LH B. progesterone C. FSH D. prolactin E. estradiol

A. LH

Unlike modern members of this clade, Archaeopteryx had clawed forelimbs, teeth and a long tail A. Reptilia B. Amphibia C. Mammalia D. Osteichthyes E. Chondricthyes

A. Reptilia

What would be the effect on climate in the temperate latitudes if Earth were to slow its rate of rotation from a 24-hour period of rotation to a 48-hour period of rotation? A. There often would be a larger range between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures. B. There often would be a smaller range between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures. C. Large scale weather events such as tornadoes and hurricanes would no longer be a part of regional climates. D. Seasons would be longer and more distinct (colder winters and warmer summers). E. Winter seasons in both the northern and southern hemispheres would have more abundant and frequent precipitation events.

A. There often would be a larger range between daytime high and nighttime low temperatures.

How are the vascular plants that are involved in mycorrhizae and the photosynthetic cells that are involved in lichens alike A. They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners. B. They secrete acids that keep the fungal partner from growing to quickly. C. They are in intimate association with chytrids. D. They are digested by fungal enzymes while still alive. E. They produce zygosporangia.

A. They provide organic nutrients to fungal partners.

Which of the following is not a characteristic feature of the Chrdata A. a bony skeleton of calcium phosphate B. a muscular post-anal tail C. dorsal, hollow nerve chord D. pharyngeal slits or clefts E. a notochord

A. a bony skeleton of calcium phosphate

Which of the following is an osmoconformer A. a shark B. a human C. a bird D. all vertebrates are osmoconformers E. no vertebrates are osmoconformers

A. a shark

Which of the following plant hormones is not a growth promoter A. abscisic acid B. gibberellins C. cytokinins D. brassinosteroids E. auxins

A. abscisic acid

All of the following are part of our antigen specific defense mechanisms except A. acute inflammation B. lymphocytes C. antibody production D. macrophages

A. acute inflammation

Freshwater fish excrete A. ammonia B. uric acid C. urea D. all of the above E. no nitrogenous waste product

A. ammonia

A molecule in a plant is transported by staying within the cell wall and extracellular space. This molecule has taken which transport route A. apoplastic B. symplastic C. transmembrane D. protoplastic E. iconplastic

A. apoplastic

Synthetic forms of this hormone are widely employed as herbicides that target broad leaf weeds such as dandelions A. auxins B. cytokinins C. gibberellins D. abscisic acid E. ethylene

A. auxins

threshold stimuli are those which are strong enough to A. cause a net influx of positively charges Na+ ions from outside to inside the cell B. open potassium channels to the point that an action potential is initiated C. repolarize the neuron membrane D. close potassium channels to the point that an action potential is initiated E. cause a net flux of positively charged ions from inside to outside the cell

A. cause a net influx of positively charges Na+ ions from outside to inside the cell

This structure is an important site for the fermentation of ingested material especially for animals that eat large amounts of plant material A. cecum B. appendix C. colon D. gallbladder E. small intestine

A. cecum

The motor cortex is part of which part of the nervous system A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. spinal cord D. midbrain E. medulla

A. cerebrum

Mayflies swarm in great numbers to increase their chances of mating. This behavior exemplifies which type of dispersion A. clumped B. uniform C. unorthodox D. evasive E. random

A. clumped

The term applied to a morphogenetic process whereby cells extend themselves, making the mass of the cells narrower and longer, is A. convergent extension B. induction C. elongational streaming D. bi-axial elongation E. blastomere formation

A. convergent extension

The left and right hemispheres of the brain are able to communicate with each other due to A. corpus callosum B. cerebellum C. cerebrospinal fluid D. basal nuclei

A. corpus callosum

Active transport involves all of the following except A. diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane B. specific transport proteins in the membrane C. pumping of solutes across the membrane D. hydrolysis of ATP E. transport of solute against a concentration gradient

A. diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane

Which of the following would not be considered a thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals or birds A. ectothermy B. evaporative heat loss C. countercurrent exchange D. increased heat production (thermogenesis) E. insulation

A. ectothermy

Which of the following difference between a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell is a false statement A. eukaryotic cells can synthesize proteins but prokaryotic cells cannot B. eukaryotic cells usually have linear DNA strands, prokaryotic cells tend to have circular DNA C. eukaryotic cells contain a nuclear, prokaryotic cells do not D. compartmentalization of the cytoplasm by membrane-bound organelles occurs in eukaryotic cells, but not prokaryotic cells E. none of the above, all the statements are true

A. eukaryotic cells can synthesize proteins but prokaryotic cells cannot

If blood glucose levels were to fall below 90 mg/100 ml you would expect levels of the hormone ________________ to increase and that of ________________ to fall A. glucagon, insulin B. testosterone, estradiol C. insulin, glucagon D. ADH, prolactin E. acetylcholine, norepinephrine

A. glucagon, insulin

In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following A. it ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele B. it is located in the walls between epidermal cells and cells of the cortex C. it provides energy for the active transport of minerals into the stele from the cortex D. it provides increase surface area for the absorption of mineral nutrients E. it ensures that all minerals are absorbed from the soil in equal amounts

A. it ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele

The stage in the sexual life cycle of fungi that involves the fusion of haploid nuclei A. karyogamy B. plasmogamy C. haustoria D. meiosis E. basidium

A. karyogamy

If a bacterium regenerates from an endospore that did not possess any of the plasmids that were contained in its original parent cell, the regenerated bacterium will probably A. lack antibiotic-resistant genes B. lack a cell wall C. lack a chromosome D. be unable to survive in its normal environment E. be unable to synthesize proteins

A. lack antibiotic-resistant genes

Which of the following structures or regions is INCORRECTLY paired with its function A. limbic system - motor control of speech B. medulla oblongata - homeostatic control C. cerebellum - coordination of movement and balance D. corpus callosum - communication between the left and right cerebral cortices E. hypothalamus - regulation of temperature, hunger, and thirst

A. limbic system - motor control of speech

The symbiotic relationship as best exemplified by the association of photosynthetic bacteria and fugal hyphae to form a lichen A. mutualism B. parasitism C. commensalism D. communism E. none of the above

A. mutualism

Which of the following phyla have a complete digestive system (alimentary canal) with mouth and anus A. nematoda (round worms) B. platyhelminthes (flatworms) C. ctenophora (comb jellies) D. cnidaria (anemones, hydroids, corals, jellyfis, etc) E. all to the above have blond-sac body plans

A. nematoda (round worms)

Releases HCl into the lumen of the stomach A. parietal cells B. chief cells C. the pancreas D. the liver E. the gallbladder

A. parietal cells

The value for Ψ in flaccid leaf cells is -0.7 MPa. If you take the leaf tissue and place it in a 0.4 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.9), net water flow would lead to A. plasmolysis B. an increase in cell turgidity C. no change in cell volume D. a decrease in the number aquaporin channels in the plasma membrane E. be impossible to determine from the values provided

A. plasmolysis

Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect A. porifera - gastrovascular cavity, coelom present B. nematoda - roundworms, pseudocoelomate C. cnidaria - radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms D. platyhelminthes - flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate

A. porifera -gastrovascular cavity, coelem present

Consider a husband and wife sharing a bed, with each one having and electric blanket. Their controls become switched. When the husband feels cold, he turns up the control. This warms up his partner, who turns down the control. This chills the husband who turns up his control even more. The process continues. For both the wife and the husband this would be an example of A. positive feedback B. negative feedback C. homeostasis D. regulated change E. integrated control

A. positive feedback

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe travels out of your nose it must pass through all of the following structures EXCEPT the A. pulmonary vein B. alveolus C. trachea D. right ventricle E. right atrium

A. pulmonary vein

Which of the following is not a property of the adaptive immune system? A. rapid rate of response B. lack of reactivity against host cells C. receptor diversity D. very specific response to pathogens E. immunological memory

A. rapid rate of response

Which of the following activities would be associated with the parasympathetic division of the nervous system A. rest and digestion B. release of both acetylcholine and epinephrine C. increased metabolic rate D. fight-or-flight response E. release of epinephrine only

A. rest and digestion

Which of the following sensory receptors function via hyperpolarization rather than depolarization A. rod and cone cells B. organs of Corti C. proprioceptors D. all of the above E. none of the above

A. rod and cone cells

Marine birds eliminate excess salts through their A. salt glands in their heads B. kidneys C. general body surface (skin) D. all of the above E. none of the above; marine reptiles don't eliminate excess salts

A. salt glands in their heads

Dr. B finds that if he removes one cell at the four-cell stage from a particular embryo the remaining cells develop into a complete organism. The organism must be a(n) A. sea star B. insect C. earth worm D. flat worm E. all of the above

