BIO 111: Chapter 11

Select all of the following that correctly describe the structure and function of DNA.

- DNA is copied before a cell divides. - DNA is a double helix of nucleotides. - DNA encodes a cell's proteins.

Select all of the following that are required for the first-generation DNA sequencing method.

- DNA polymerase - normal nucleotides - primers - terminator nucleotides

Select all of the following that describe the high-throughput DNA sequencing process.

- The DNA from a cell is shattered into many pieces. - Copies of 500 base-pair fragments are made. - DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to immobilized clusters of fragments.

Select all of the following that compose the 98.5% of the human genome that does not encode proteins.

- enhancers - DNA that codes for rRNA and tRNA - repetitive sequences - transposons - pseudogenes

Select all the applications of transgenic animals.

- increase yield for human consumption - production of human proteins in the milk of farm animals - provide a model for disease development

Select all the applications of comparing DNA sequence similarities

- reveal evolutionary relationships among species - trace inheritance of alleles in families

Below are a list of steps used to create a transgenic organism. Place them in order from first at the top to last at the bottom.

1. Acquire source DNA and cloning vector. 2. Cut source and vector DNA with the same restriction enzyme 3. Mix donor DNA and vector DNA together 4. Insert recombinant DNA into recipient cells

Order the following steps of the polymerase chain reaction, beginning with the first step at the top.

1. Add target DNA, heat-stable DNA polymerase, primers, and nucleotides to reaction mixture 2. Heat to separate strands of target DNA 3. Cool to allow primer attachment 4. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the primers and synthesizes copies of the target DNA. 5. Heat and cool again to produce 4 copies of target DNA 6. Heat and cool again to produce 8 copies of the target DNA

Order the following steps of DNA sequencing, beginning with the first step at the top.

1. Place primers, replication enzymes, unknown sequence, normal nucleotides, and terminator nucleotides into reaction mixture. 2. DNA polymerase makes complementary copies if the unknown sequence by adding nucleotides to the end of a primer 3. DNA replication stops each time a terminator nucleotide is added, creating DNA fragments of different sizes 4. samples containing fragments of complementary copies of the unknown sequences are transferred to an electrophoresis gel. 5. Electrophoresis separates the fragments by size. 6. The original sequence can be deduced by "reading" the fragments

Order the steps in DNA profiling, beginning with the first step at the top.

1. extract source DNA 2. Amplify STR sites of DNA with PCR incorporating a fluorescent label 3. use electrophoresis and fluorescence imaging to determine number of repeats at each STR sites 4. use statistical analysis to compare source DNA to other DNA to determine any matches

DNA sequencing of the human genome revealed that about ______ of the human genome encodes protein.

1.5%

In this diagram of creating a transgenic plant using the Ti plasmid, match the letters to their correct labels.

A: Ti plasmid B: Agrobacterium cell C: gene for herbicide resistance D: unaltered plant cell E: transgenic plant cell

What bacterium enters plants at a wound site and injects a plasmid into the plants' cells, causing a tumorlike gall to grow where the bacteria can live?

Agrobacterium tumefaciens

The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis produces ______ that is toxic to insects and can be inserted into plants using recombinant DNA.

Bt protein

PCR is a technique used to amplify trace amounts of ______ to be used in scientific and forensic analyses.

DNA

In biotechnology, the process of analyzing variable parts of a genome to detect genetic differences between individuals is called

DNA profiling.

What describes a use of DNA technology that can help solve crimes, match parents with offspring, or otherwise identify particular individuals?

DNA profilling

The Human Genome Project was accomplished using what technology?

DNA sequencing

The image shows the result of

DNA sequencing

The process of determining the order of DNA nucleotides in a stretch of DNA is called

DNA sequencing

Enforcing the law, relieving human suffering, and modifying the human food supply are all applications of

DNA technology

The manipulation of genes for practical purposes, such as medicine agriculture, or criminal justice, is called

DNA technology

If source DNA is extracted from a eukaryotic organism and used to create transgenic bacteria, why will the mRNA transcribed from the recombinant DNA encode a defective protein in the bacteria?

Eukaryotic DNA contains introns, which bacteria cannot remove.

Select potential disadvantages of creating genetically modified organisms.

Genes are combined in ways that don't occur in nature. The costs of producing and testing transgenic seeds are high.

How does mRNA transcribed from bacterial DNA differ from mRNA transcribed from eukaryotic DNA?

Only eukaryotic mRNA contains introns

Select all the reasons why Taq polymerase is required for the polymerase chain reaction.

Taq polymerase is produced by a hot springs bacterium and is therefore heat-tolerant. The high temperatures produced by the thermal cycler denature most DNA polymerase enzymes.

Why are short tandem repeats (STRs) useful in DNA profiling?

They are genetically variable.

What is the cloning vector used to transfer an herbicide-resistance gene from Agrobacterium to a plant cell?

Ti plasmid

Select examples of cloning vectors used in creating transgenic organisms.

