Bio 111- Chapter 4

enantiomer isomer?

each of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other

geometric isomer?

are two or more coordination compounds which contain the same number and types of atoms, and bonds (i.e., the connectivity between atoms is the same), but which have different spatial arrangements of the atoms.

Describe how carbon skeletons may vary and explain how this variation contributes to the diversity and complexity of organic molecules ?

"Covalent bonds link carbon atoms together in long chains that form the skeletal framework for organic molecules. These carbon skeletons may vary in: -Length -Shape -Number and Location of double bonds -Other elements covalently bonded to available sites This variation in carbon skeletons contributes to the complexity and diversity of organic molecules..."

explain why these molecules of hydrocarbon are hydrophobic?

- Hydrocarbon chains are hydrophobic because the C-C and C-H bonds are nonpolar.

Explain how carbons electrons configuration explains its ability to form large complex and diverse organic molecules?

A carbon atom has 4 valence electrons, and has a strong tendency to form covalent bonds with other atoms in order to complete its octet. In an organic compound, a carbon atom could be bonded to as many as 4 other carbon atoms. Carbon atoms also readily form double bonds (in which 4 electrons are shared between 2 atoms) and triple bonds (in which 6 electrons are shared).

Carbonly

Group Properties : -Sugars with Ketone groups are called Ketoses; those with aldehydes are called aldoses compound name: -Ketone or aldehyde

Amino group

Group Properties: -Acts as a base; can pick up an positive hydrogen compound name: -Amine

carboxyl group

Group Properties: -Acts as an acid bc the covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar compound name: - Carboxylic acid

Methyl group

Group Properties: -Affects the expression of genes when on DNA or on proteins bound to DNA -Affects the shape and function of male and female sex hormones compound name: Methylated compound

Sulfhydryl group

Group Properties: -forming a cross link that helps stabilize protein structure -Hair protein cross-links maintain the straightness or cruelness of the hair but it can be broken due to permanent treatments Compound name: -Thiol

Hydroxyl group

Group properties: -is polar due to electronegative oxygen. -forms hydrogen bonds with water to help dissolve compounds such as sugar compound name:Alcohol

Phosphate group

Group properties: Contributes negative charge when its position inside a chain of phosphates and when at the end -when attached confers on a molecule the ability to react with water, releasing energy Compound name: -Organic phosphate

What are the major chemical groups found in organic molecules?

Hydroxyl group Carbonly group carboxyl group Amino group Sulfhydryl group Phosphate group Methyl group

Describe the basic structure of a hydrocarbon

Molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen - Are major components of fossil fuels - Have a diversity of carbon skeletons which produce molecules of various lengths and shapes. - As in hydrocarbons, a carbon skeleton is the framework for the large diverse organic molecules found in living organisms. Also, some biologically important molecules may have regions consisting of hydrocarbon chains (e.g. fats).

what are the three types of isomers?

Structural, geometric, and enantiomer

Structural isomer?

a form of isomerism in which molecules with the same molecular formula have bonded together in different orders