A. sea star

The conversion of stimulus energy to a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor cell is termed A. sensory transduction B. sensory adaptation C. sensory reception D. sensory conversion E. sensory isolation

A. sensory transduction

Most enzymatic hydrolysis of the macromolecules of food occurs in the A. small intestine B. large intestine C. gallbladder D. stomach E. liver

A. small intestine

The fact that prokaryotic ribosomes differ from eukaryotic ribosomes explains why A. some antibiotics can block protein synthesis of bacteria without affecting protein synthesis in the eukaryotic host B. prokaryotes are able to use a much greater variety of molecules as sources of food C. eukaryotes did not evolve from prokaryotes D. some antibiotics can block the insertion of peptidoglycan into the cell walls of bacteria E. DNA synthesis occurs at a decrease rate in prokaryotes

A. some antibiotics can block protein synthesis of bacteria without affecting protein synthesis in the eukaryotic host

The early morning sun stimulates stomata to open by A. stimulating the activity of proton pumps in the plasma membrane of guard cells B. increasing the concentration of CO2 in mesophyll cells C. stimulating guard cells to lose K+ D. altering the normal circadian rhythm of guard cells E. none of the above

A. stimulating the activity of proton pumps in the plasma membrane of guard cells

Which of the following statements concerning an open circulatory system is true A. the circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid B. the circulatory fluid does not require respiratory pigments for O2 transport C. it has higher hydrostatic pressure and is less energy efficient than a closed system D. a heart is not required to pump the circulatory fluid through the circulatory vessels E. the lower pressures provide for more effective delivery of O2 than is possible with a closed system

A. the circulatory fluid if also the interstitial fluid

Which of the following is controlled by the magnitude of a receptor potential A. the rate of production of an action potential B. the rate of reaction of the brain C. the rate of response to a sensory neuron D. perception E. adaptation

A. the rate of production of an action potential

Which of the following is true about secondary consumers in an ecosystem A. they are fewer in number than are primary consumers B. they eat only plants C. they are eaten by primary consumers D. they are smaller and weaker than are primary consumers E. they contain the greatest total biomass in the system

A. they are fewer in number that are primary consumers

Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry A. two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern B. a day-flying hawkmoth that looks like a wasp C. a chameleon that changes its color to look like a dead leaf D. two species of rattlesnakes that both rattle their tails E. two species of moths with wing spots that look like owl's eyes

A. two species of unpalatable butterfly that have the same color pattern

A major means for conserving heat is A. vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels B. increased metabolic rate C. increased convective loss D. enhanced sweating E. vasodilation of cutaneous blood vessels

A. vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels

The inflammatory response includes all of the following except A. vessel constriction B. temperature increase C. increased blood flow D. phagocytosis E. release of histamine by Mast cells

A. vessel constriction

Calculate the heart rate of an individual with a cardiac output of 7.0 L and a stroke volume of 70 mL/min A. 100 mL/min B. 100 beats/min C. 10 beats/min D. 1 mL/min E. 70 beats/min

B. 100 beats/min

The mature embryo sac (female gametophyte) contains A. a tube cell and generative cell B. 3 antipodal cells, 2 polar nuclei, 2 synergids and 1 egg cell C. 2 antipodal cells, 1 polar nucleus, 3 synergids and 1 egg cell D. a microsporangium and 4 mature microspores E. both solid and liquid endosperm

B. 3 antipodal cells, 2 polar nuclei, 2 synergids and 1 egg cell

This root structure ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell membrane before entering the stele (vascular cylinder) A. root hairs B. Casparian strip C. sieve tube element D. apoplast E. symplast

B. Casparian strip

A new species of aquatic animal is discovered with the following characteristics: true radial symmetry, no circulatory or water vascular system, eight rows of comb-like plates of fused cilia and a pair of long retractable tentacles. As a well-informed Bio109 student you would place this new species in the phylum A. Cnidaria B. Ctenophora C. Porifera D. Nematoda E. Annelida

B. Ctenophora

Which of the following statements concerning a coelom is false A. It must be completely lined with mesoderm. B. It can be found in diploblastic as well as triploblastic animals. C. It can function to cushion suspended organs. D. It enables internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall E. Coeloms may have evolved independently at least twice.

B. It can be found in diploblastic as well as triploblastic animals.

In a resting potential, an example of a cation that is more abundant as a solute in the cytosol of a neuron than it is in the interstitial fluid outside the neuron is __________ A. Cl- B. K+ C. Na+ D. Ca++ E. all of the above are equally abundant in the cytosol

B. K+

Which of the following statements comparing spermatogenesis and oogenesis is (are) FALSE A. Only in spermatogenesis do all four products of meiosis develop into mature gametes. B. Oogenesis can produce mature eggs in a continuous sequence, whereas spermatogenesis has long interruptions. C. Spermatogenesis, including the mitotic divisions of stem cells, occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood. D. All of the above are true statements. E. All of the above are false statements.

B. Oogenesis can produce mature eggs in a continuous sequence, whereas spermatogenesis has long interruptions.

Which of the following is a true statement A. Protein digestion begins in the small intestine with the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin. B. Proteins consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion. C. The stomach has a high pH value which allows for the activation of digestive enzymes. D. Mechanical digestion of proteins is more important than chemical digeswtion. E. All of the above statements are true.

B. Proteins consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion.

Which of the following best describes resource partitioning A. Competitive exclusion results in the success of the superior species. B. Slight variations in niche allow similar species to coexist. C. Two species can coevolve to share the same niche. D. Differential resource utilization results in the decrease in species diversity E. A climax community is reached when no new niches are available.

B. Slight variations in niche allow similar species to coexist.

Which of the following statements concerning Malaria or the Malaria parasite is false A. The parasite that causes malaria is an apicoplexan B. The definitive malarial host is the tsetse fly. C. Malaria involves both human liver and blood cells. D. The diploid stage of the malaria parasite is restricted to the definitive host. E. All of the above are true statements.

B. The definitive malarial host is the tsetse fly.

As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation A. The growth rate will not change. B. The growth rate will approach zero. C. The population will show an Allee effect. D. The population will increase exponentially. E. The carrying capacity of the environment will increase.

B. The growth rate will approach zero.

What type of population would be associated with a population pyramid that had an extremely broad base A. a population where there were more old individuals than young individuals B. a rapidly expanding population C. a population where the birth rate equaled the death rate D. a stabel population E. a population with more males than females

B. a rapidly expanding population

Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because __________ A. a different target cells have different sets of genes B. a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways C. the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets D. the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system E. none of the above

B. a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways

In the etiolation response, the function of protein kinases 1 and 2 is to A. enhance the sensitivity of phytochrome to light B. activate specific transcription factors in the nucleus C. transform light energy into chemical energy within the plant's cytoplasm D. increase the post-translational modification of existing proteins E. amplify the signal from the cytoplasmic receptors (phytochrome)

B. activate specific transcription factors in the nucleus

Why is the amniotic egg considered an important evolutionary breakthrough A. it has a shell that increases gas exchange. B. it allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment. C. it prolongs embryonic development. D. it provides insulation to conserve heat. E. it permits internal fertilization to be replaced by external fertilization.

B. allows incubation of eggs in a terrestrial environment.

May have lungs, or gills, and may use skin as a respiratory surface A. mammals B. amphibians C. chondrichtyans D. non-bird reptiles E. birds

B. amphibians

You are interested in studying how organisms react to variations in several abiotic factors and how they coexist under such conditions. The best biome in which to conduct such a study is A. a coral reef B. an intertidal zone C. a river D. a tropical forest E. an oligotrophic lake

B. an intertidal zone

Your body has millions of different antibodies for detecting millions of different antigens because A. you have millions of different antibody genes B. antibody genes undergo rearrangement C. antibody genes undergo antigen shifting D. all of the above E. none of the above

B. antibody genes undergo rearrangement

Echinoderms and Chordates A. exhibit radial symmetry B. are deuterostomes C. have water vascular systems D. show a high degree of cephalization E. have hollow dorsal nerve chords

B. are deuterostomes

A student from another university (west of the state line) was arguing with your friend that Cnidarians have a true coelom. You interjected, "That's impossible. They .............." A. are radially symmetric B. are diploblastic C. are triploblastic D. lack true tissues E. are bilaterally symmetric

B. are diploblastic

The value for Ψ in root tissue was found to be -0.20 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a 0.1 M solution of sucrose (Ψ = -0.23), net water flow would A. be impossible to determine from the values given here B. be from the tissue into the sucrose solution C. be in both directions and the concentrations would remain equal D. be from the sucrose solution into the tissue E. occur only as ATP was hydrolyzed in the tissue