Viruses and plasmids

What is a cloning vector?

a genetic structure that is used to carry source DNA into a recipient cell

Select applications of the amplification of DNA using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

amplify DNA samples for criminal investigations identify human remains establish family relationships

Transgenic ______ can be produced to study the development of human diseases or to yield abundant supplies of human proteins that can be secreted in their milk.

animals

Select all of the following that can be sources of DNA used to create a transgenic organism.

bacterium, plant, and animal

"Golden rice" is a transgenic plant that is genetically engineered to

be more nutritious

Select pharmaceuticals that can be produced using transgenic bacteria.

blood clotting factors fertility hormones insulin

DNA sequencing is a technology that allows scientists to

determine the nucleotide sequence of genes, chromosomes, or genomes.

what technique is being demonstrated in this diagram?

development of a transgenic organism

Step 3 of the image depicts a stage of DNA sequencing called ______, in which DNA fragments are separated by size.

electrophoresis

What technique separates DNA fragments by size?

electrophoresis

Select the portions of the noncoding human genome that have functions for the cell.

enhancers sequences that encode tRNA, rRNA, and microRNA

Select applications of DNA profiling using mitochondrial DNA.

evealing patterns of human evolution verifying relationships between woman and child

Select ways that PCR is used as a research tool.

examine evolutionary relationships using DNA from fossils amplify nucleic acids of pathogenic microorganisms identify disease-causing genes

Transgenic organisms are designed to

express the protein product of the recombinant DNA

What is the advantage of producing transgenic organisms called Bt crops?

farmers can reduce the use of insecticides.

Comparing DNA sequences among different organisms allows researchers to

find conserved sequences

Select ways that a recombinant plasmid can be inserted into a bacterial cell.

gene guns using electricity

select ways that a recombinant plasmid can be inserted into a bacterial cell.

gene guns using electricity

The images shows how researchers compare _____ to learn what makes species unique and different.

gene sequences

First-generation DNA sequencing technology has been replaced with much faster ______ sequencing machines.

high-throughout

Select applications of creating transgenic plants.

insecticide production viral resistance herbicide resistance enhanced nutrients

Using gene guns or electricity are two ways to conduct what step in creating a transgenic organism?

inserting recombinant DNA into the recipient cell

The Ti plasmid carried by a type of bacteria called Agrobacterium tumefaciens can be used to

introduce new genes into plant cells

One way that a cell can produce many proteins from few genes is by removing different combinations of ______ from an mRNA molecule. Multiple choice question.

introns

The same gene is able to code for different proteins depending on the combinations of introns removed from a(n) ______ molecule.

mRNA

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme used to

make a DNA copy of mRNA

What type of DNA is exclusively passed from mother to offspring and can sometimes be used in DNA profiling when nuclear DNA is degraded?

mitochondrial DNA

When trying to detect genetic differences between two individuals, one advantage of DNA profiling over whole genome sequencing is that DNA profiling uses just the ______ regions of DNA for comparison.

most variable

Select all of the following that are ethical concerns associated with the use of transgenic organisms.

new protein combinations could trigger allergies replacement of wild species by transgenics

A common type of cloning vector is a(n) _____, which is a small circle of double-stranded DNA separate from the cell's chromosome.

plasmids

What DNA technology is illustrated in this picture?

polymerase chain reaction

The technology that is used to produce millions of copies of a DNA sequence in a test tube is called

polymerase chain reaction.

A bacterium that has received recombinant DNA containing the gene for human insulin will

produce human insulin along with other proteins it normally produces.

The sequences of nucleotides in DNA encode the ______ of a cell, such that scientists can add new sequences, find existing sequences, or identify changes in sequences that affect the functioning of a cell or organism.

protein

About 1.5% of the human genome consists of

protein-encoding sequences

DNA sequences that are very similar to protein-encoding genes but are not translated are called ______, which may be remnants of old genes that once functioned in ancestors.

pseudogenes

Within the noncoding portion of the human genome, _______ are DNA sequences that resemble protein-encoding genes, but their mRNA is not translated.

pseudogenes

Modern scientists can splice DNA from different species together to produce what is referred to as ______ DNA.

recombinant

Select all of the following that are required for the polymerase chain reaction.

regular nucleotides DNA sequence to be replicated DNA polymerase primers

DNA profiling often focuses on STRs, which are

repeated sequences of a few nucleotides.

Select all of the following that are true about transposons.

repetitive sequences can disrupt genes move within the genome

A(n) _____ enzyme is a type of protein that can cut double-stranded DNA at specific base sequences.

restriction

What are proteins that cut both source and vector DNA used to create recombinant DNA?

restriction enzymes

What enzyme is used to make cDNA, an intron-free DNA copy of mRNA?

reverse transcriptase

What aspect of DNA allows scientists to trace inheritance and even evolutionary history between species?

similarities and differences in nucleotide sequences

Some restriction enzymes produce ______ ends in both the source DNA and plasmid DNA, and these ends can stick to each other by ______.

single-stranded; complementary base pairing

Recombinant DNA is genetic material

spliced together from multiple sources

In DNA profiling, what indicates the probability that two DNA samples are from the same person?

statistical analysis

Source and vector DNA that is cut with the same restriction enzyme can have complementary ______ that can base pair with each other and be sealed by ligase.

sticky ends

The first step in creating a transgenic organism is to

synthesize or extract source DNA

Short _______ repeats are variable DNA sequences that are useful in DNA profiling.

tandem

ATTCGATTCG repeated many times, the number varying from person to person, is a type of noncoding DNA called a ______ and is often used in DNA profiling.

tandem repeat

What type of organism is one that receives and expresses recombinant DNA?

transgenic

What technology can be used to produce human pharmaceuticals, such as insulin, blood-clotting factors, and the amino acid phenylalanine?

transgenic bacteria

A ______ organism is an organism that has been engineered to contain ______ DNA. Multiple choice question.

transgenic; recombinant

Repetitive DNA sequences that can "jump" within the genome and make up about 45% of human DNA are called

transposons.

Select ways that scientists create transgenic animals.

using viruses to carry recombinant DNA into a gamete or egg cell injecting DNA into a fertilized egg using a tiny needle

To create a transgenic organism, researchers must use a cloning ______, such as a plasmid, to carry source DNA into a recipient cell.

vector

In creating transgenic animals, what cloning vector is often used to transfer recombinant DNA?

viruses