B. be from the tissue into the sucrose solution

Sexual reproduction A. allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions B. can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment C. yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction D. enables males and females to remain isolated while rapidly colonizing habitats E. guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring

B. can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment

While snorkeling, a student observes an active marine animal that has a series of muscular tentacles bearing suckers associated with its head. Segmentation is not observed, but a pair of large, well-developed eyes is evident. The student is observing an animal belonging to which class A. bivalvia B. cephalopoda C. polychaeta D. polyplacophora E. apoda

B. cephalopoda

Which of the following coordinates muscle actions A. cerebrum B. cerebellum C. thalamus D. hypothalamus E. medulla oblongata

B. cerebellum

As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory, their offspring behave in the same manner. You have discovered an example of A. mutualism. B. character displacement. C. Batesian mimicry. D. facultative commensalism. E. resource partitioning

B. character displacement.

Changes in the shape of a cell usually involve a reorganization of the A. nucleus B. cytoskeleton C. extracellular matrix D. transport proteins E. nucleolus

B. cytoskeleton

Which of the following causes an increase in the intensity of UV radiation reaching the Earth A. turnover B. depletion of atmospheric ozone C. eutrophication D. biological magnification E. greenhouse effect

B. depletion of atmospheric ozone

Which of these taxa contains species that produce potent toxins that can cause extensive fish kills, contaminate shellfish, and poison humans A. red algae B. dinoflagellates C. diplomonads D. euglenids E. golden algae

B. dinoflagellates

Ensures that endosperm will develop only in ovules where eggs have been fertilized A. multiple fruit B. double fertilization C. aggregate fruit D. endosperm E. pollen tube

B. double fertilization

Which of the following best explains why there are seldom more than five trophy levels in a food chain A. trophic levels above this number contain too many individuals B. energy is lost from each trophic level C. the ecosystem contains too much biomass D. most carnivores function at more than one trophic level E. top carnivores are too few in number to prey effectively

B. energy is lost from each trophic level

This flap of cartilage prevents food from enetring the trachea A. pharynx B. epiglottis C. larynx D. glottis E. esopageal sphincter

B. epiglottis

Slowing of stem elongation, thickening and curvature of the stem to start growing horizontally are all part of a growing shoot's response to A. IAA B. ethylene C. CO2 D. gibberellins E. abscisic acid

B. ethylene

Which set of coleoptile experiments show that auxin is a diffusible molecule A. experiments with the coleoptile tip removed vs the tip covered with an opaque cap B. experiments that put a slice of mica or a slice of agar between the severed tip and the rest of the coleoptile C. experiments with unidirectional light first coming form the left and then the right side of the coleoptile D. experiments comparing opaque and transparent caps on the coleoptiles E. experiments comparing opaque caps on the base vs opaque shields on the tip of the coleoptile

B. experiments that put a slice of mica or a slice of agar between the severed tip and the rest of the coleoptile

Which of the following are the only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart A. amphibians B. fishes C. mammals D. birds E. reptiles (non-avian)

B. fishes

The liver produces bile which functions to A. protect the stomach and small intestine from HCl B. help emulsify or break down fats for digestion C. enhance absorption of proteins and carbohydrates D. initiate the breakdown of proteins E. all of the above

B. help emulsify or break down fats for digestion

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is termed A. negative feedback B. homeostasis C. physiological control D. phagocytosis E. static equilibrium

B. homeostasis

This segment of the alimentary canal is primarily responsible for the recovery of water that has enetered the canal as the solvent of digestive juices A. microvilli B. large intestine C. stomach D. duodenun E. pancreas

B. large intestine

If the animal in the preceding question were a rabbit, you would expect the production efficiency to be A. unchanged B. lower C. higher

B. lower

Individuals whose diet consists primarily of corn would likely become A. obese B. malnourished C. over nourished D. anorexic E. undernourished

B. malnourished

Their adaptive radiation following the Cretaceous extinctions filled niches vacated by the dinosaurs A. birds B. mammals C. amphibians D. reptiles E. ray-finned fish

B. mammals

What is the fundamental difference between matter and energy A. matter can be converted into energy; energy cannot be converted into matter B. matter is cycled through ecosystems; energy is not C. energy can be converted into matter; matter cannot be converted into energy D. energy is cycled through ecosystems; matter is not E. matter is used in ecosystems; energy is not

B. matter is cycled through ecosystems; energy is not

Which of the following statements comparing water-soluble and lipid-soluble hormones if false A. lipid-soluble hormones require the aid of transport protein to reach their target tissue B. only lipid-soluble hormones bind to a receptor protein to initiate their response C. the receptors for water-soluble hormones are located on the cell surface (plasma membrane) D. both types of hormones can be transported in the blood stream to their target sites E. both water-soluble and lipid soluble hormones can alter the transcription of specific genes

B. only lipid-soluble hormones bind to a receptor protein to initiate their response

When a B cell encounters antigen to which it is targeted, it divides rapidly and produces A. more antigen B. plasma cells C. T cells D. killer cells E. interferons

B. plasma cells

Exponential growth of a population is represented by dN/dt = A) (rN)/K B) rN C) rN (K + N) D) rN * (K-N)/K E) rN * (N-K)/K

B. rN

An evolutionary innovation that first appears with the annelids A. radial symmetry B. segmentation C. flight D. water vascular system E. hard shell of calcium carbonate

B. segmentation

Though the membrane of a "resting" neuron is highly permeable to potassium ions, its membrane potential does not exactly match the equilibrium potential for potassium because the neuronal membrane is A. fully permeable to sodium ions B. slightly permeable to sodium ions C. fully permeable to calcium ions D. impermeable to sodium ions E. highly permeable to chloride ions

B. slightly permeable to sodium ions

All of the following stimuli would lead to a faster rate of SA node discharge EXCEPT A. higher body temperature B. stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system C. the release of epinephrine "the fight or flight hormone" into the blood D. exercise E. all of the above would lead to a faster rate of discharge by the SA node

B. stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system

Pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as A. the digestive system's opening B. suspension-feeding devices C. components of the jaw D. gill slits for respiration E. portions of the inner ear

B. suspension-feeding devices

The divisions of the nervous system that have antagonistic or opposing actions are A. motor and sensory B. sympathetic and parasympathetic C. presynaptic and postsynaptic D. forebrain and hindbrain E. central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

B. sympathetic and parasympathetic

In addition to absorbing water and minerals from the soil, this type of root provides enhanced anchoring of the plant to the substrate A. lateral root B. taproot C. root hairs D. fibrous root E. axillary root

B. taproot

Suppose the number of insect species is determined by the number of vertical strata found in the environment. If so, in which of the following biomes might you find the greatest number of insect species A. savanna B. temperate broadleaf forest C. desert D. temperate grassland E. open ocean

B. temperate broadleaf forest

in the sexual life cycle of fungi, the term karyogamy refers to A. the separation of haploid and dikaryotic stages B. the fusion of haploid nuclei C. the fusion of diploid nuclei D. the fusion of two parents cytoplasm E. none of the above

B. the fusion of haploid nuclei

Which of the following statements about reproduction in flowering plants is correct A. the pollen grain contains two cells, a sperm cell and a generative cell B. the generative cell undergoes one round of mitosis to form two sperm cells C. one sperm cell within the pollen tube will migrate to and fertilize the synergids, forming a zygote D. the female gametophyte consists of two haploid nuclei, one of which is the egg E. one sperm cel within the pollen tube will migrate to and unite with the antipodal cells, producing a triploid endosperm

B. the generative cell undergoes one round of mitosis to form two sperm cells

The absorptive nutrition of fungi is aided by A. formation of a dikaryon B. the large surface area provided by the mycelium C. the fact that they are all parasites D. spore formation E. chloroplasts

B. the large surface area provided by the mycelium

Which of the choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement A. solubility in water B. the partial pressure gradient C. the temperature D. molecular weight and size of the gas molecule E. all of the above

B. the partial pressure gradient

Trophic efficiency is A. the ratio of net secondary production to assimilation of primary production B. the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next C. a measure of how nutrients are cycled from one trophic level to the next D. usually greater than production efficiencies E. about 90% in most ecosystems

B. the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next

Circulatory systems compensate for __________ A. temperature differences between the lungs and the active tissue B. the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances C. the problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system D. the need to cushion animals from trauma E. all of the above

B. the slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

Which of the following statements about phloem tissue if correct A. phloem tissue distributes water and minerals absorbed by the roots to the rest of the plant B. the sugar-conducting cells of the phloem are alive at functional maturity C. primary and secondary phloem are derived from the vascular cambium D. phloem may be primary or secondary, but in either case that sieve elements are nonliving cells E. both A and D are correct

B. the sugar-conducting cells of the phloem are alive at functional maturity

Which of the following is true about flatworms A. they have a fluid-filled body cavity called a coelom B. they are the simplest animals to have three embryonic germ layers C. they are pseudocoelomates D. they are radially symmetric E. none of the above

B. they are the simplest animals to have three embryonic germ layers

Jams, jellies, preserves, honey, and other foodstuffs with high sugar content hardly ever become contaminated by bacteria. This is because bacteria that encounter such and environment A. undergo death by lysis B. undergo death by plasmolysis C. are unable to swim through these thick and viscous materials D. are unable to metabolize the glucose or fructose, and thus starve to death E. are obligated anaerobes

B. undergo death by plasmolysis

Suppose George Washington completely removed the bark from around the base of a cherry tree but was stopped by his father before cutting the tree down. The leaves retained their normal appearance for several weeks, but the tree eventually died. The tissue(s) that George left functional was (were) the A. phloem. B. xylem. C. cork cambium. D. cortex. E. companion and sieve-tube members.

B. xylem.

A unicellular fungus that under anaerobic conditions ferments sugars to alcohol and CO2 A. lichen B. yeast C. mold D. chytrid E. zygosporangium

B. yeast

If ΨP = 0.3 MPa and ΨS = -0.45 MPa, the resulting Ψ is A. +0.75 MPa. B. -0.75 MPa. C. -0.15 MPa. D. +0.15 MPa. E. -0.42 MPa.

C. -0.15 MPa.

The following question is based on parts of a growing primary root 1. root cap 2. zone of elongation 3. zone of cell division 4. zone of maturation Which of the following is the correct sequence from growing tips of the root moving upward A. 3, 1, 2, 4 B. 4, 2, 3, 1 C. 1, 3, 2, 4 D. 2, 4, 1, 3 E. 1, 2, 3, 4

C. 1, 3, 2, 4

What is the correct sequence of events that would lead to a person hearing a sound? 1. transmission 2. transduction 3. integration 4. amplification A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 4, 2, 3 C. 2, 4, 1, 3 D. 3, 1, 2, 4 E. 3, 1, 4, 2

C. 2, 4, 1, 3

1. right 2. left 3. pulmonary artery 4. pulmonary vein 5. aorta Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the ...(A).... atrium of the heart in the ...(B)..... From there it enters the ...(C).... ventricle and leaves the heart in the ...(D).... to go to the body. From the body, blood returns to the ...(E)....atrium, and then leaves the heart in the ...(F).....to go to the lungs. A. 2, 5, 2, 4, 1, 3 B. 2, 3, 1, 4, 1, 3 C. 2, 4, 2, 5, 1, 3 D. 1, 3, 2, 5, 2, 4 E. 1, 5, 1, 3, 2, 4

C. 2, 4, 2, 5, 1, 3

The following steps refer to various stages in transmission at a chemical synapse. 1. Neurotransmitter binds with receptors associated with the postsynaptic membrane. 2. Calcium ions rush into neuron's cytoplasm. 3. An action potential depolarizes the membrane of the presynaptic axon terminal. 4. The ligand-gated ion channels open. 5. The synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Which sequence of events is correct? A. 5 → 4 → 3 → 2 → 1 B. 2 → 3 → 5 → 4 → 1 C. 3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4 D. 1 → 2 → 3 → 4 → 5 E. 4 → 3 → 1 → 2 → 5

C. 3 → 2 → 5 → 1 → 4

Monarch butterflies are protected from birds and other predators but the cardiac glycosides they incorporate into their tissues are from eating milkweed when they were in their caterpillar stage of development. The wings of a different species of butterfly, the Viceroy, look nearly identical to the Monarch so predators that have learned not to eat the bad-tasting Monarch avoid Viceroys as well. This example best describes A. aposmatic coloration B. cryptic coloration C. Batesian mimicry D. Müllerian mimicry E. mutualism

C. Batesian mimicry

Which of the following statements comparing water soluble and lipid soluble hormones is TRUE A. Water soluble hormones require the aid of a transport protein to reach their target tissue. B. Only water soluble hormones bind to a receptor protein to initiate their response. C. Both types of hormonetravel in the blood stream to their target sites. D. Only water soluble hormones can alter the transcription of specific genes. E. Both types initially bind to cell-surface receptors before entering the cytoplasm.

C. Both types of hormonetravel in the blood stream to their target sites.

Which of the following statements concerning type II diabetes is TRUE A. This form of diabetes usually appears during childhood. B. This form of diabetes results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by the immune system. C. Excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the risk of developing the disease. D. Fewer than 10% of people with diabetes have type II E. All of the above are true statements.

C. Excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the risk of developing the disease.

Which of the following scenarios is consistent with the concept of K-selection A. an agave bush sending up a large flowering stalk, producing seeds and then dying. B. salmon producing thousands of eggs in a single reproductive event before dying C. Great Frigatebirds competing for nesting sites on the Galapagos Islands D. a bivalve mollusk releasing thousands of eggs in a single reproductive episode E. none of the above

C. Great Frigatebirds competing for nesting sites on the Galapagos Islands

An individual mixotroph loses its plastids (i.e. chloroplasts), yet continues to survive. Which of the following most likely accounts for its continued survival A. It relies on photosystems that float freely in its cytosol. B. It must have gained extra mitochondria when it lost its plastids. C. It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption. D. It has an endospore. E. It is protected by a cell wall.

C. It engulfs organic material by phagocytosis or by absorption.

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of climate on biome distribution A. Knowledge of annual temperature and precipitation is sufficient to predict which biome will be found in an area. B. Fluctuation of environmental variables is not important if areas have the same annual temperature and precipitation means. C. It is not only the average climate that is important in determining biome distribution, but also the pattern of climatic variation. D. Temperate forests, coniferous forests, and grasslands all have the same mean annual temperatures and precipitation. E. Correlation of climate with biome distribution is sufficient to determine the cause of biome patterns.

C. It is not only the average climate that is important in determining biome distribution, but also the pattern of climatic variation

Prior to long-term potentiation, glutamate release into the synaptic cleft (gap) opens the NMDA glutamate receptors, but ion movement through the channel is blocked by A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. Mg2+ D. K+ E. stored AMPA receptors

C. Mg2+

How does the digestion and absorption of fat differ from that of carbohydrates A. Processing of fats does not require any digestive enzymes; processing of carbohydrates does. B. Fat absorption occurs in the stomach; carbohydrates are absorbed by the small intestine. C. Most absorbed fat first eneters the lymphatic system; carbohydrates directly enter the blood. D. Carbohydrates need to be emulsified before they can be digested; fats do not. E. Fat must be worked on by bacteria in the large intestine before it can be absorbed; carbohydrates do not.

C. Most absorbed fat first eneters the lymphatic system; carbohydrates directly enter the blood.

The heartworms that can accumulate within the heart of dogs and other mammals have a pseudocoelom, an alimentary canal, and an outer covering that is occasionally shed. To which phylum does the heart worm belong A. Platyhelminthes B. Arthropoda C. Nematoda D. Phoronida E. Annelida

C. Nematoda

How is it that the open ocean produces the highest net primary productivity of Earth's ecosystems, yet net primary productivity per square meter is relatively low A. Oceans contain greater concentrations of nutrients compared to other ecosystems. B. Oceans receive a greater amount of solar energy per unit area. C. Oceans have the greatest total area. D. Oceans possess greater species diversity. E. Oceanic producers are generally much smaller than its consumers.

C. Oceans have the greatest total area.

Which of the following statements is correct about biogeochemical cycling A. The phosphorus cycle involves the rapid recycling of atmospheric phosphorus. B. The water cycle is a global cycle that involves the weathering of rocks. C. The carbon cycle is a global cycle that reflects the respiration of plants and animals and the burning of fossil fuels. D. The carbon cycle has maintained a constant atmospheric concentration of CO2 for the past million years. E. The nitrogen cycle involves movement of nitrogen very little of which is chemically altered by either the biotic or abiotic components of the ecosystem.

C. The carbon cycle is a global cycle that reflects the respiration of plants and animals and the burning of fossil fuels.

Why are polio vaccinations effective A). They cause the inflammation response resulting in the production of antibodies that engulf the polio virus if it enters the body. B. They cause an immune response resulting in the production of cytotoxic (killer) T cells that remain in the blood attacking all viruses that enter the body. C. They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is subsequently infected by the polio virus. D. They cause the inflammation response resulting in the production of memory T cells that provide a limited response if infected by the polio virus. E. none of the above

C. They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is subsequently infected by the polio virus.

Which of the following associations is not an example of symbiosis A. mycorrhizae B. a lichen C. a saprobe that absorbs nutrients from non-living organic material D. nitrogen fixing bacteria in the root nodules of plants E. a tapeworm living in the intestine of a mammal

C. a saprobe that absorbs nutrients from non-living organic material

A fruit that develops from many separate carpels from one flower A. multiple fruit B. double fertilization C. aggregate fruit D. endosperm E. pollen tube

C. aggregate fruit

The middle ear converts A. pressure waves to hair cell movements B. fluid pressure waves to nerve impulses C. air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves D. fluid pressure waves to air pressure waves E. air pressure waves to nerve impulses

C. air pressure waves to fluid pressure waves

All gases exchanged between air and blood in mammals occurs across the walls of the A. trachea B. bronchi C. alveoli D. bronchioles

C. alveoli

Parthenogenesis is a form of asexual reproduction in which A. the parent organisms separates into two individuals of approximately equal size B. individual arise from outgrowths of existing ones C. an egg develops without being fertilized D. the body breaks into several pieces E. the regrowth of a lost body part occurs

C. an egg develops without being fertilized

In this type of signaling, secreted molecules diffuse locally and trigger a response in the cells that secrete them A. endocrine B. paracrine C. autocrine D. synaptic E. neuroendocrine

C. autocrine

]Meroblastic cleavage occurs in A. sea urchins, but not humans or birds. B. humans, but not sea urchins or birds. C. birds, but not sea urchins or humans. D. both sea urchins and birds, but not humans. E. both humans and birds, but not sea urchins.

C. birds, but not sea urchins or humans.

The exchange of gases between interstitial fluid and the blood occurs in the A. arteries B. arterioles C. capillaries D. veins E. venules

C. capillaries

Which type of surface marker is present on every nucleated cell in your body A. B receptor B. T receptor C. class I MHC D. class II MHC E. all of the above

C. class I MHC

From earliest to latest, the overall sequence of early development proceeds as follows A. gastrulation → organogenesis → cleavage B. ovulation → gastrulation → fertilization C. cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis D. gastrulation → blastulation → neurulation E. preformation → morphogenesis → neurulation

C. cleavage → gastrulation → organogenesis

Which type of T cell lyses cells that have been infected with viruses A. inducer T cells B. helper T cells C. cytotoxic T cells D. suppressor T cells E. none of the above

C. cytotoxic T cells

In an endotherm, which of the following homeostatic processes would be produced by a sudden and prolonged decrease in ambient temperature A. decreased oxygen uptake B. decreased muscular activity C. decreased blood flow to the skin surface D. decreased rate of internal metabolic processes E. all of the above

C. decreased blood flow to the skin surface

Which of these statements about human evolution is correct A. human evolution has proceeded in an orderly fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo sapiens B. the evolution of upright posture and enlarged brain occurred simultaneously C. different species of the gems Homo have coexisted at various times D. mitochondrial DNA analysis shows that humans are genetically very similar to Neanderthals E. The ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees

C. different ancestors of Homo sapiens were chimpanzees

Assume that successful reproduction in a rare salamander species, wherein all individuals are females, relies on those females having access to sperm from males of another species but that the resulting embryos show no signs of a genetic contribution from the sperm. In this case, the sperm appear to be used only for A. morphogenesis B. epigenesis C. egg activation D. cell differentiation E. the creation of a diploid cell

C. egg activation

Which of the following is not an advantage of the arthropod exoskeleton A. provides protection form predators B. provides rigid places for muscles to insert and against which they can do work C. enhances sensory perception D. prevents water loss E. all of the above are an advantage of an exoskeleton

C. enhances sensory perception

To maintain homeostasis freshwater fish must __________ A. excrete large quantities of electrolytes B. consume large quantities of water C. excrete large quantities of water D. take in electrolytes through simple diffusion E. none of the above

C. excrete large quantities of water

One piece of evidence, which is consistent with the hypothesis that Chytrids diverged earliest in fugal evolution is the presence of ____________________ in this phylum A. asci B. hyphae C. flagellated zoospores D. zygosporangia E. mycorrhizae

C. flagellated zoospores

If two solutions that differ in their osmolarity are separated by a selectively permeable membrane (permeable to water only), the net flow of water is A. equal in both directions B. from the hyperosmotic to the hypoosmotic solution C. from hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic solution D. from the solution containing less free water to the solution containing more free water E. both C and D

C. from hypoosmotic to hyperosmotic solution

Release from the embryo signs seeds to break dormancy and germinate A. auxins B. cytokinins C. gibberellins D. abscisic acid E. ethylene

C. gibberellins

Members of this fungal phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae with the roots of plants A. ascomycota B. zygomycota C. glomeromycota D. basidomycota

C. glomeromycota

Which of the following describes carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapor re-flecting infrared radiation back toward the Earth A. turnover B. depletion of atmospheric ozone C. greenhouse effect D. biological magnification E. eutrophication

C. greenhouse effect

An evolutionary adaptation that enables animals with more complex body designs to ensure sufficient exchange with their environment A. reduced plasma membrane surface area B. insulation C. highly folded internal surfaces D. increased body size E. increased cell volume

C. highly folded internal surfaces

The secretion of antibodies by lymphocyte B cells provides A. cell-mediated immunity B. passive immunity C. humoral immunity D. permanent immunity E. none of the above

C. humoral immunity

ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts by A. increasing the number of sodium ion channels in the proximal tubule B. increasing the number of aquaporin channels in the ascending loop of Henle C. increasing the number of aquaporin channels in the collecting ducts D. all of the above E. none of the above

C. increasing the number of aquaporin channels in the collecting ducts

In mammals, the nuclei resulting from the union of the sperm and the egg are first truly diploid at the end of the A. acrosomal reaction B. completion of spermatogenesis C. initial cleavage D. activation of the egg E. completion of gastrulation

C. initial cleavage

Which of the following characterizes the glomerular filtrate, the fluid that passes from the blood in the glomerulus into the proximal tubule of the nephron A. it is identical to blood plasma B. it is concentrated solution of wast products C. it is blood plasma that lacks most proteins D. it is clear in appearance and contains no glucose E. it is whole blood

C. it is blood plasma that lacks most proteins

The observation that the acetylcholine released into the junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle binds to a sodium channel and opens it is an example of a A. voltage-gated sodium channel B. voltage-gated potassium channel C. ligand-gated sodium channel D. second-messenger-gated sodium channel E. chemical that inhibits action potentials

C. ligand-gated sodium channel

In addition to peptidoglycan, the cell walls of Gram-negative bacteria also contain A. chitin B. cellulose C. lipopolysaccharides D. keratin E. mucous

C. lipopolysaccharides

A countercurrent flow system between substance A and substance B A. maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the same direction B. minimizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the same direction C. maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directions D. minimizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directions E. none of the above

C. maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in opposite directions

the process involved converting a microsporocyte to a microspore A. fertilization B. mitosis C. meiosis D. pollination E. all of the above

C. meiosis

Members of this worm phylum have a tough outer cuticle and undergo ecdysis A. phorinida B. annelida C. nematoda D. nemertea E. plathyelminthes

C. nematoda

The source of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen is the A. liver B. gallbladder C. pancreas D. stomach E. small intestine

C. pancreas

What is the function of helper T-cells A. initiation of inflammation B. phagocytosis of bacteria and viruses C. promotion of B-cell and T-cell activity D. production of specific antibodies against pathogens E. the production of antibodies

C. promotion of B-cell and T-cell activity

Under normal conditions, most nutrients are reabsorbed in what portion of the nephron A. descending limb of the loop of Henle B. distal convoluted tubules C. proximal convoluted tubules D. ascending limb of the loop of Henle E. collecting tubules

C. proximal convoluted tubules

The fungi produce ascospores in an ascus A. club fungi B. dimorphic fungi C. sac fungi D. black bread molds E. slime molds

C. sac fungi

Corals are most closely related to which group A. sponges B. bivalves C. sea anomones D. barnacles E. comb jellies

C. sea anomones

Human sperm cells first arise in the A. prostate gland B. vas deferens C. seminiferous tubules D. epididymis E. Sertoli cells

C. seminiferous tubules

Based on the ABC model, what would be the structure of a flower that had normal expression of genes A and B but lacked expression of gene C A. carpel-petal-petal-carpel B. stamen-stamen-petal-petal C. sepal-petal-petal-sepal D. sepal-sepal-carpel-carpel E. carpel-carpel-carpel-carpel

C. sepal-petal-petal-sepal

Where would you expect to find the littoral zone of a lake? A. near the thermocline B. deepest known, where the light typically does not penetrate effectively C. shallow water area along the shore D. open water area farther from shore with enough sunlight for photosynthesis E. bottom region where organisms tend to attach themselves to one spot

C. shallow water area along the shore

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is __________ A. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium B. simple columnar epithelium C. stratified squamous epithelium D. simple cubodial E. simple squamous epithelium

C. simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following statements comparing spermatogenesis and oogenesis is (are) true A. only in oogenesis do all four products of meiosis develop into mature gametes B. oogenesis can produce mature eggs in a continuous sequence, whereas spermatogenesis has long interruptions C. spermatogenesis, including the mitotic divisions of stem cells, occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood D. all of the above are true statements E. both A and B are true statements

C. spermatogenesis, including the mitotic divisions of stem cells, occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood

Photosynthesis ceases when leaves wilt, mainly because A. the chlorophyll of wilting leaves breaks down B. flaccid mesophyll cells are incapable of photosynthesis C. stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf D. photolysis, the water-splitting step of photosynthesis, cannot occur when there is a water deficiency E. accumulation of CO2 in the leaf inhibits enzymes

C. stomata close, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf

Imagine some cosmic catastrophe jolts Earth so that its axis relative to its plane of orbit was increased to 33.5°. Which of the following events might you predict to occur A. winters and summers in Australia would become less distinct seasons B. both poles would experience massive ice melts C. summers and winters in the United States would become warmer and colder, respectively D. seasonal variation at the equator might increase E. both Northern and Southern hemispheres might experience summer and winter at the same times

C. summers and winters in the United States would become warmer and colder, respectively

Which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants and animals A. water B. wind C. temperature D. rocks and soil E. disturbances

C. temperature

When two EPSPs occur at a single synapse so rapidly in succession that the postsynaptic neuron's membrane potential has not returned to the resting potential before the second EPSP arrives, the EPSPs add together producing __________ A. and IPSP B. spatial summation C. temporal summation D. the refractory state E. tetanus

C. temporal summation

The expansion of the lung and inhalation of air are in part the result of A. the muscles of the lungs relaxing, allowing the lungs to get larger B. decreased pressure of the interpleural fluid C. the contraction of the muscles of the diaphragm D. a and b are correct. E. All of the above are correct.

C. the contraction of the muscles of the diaphragm

What regulates the flow of water through the xylem A. passive transport by the endodermis B. the number of companion cells in the phloem C. the evaporation of water from the leaves D. active transport by sieve-tube members E. active transport by tracheid and vessel elements.

C. the evaporation of water from the leaves

Demography is the study of A. death and emigration rates of a population at any moment in time B. reproductive rates of a population during a given year C. the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time D. the survival patterns of population E. life expectancy of individuals within a population

C. the vital statistics of populations and how they change over tiem

Steroid and peptide hormones typically have in common __________ A. the building blocks from which they are synthesized B. their solubility C. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream D. their reliance on signal transduction in the cel E. all of the above

C. their requirement for travel through the bloodstream

Which of the following statements about bacterial cell walls is true A. they are identical in molecular composition to the cell walls of fungi B. they all have a lipopolysaccharide layer C. they prevent cells from bursting in a hypotonic environment D. they prevent cells from dying in a hypertonic environment E. All of the above are true statements

C. they prevent cells from bursting in a hypotonic environment

People who suffer from inadequate coding in the diet are unable to produce sufficient levels of this hormone to provide negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary A. thyroid releasing hormone B. thyroid stimulating hormone C. thyroid hormone D. ACTH E. inulin

C. thyroid hormone

When a non-pathogenic strain of S. pneumoniae is mixed with a heat-killed pathogenic strain, the former is converted to the pathogenic form. The process responsible for this conversion is termed A. conjugation B. sexual reproduction C. transformation D. translocation E. none of the above

C. transformation

A post-anal tail and pharyngeal slits are characteristic of the phylum A. Cephalopoda B. Cnidaria C. Echinodermata D. Chordata E. none of the above

D. Chordata

Which of the following statements is consistent with the principle of competitive exclusion A. Bird species generally do not compete for nesting sites. B. The density of one competing species will have a positive impact on the population growth of the other competing species. C. Two species with the same fundamental niche will exclude other competing species. D. Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species. E. Evolution tends to increase competition between related species.

D. Even a slight reproductive advantage will eventually lead to the elimination of the less well adapted of two competing species.

The hypothalamic hormone that stimulates hormone secretion by the anterior pituitary gland A. LH B. FSH C. Inhibin D. GnRH E. estradiol

D. GnRH

Which of the following statements concerning protists is true A. Protists along with plants, animals and fungi are eukaryotes. B. Most protists are unicellular. C. At the cellular level protists are highly complex. D. Like prokaryotes, protists lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. E. All of the above are true statements.

D. Like prokaryotes, protists lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Which of the following human diseases does not involve kinetoplastids A. Chagas Disease B. African Sleeping Sickness C. Leishmaniasis D. Malaria E. All of the above diseases involve kinetoplastids.

D. Malaria

Many physicians administer antibiotics to patients at the first sign of any disease symptoms. Why can this practice present more problems for these patients and for others not yet infected A. Particular patients may be allergic to the antibiotic. B. Antibiotics may cause other side effects in patients. C. Antibiotics may interfere with the ability to identify the bacteria present. D. Overuse of antibiotics can select for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria. E. The antibiotic may kill bacteriophages that keep the bacteria in check.

D. Overuse of antibiotics can select for antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria.

Which of the following is an important distinction between the measurement of basal metabolic rate (BMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR) A. An animal must be fasting for SMR. B. BMRs are performed only on ectothermic animals. C. An animal must be actively exercising for the measurement of BMR. D. SMR must be determined at a specific temperature. E. The BMR of a specific animal is usually lower than the animal's SMR.

D. SMR must be determined at a specific temperature.

Which of the following statements comparing the endocrine system (ES) and nervous system (NS) signaling is true A. Hormones are fast acting, but effects often short-acting. B. In ES signaling, all body cells can respond to the circulating hormone C. Nerve impulses can be received by all cell types within the body. D. The NS transmits a signal to a target cell via a specific pathway. E. ES transmission compared to NS transmission is very fast.

D. The NS transmits a signal to a target cell via a specific pathway.

Members of this phylum form resistant structures during sexual reproduction and have an asexual phase characterized by bulbous black sporangia A. Basidomycota B. Ascomycota C. Deuteromycota D. Zygomycota E. Chytridomycota

D. Zygomycota

What is a distinctive feature of the chondrichthyans A. an amniotic egg B. unpaired fins C. an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to distinguish colors D. a cartilaginous endoskeleton E. lack of jaws

D. a cartilaginous endoskeleton

Which characteristic is shared by both cnidarians and flatworms A. dorsoventrally flattened bodies B. flame cells C. radial symmetry D. a digestive system with a single opening E. both A and D

D. a digestive system with a single opening

Which statement about human reproduction is correct A. fertilization occurs in the uterus B. the earliest stages of spermatogenesis occur closest to the lumen of the seminiferous tubules C. in humans, spermatogenesis and oogenesis function best at normal, core body temperatures D. a human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it E. formation of a mature oocyte requires fewer meiotic divisions than formation of a mature sperm cell

D. a human oocyte completes meiosis after a sperm penetrates it

Which of the following is an example of symbiotic mutualism A. two paramecia exchanging genetic material B. the diplomonad Giardia reproducing in a human intestine C. the parabasalid T.vaginalis feeding on the vaginal lining of its human host D. a zooflagellate digesting food in a termite's intestine E. none of the above

D. a zooflagellate digesting food in a termite's intestine

Accumulates in leaves when plant begins to wilt, causing stomata to close rapidly A. auxins B. cytokinins C. gibberellins D. abscisic acid E. ethylene

D. abscisic acid

Slows cell growth often antagonizing the action of other hormones A. auxins B. cytokinins C. gibberellins D. abscisic acid E. ethylene

D. abscisic acid

In the stomach, HCl in gastric juice __________ A. kills bacteria B. breaks down the connective tissue of muscle C. activates pepsin D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following kills invading microbes A. lysozymes B. stomach acid C. intestinal enzymes D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

which of the following phenomena is/are involved in the ascent of xylem sap A. adhesion B. cohesion C. transpiration D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

Which of the following is an important source of endotoxin in Gram-negative species A. endospore B. plasmid C. flagellum D. cell wall E. fimbriae

D. cell wall

Which of the following is NOT a density-dependent factor that can impact population growth A. territoriality B. disease C. competition for resources D. climate E. toxic wastes

D. climate

Uniform spacing patterns in plants such as the creosote bush are most often associated with A. the random distribution of seeds B. patterns of high humidity C. chance D. competitive interactions among individuals in the population E. the concentration of nutrients within the population's range

D. competitive interactions among individuals in the population

During inhalation A. diaphragm and rib muscles remain stationary B. diaphragm relaxes and rib muscles contract C. diaphragm contracts and the rib muscles relax D. diaphragm and rib muscles contract E. diaphragm and rib muscles relax

D. diaphragm and rib muscles contract

You are looking at a drop of lake water under a microscope. You observe a large number of unicellular protists with unique perforated glass-like walls. The cells are moving about utilizing flagella that have fine hair-like extensions. You are most likely observing A. dinoflagellates B. diplomonads C. euglenids D. diatoms E. kinetoplastids

D. diatoms

A food-storing tissue of the seed A. multiple fruit B. double fertilization C. aggregate fruit D. endosperm E. pollen tube

D. endosperm

"Stratified columnar" is a description that would apply to what type of animal tissue A. connective B. striated muscle C. nerve D. epithelial E. bone

D. epithelial

In the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA is synthesized from a template at temperatures (t) sufficiently high to dissociate double-stranded DNA into single strands (t>than 70C). To find a DNA polymerase (the enzyme that functions to carry out DNA synthesis) that would be optimally suites for carrying out PCR you might logically begin your search with the A. extreme halophiles B. chemoautotrophs C. gram negative bacteria D. extreme thermophiles E. methanogens

D. extreme thermophiles

Which of the following is not considered a contributor to the explosive diversification of animal body plans that occurred during the Cambrian period A. an emergence of predator-prey relationships B. changes in atmospheric O2 levels C. variation in expression of Hox genes D. formation of the supercontinent, Pangea E. all of the above were possible contributors to the Cambrian explosion

D. formation of the supercontinent, Pangea

The hypothesis that the appendages of tetrapods first evolved for walking underwater would be supported by the fossil evidence that Acanthostega (a Devonian tetrapod) also had A. wings B. a doral hollow nerve chord C. lungs D. gills E. scales

D. gills

The number of sets of chromosomes in a dikaryotic cell A. is greater than in a diploid cell B. is less than in a diploid cell C. is equal to that in a diploid cell D. none of theses

D. is equal to that in a diploid cell

Which of the following statements concerning protists is false A. protists along with plants, animals and fungi are eukaryotes B. most protists are unicellular C. at the cellular level protists are highly complex D. like prokaryotes, protists lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles E. all of the above are true statements

D. like prokaryotes, protists lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Because the hormone ecdysone causes both molting and metamorphosis in the caterpillar to a butterfly, what determines when metamorphosis takes place? A. rising levels of ecdysone B. decreasing levels of ecdysone C. high levels of JH D. low JH levels E. both A and C

D. low JH levels

In the alteration of generations in plants the formation of gametes from sporophytes requires which process(es) to have occurred A. mitosis only B. meiosis only C. cytokinesis only D. meiosis and mitosis E. none of the above

D. meiosis and mitosis

Action potentials move along axons A. more slowly in axons of large diameter than of small diameter B. by the direct action of acetylcholine on the axonal membrane C. by activating the sodium-potassium "pump" at each point along the axonal membrane D. more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons E. by reversing the concentration gradients for sodium and potassium ions

D. more rapidly in myelinated than in non-myelinated axons

The brain's white matter consists of A. ganglia B. dendrites C. unmyelinated axons D. myelinated axons

D. myelinated axons

Which of the following is (are) unique to animals A. cells that have mitochondria B. the structural carbohydrate, chitin C. heterotrophy D. nervous conduction and muscular movement E. both A and C

D. nervous conduction and muscular movement

Which of the following are important biotin factors that can affect the structure and organization of biological communities A. light intensity, seasonality B. temperature, water C. availability of minerals, soil pH D. predation, competition E. precipitation, wind

D. predation, competition

All of the following are involved in hormonal control of the male reproductive system except A. testosterone B. LH C. inhibin D. progesterone E. FSH

D. progesterone

Memory cells A. produce cyclosporine B. are responsible for passive immunity C. prevent an animal from encountering certain antigens D. provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen E. all of the above

D. provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen

Transcriptional regulation and post-translational modification are most closely associated with which stage of a signal transduction pathway A. reception B. deception C. transduction D. response E. etiolation

D. response

Which of the following activities would be associated with the parasympathetic division of the nervous system A. increase metabolic rate B. fight-or-flight response C. conversion of glycogen to glucose D. rest and digestion E. release of epinephrine

D. rest and digestion

Which of the following statements concerning fungi is true A. in fungi with septet hyphae, the septa prevent the flow of nutrients from cell to cell B. fungal hyphae are made up of small diameter-mycelia that form an interwoven mass C. cellulose is the primary component of the cell wall of most fungi D. some fungal species live as decomposers and others as symbionts E. all fungi are autotrophs

D. some fungal species live as decomposers and others as symbionts

Which of these animals relies exclusively on intracellular digestion A. bird B. mammal C. annelid D. sponge E. crustacean

D. sponge

You are trying to identify an organism. It is an animal, but it does not have nerve or muscle tissue. It is neither diploblastic nor triploblastic. It is probably a(n) A. flatworm B.comb jelly C. nematode D. sponge E. echinoderm

D. sponge

The main reason the poles are cooler than the equator is A. there is ice at the poles B. the equator has a thinner atmosphere C. the equator is closer to the sun D. sunlight strikes the poles at an oblique angle E. the poles are permanently tilted away from the sun

D. sunlight strikes the poles at an oblique angle

Action potentials are normally carried in only one direction: from the axon hillock toward the axon terminals. If you experimentally depolarize the middle of the axon to threshold, using an electronic probe, then A. no action potential will be initiated B. an action potential will be initiated and proceed only in the normal direction toward the axon terminal C. an action potential will be initiated and proceed only back toward the axon hillock D. two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock E. an action potential will be initiated, but it will die out before it reaches the axon terminal

D. two action potentials will be initiated, one going toward the axon terminal and one going back toward the hillock

The transduction of sound waves into action potentials takes place A. within the tectorial membrane as it is stimulated by the hair cells B. as the basilar membrane vibrates at different frequencies in response to the varying volume of sounds C. as the basilar membrane becomes more permeable to sodium ions and depolarizes, initiating an action potential in a sensory neuron D. when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons E. within the middle ear as the vibrations are amplified by the malleus, incus, and stapes

D. when hair cells are bent against the tectorial membrane, causing them to depolarize and release neurotransmitter that stimulates sensory neurons

Which of the following is the correct sequence that occurs during the excitation and contraction of a muscle cell 1. Tropomyosin shifts and unblocks the cross-bridge binding sites. 2. Calcium is released and binds to the troponin complex. 3. Transverse tubules depolarize the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 4. The thin filaments are ratcheted across the thick filaments by the heads of the myosin molecules using energy from ATP. 5. An action potential in a motor neuron causes the axon to release acetylcholine, which depolarizes the muscle cell membrane. A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B. 2, 1, 3, 5, 4 C. 2, 3, 4, 1, 5 D. 5, 3, 1, 2, 4 E. 5, 3, 2, 1, 4

E. 5, 3, 2, 1, 4

Which of the following is true in plants A. mitosis occurs in gametophytes to produce gamets B. meiosis occurs in sporophytes to produce spores C. the gametophyte is within the flower in angiosperms D. A and B only E. A, B, and C

E. A, B, and C

While scuba diving, Dr. B observes several tube-dwelling marine worms that have a horseshoe-shaped ring of tentacles encircling their mouths. No segmentation or parapodia are evident. He correctly deduces that the worms belong to the phylum A. Gastropoda B. Cephalopoda C. Cnidaria D. Polychaeta E. Phoronida

E. Phoronida

Which of the following combinations of phylum and description is incorrect A. Echinodermata - bilateral symmetry as a larva, coelom present B. Nematoda - roundworms, pseudocoelomate C. Cnidaria - radial symmetry, polyp and medusa body forms D. Platyhelminthes - flatworms, gastrovascular cavity, acoelomate E. Porifera - gastrovascular cavity, coelom present

E. Porifera - gastrovascular cavity, coelom present

Fluid is forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriolar end because A. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid. B. The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood. C. The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood D. The osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid. E. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid.

E. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid.

Which of these statements about dinoflagellates is false A. They possess two flagella. B. Some cause red tides. C. Their walls are composed of cellulose plates. D. Many types contain chlorophyll. E. Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor and are mined to serve as a filtering material.

E. Their dead cells accumulate on the seafloor and are mined to serve as a filtering material.

What is a distinctive feature of the shondrichthyans A. unpaired fins B. an amniotic egg C. an acute sense of vision that includes the ability to distinguish colors D. lack of jaws E. a cartilaginous endoskeleton

E. a cartilaginous endoskeleton

Cephalization is generally not associated with A. a brain B. bilateral symmetry C. a longitudinal nerve cord D. concentration of sensory structures at the anterior end of an organism E. a sessile existence

E. a sessile existence

What is the primary role of a mushroom's underground mycelium A. asexual reproduction B. anchoring C. sexual reproduction D. protection E. absorbing nutrients

E. absorbing nutrients

A disease that destroys the adrenal cortex should lead to an increase in the plasma levels of __________ A. glucocorticoid hormones B. estradiol C. acetylcholine D. epinephrine E. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

E. adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Lampreys and hagfishes are similar in that they both A. lack jaws B. have a notochord C. have a cranium D. lack paired appendages E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following are autoimmune diseases A. multiple scerosis B. rheumatoid arthritis C. isulin-dependent diabetes mellitus D. systemic lupus erythematosus E. all of the above

E. all of the above

Which of the following is a likely cause for the Cambrian explosion of animal diversity A. predators acquired adaptations that helped them catch prey B. prey species acquired new defenses such as shells C. a rise in atmospheric oxygen levels D. evolution of the Hox gene complex E. all of the above are likely causes for the Cambrian explosion

E. all of the above are likely causes for the Cambrian explosion

Which of the following is not a primate characteristic A. dextrous hand with opposable thumb in many species B. ability to produce milk C. hair D. eyes close together on front of face E. all of the above are primate characteristics

E. all of the above are primate characteristics

Compare an animal with a gastrovascular cavity to an animal with a tube-type digestive system. What is/ are the major advantage(s) of having a tube A. it allows the animal to consume a second meal while the first is being digested B. it permits development of specialized enzyme and concentration of digestive juices in different regions C. it permits more time for enzymatic action D. additional physical cutting and grinding of the food bolus is made possible E. all of the above choices are advantages

E. all of the above choices are advantages

Which of the following is not a true statement concerning the order Primata A. first were small arboreal mammals B. traits shaped by demands of living in trees C. consists of the two suborders, Prosimii and Anthropoidea D. descended from insectivores late in Cretaceous E. all of the above statements are true.

E. all of the above statements are true.

If the atrioventricular node (AV node) were surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje fibers A. no apparent effect on heart activity would be observed B. only the venticles would contract C. the heart rate would decrease D. only the atria would contract E. atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time

E. atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time

Which of the following does not constitute a key evolutionary branch point in the phylogenetic tree of animals A. no true tissues vs. true tissues B. radial symmetry vs. bilateral symmetry C. no body cavity vs. the presence of a body cavity D. protostome vs. deuterostome development E. blastopore vs. no blastopore

E. blastopore vs. no blastopore

Salmon return to fresh-water streams to spawn, producing thousands of eggs in a single opportunity before they die. This type of life history event is an example of A. big-bang reproduction B. semelparity C. repeated reproduction D. iteroparity E. both A and B

E. both A and B

Which of the following is not a mechanism utilized by plants to discourage self-fertilization A. anther and stigma structurally arranged to prevent pollen transfer in the same flower B. formation of dioecious plants (plants having male and female reproductive organs in separate individuals) C. self-incompatibility D. stamen and carpels that mature at different times E. brightly colored bracts that replace petals

E. brightly colored bracts that replace petals

The sum total of an organism's interaction with the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment is called its A. habitat B. logistic growth C. biotic potential D. carrying capacity E. ecological niche

E. ecological niche

Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems A. many primary and higher order consumers are opportunistic feeders B. decomposers compete with higher-order consumers for nutrients and energy C. primary producers exhaust the limited amount of the sun's energy that reaches the ecosystem D. nutrient cycling rates are limited by decomposition E. energy transfer between tropic levels is in almost all cases less than 20% efficient.

E. energy transfer between tropic levels is in almost all cases less than 20% efficient.

The level of which hormone coordinates the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle A. LH B. progesterone C. FSH D. prolactin E. estradiol

E. estradiol

What is the main force by which most of the water within xylem vessels moves toward to top of a tree? A. active transport of ions into the stele B. atmospheric pressure on roots C. osmosis in the root D. the force of root pressure E> evaporation of water through stoma

E. evaporation of water through stoma

The motor (efferent) part of the autonomic nervous system A. has preganglionic neurons that release epinephrine B. contains only postganglionic fibers C. contains only preganglionic fibers D. provides efferent innervation of skeletal muscle E. functions in the control of smooth and cardiac muscle

E. functions in the control of smooth and cardiac muscle

Cells move to new positions as an embryo establishes its three germ tissue layers during A. determination B. cleavage C. fertilization D. induction E. gastrulation

E. gastrulation

When climbing a mountain, we can observe transitions in biological communities that are analogous to the changes A. in a community through different seasons B. at different depths in the ocean C. across the United States from east to west D. in an ecosystem as it evolves over time E. in biomes at different latitudes

E. in biomes at different latitudes

Ammonia ___________ A. is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects B. is the major nitrogenous waste product excreted by human and birds C. is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea D. has low toxicity relative to urea E. is soluble in water

E. is soluble in water

All of the following statements concerning the bacterial cell wall are true with the exception of A. gives shape and rigidity to the cell B. prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment C. cannot prevent a cell from undergoing plasmolysis when placed in a hypertonic environment D. is the site of action for some antibiotics E. is the source of endotoxins in gram positive bacteria

E. is the source of endotoxins in gram positive bacteria

A graduate student finds an organism in a pond and thinks it is a freshwater sponge. A postdoc thinks it looks more like an aquatic fungus. How can they decide whether it is an animal or a fungus A. see if it reproduces sexually B. figure out whether it is autotrophic or heterotrophic C. see if it is a eukaryote or prokaryote D. determine whether it is unicellular or multicellular E. look for cells walls under a microscope

E. look for cells walls under a microscope

Metamorphosis in the caterpillar is determined by A. rising levels of ecdysone (ecdysteroid) and juvenile hormone (JH) B. decreasing levels of ecdysone C. low levels of ecdysone and JH D. low levels of ecdysone E. low JH levels

E. low JH levels

The fact that marsupial and eutherian mammals exhibit a number of remarkable look-alikes even though they evolved along separate mammalian lineages can be ascribed to A. devolution B. coincidence C. genetic recombination D. reverse evolution E. none of the above

E. none of the above

The different effect of the hormone epinephrine on the blood vessels of the intestines and skeletal muscle involve A. different signal transduction pathways B. varying levels of the hormone in the blood C. different receptors for the hormone D. all of the above E. only A and C

E. only A and C

Which of the following hormones undergoes positive feedback during labor A. LH B. prolactin C. estradiol D. FSH E. oxytocin

E. oxytocin

A long cellular protuberance that delivers sperm to the female gametophyte A. multiple fruit B. double fertilization C. aggregate fruit D. endosperm E. pollen tube

E. pollen tube

Increasing the temperature of the human scrotum by 2C (that is, near the normal body core temperature) and holding it there would most likely __________ A. increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of spermatogenesis B. increase the fertility of the affected man by enhancing the rate of steroidgenesis C. reduce the man's sexual interest D. reduce the fertility of the man by impairing the production of gonadal steroid hormones E. reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis

E. reduce the fertility of the man by impairing spermatogenesis

These sugar-conducting cells lack nuclei and ribosomes and are intimately associated with companion cells A. parenchyma cells B. tracheids and vessel elements C. sclerenchyma cells D. collenchyma cells E. sieve-tube elements

E. sieve-tube elements

Which of the following measurements would be the least reliable indicator of an animal's metabolic rate A. the amount of ATP produced B. the amount of heat it generates C. the amount of oxygen it consumes D. the amount of carbon dioxide it produces E. the amount of water it drinks

E. the amount of water it drinks

Which of the following statements concerning a bilaterally symmetric animal is false A. has a left side and a right side B. only one imaginary cut divides the animal into mirror-image halves C. many exhibit cephalization D. generally move actively from place to place E. their symmetry equips them to meet the environment equally well from all sides

E. their symmetry equips them to meet the environment equally well from all sides

Some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because A. only those animals use the nutrients B. they are subunits of important polymers C. they are necessary coenzymes D. only some foods contain them E. they cannot be synthesized by the organism

E. they cannot be synthesized by the organism

During exhalation in humans, air moves from the bronchus into the A. bronchioles B. alveoli C. nostrils D. pharynx E. trachea

E. trachea

Which nitrogenous waste is concentrated in a shark's blood A. ammonia B. uric acid C. nitrate D. N2 E. urea

E. urea

Which of the following is a direct result of depolarizing the presynaptic membrane of an axon terminal A. ligand-gated channels open, allowing neurotransmitters to enter the synaptic cleft B. the postsynaptic cell membrane becomes hyperpolarized C. the postsynaptic cell produces an action potential D. synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane E. voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open

E. voltage-gated calcium channels in the membrane open