BIO 112 - Ch 23 HW

The P(CO₂) in the alveoli is _____ mm Hg.

40

The P(O₂) in the tissue cells is _____ mm Hg.

40

The blood as it enters the surrounding systemic capillaries has a P(CO₂) of _____ mm Hg.

40

The blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a P(O2) of _____ mm Hg.

40

The P(CO₂) in tissue cells is _____ mm Hg.

45

The blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has a P(CO2) of _____ mm Hg.

45

The blood as it enters the surrounding systemic capillaries has a P(O₂) of _____ mm Hg.

95

Classify the following respiratory structures as conducting zone structures or respiratory zone structures: a. pharynx b. nasal cavity c. larynx d. alveolar ducts e. alveoli f. trachea g. terminal bronchioles h. respiratory bronchioles

Conducting Zone Structures: a, b, c, f, g Respiratory Zone Structures: d, e, h

Check the bones of the skull that house paranasal sinuses. a. Frontal b. Ethmoid c. Maxilla d. Sphenoid e. Mandible f. Nasal g. Lacrimal

a, b, c, d

Check the functions that can be carried out by the respiratory system. a. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide b. Passageway for air between the external environment and the alveoli of the lungs c. Detection of odors d. Production of sound e. Production of red blood cells f. Stimulation of protein and lipid metabolism g. Regulation of blood glucose levels

a, b, c, d

Check the components of the conducting zone of the respiratory system. a. Nose b. Nasal cavity c. Bronchioles d. Larynx e. Trachea f. Alveoli

a, b, c, d, e

Which of these events lead to decreased airflow? a. an anaphylactic reaction caused by a bee sting b. decreased levels of surfactant c. breathing sub-zero air d. bronchodilation caused by using an inhaler to treat asthma e. aerobic exercise f. scar tissue from tuberculosis

a, b, c, f

It is the day of your final exam, and you take a deep breath before entering your classroom. What muscles are involved in this deep inhalation? a. Diaphragm b. Scalene muscles c. Pectoralis minor d. External intercostal muscles e. Abdominal muscles f. Serratus posterior superior

a, b, d, f

Match the pleura with the structures that it covers. parietal pleura a. internal thoracic walls b. covers the outer lung surfaces c. lateral surface of the mediastinum d. superior surface of the diaphragm

a, c, d

Check all of the ways that resistance may be increased. a. Decreased elasticity of chest wall b. Increased elasticity of lungs c. Bronchoconstriction d. Bronchodilation e. Increased alveolar surface tension f. Increased surfactant production

a, c, e

Which of the following cause a constriction of bronchioles and arterioles? a. decreased P(CO2) in air passageways b. increased blood P(O2) c. increased P(CO2) in air passageways d. increased blood P(CO2) e. decreased blood P(O2) f. decreased blood P(CO2)

a, d, e

Determine which statements describe expiration changes: a. pleural cavity volume decreases and pressure increases b. air movement into the lungs c. alveolar volume increases and pressure decreases d. air movement out of the lungs e. alveolar volume decreases and pressure increases f. pleural cavity volume increases and pressure decreases g. relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals h. contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals

a, d, e, g

quiet breathing muscles a. diaphragm b. abdominal muscles c. serratus posterior superior d. pectoralis minor e. external intercostals f. sternocleidomastoid g. erector spinae h. serratus posterior inferior i. scalenes j. internal intercostals

a, e

Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium a. trachea b. alveoli c. alveolar ducts d. segmental bronchi e. oropharynx f. respiratory bronchioles g. nasal cavity h. paranasal sinuses i. terminal bronchioles j. laryngopharynx

a, g, h

The decrease in the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin when the pH decreases is known as the __________ effect. a. Bohr b. Haldane

a. Bohr

The law of partial pressure, also known as __________, states that the individual gases in the air contribute to the total atmospheric pressure as a function of the percentage each gas contributes to the total volume. a. Dalton's law b. Henry's law

a. Dalton's law

During volume changes in the thoracic cavity, what is primarily responsible for changes in length? a. The diaphragm b. The intercostal muscles c. The abdominal muscles d. The ribs and sternum

a. The diaphragm

The combination of carbon dioxide and protein known as __________ is abbreviated HbCO₂. a. carbaminohemoglobin b. carbonic anhydrase c. BPG d. bicarbonate ions

a. carbaminohemoglobin

Hemoglobin is capable of transporting a. carbon dioxide bound to the globin b. hydrogen ions bound to the iron c. nitrogen attached to the iron d. oxygen attached to the globin

a. carbon dioxide bound to the globin

Classify the following description into the appropriate category. respiratory bronchioles a. first segments of the respiratory zone b. the last portion of the conducting pathway c. 3 in the right lung and 2 in the left lung d. 10 in the right lung and 8-10 in the left lung e. enter lungs on medial surface

a. first segments of the respiratory zone

If two gases have the same partial pressure, but gas A has a higher water solubility coefficient than gas B, then __________ will diffuse at a faster rate. a. gas A b. gas B

a. gas A

If the P(CO2) in the tissues increases, then the P(CO2) in the systemic venous blood will __________. a. increase b. decrease

a. increase

Oxygen reserve provides a means for additional oxygen to be delivered to cells under __________ metabolic demands. a. increased b. decreased

a. increased

Lung expansion is dependent upon a lower __________. a. intrapleural pressure b. intrapulmonary pressure

a. intrapleural pressure

This allows __________ to diffuse from the alveoli into the capillaries because of the P(O₂) partial pressure gradient. a. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. P(O2) d. P(CO2)

a. oxygen

Determine whether each describes alveolar gas exchange or systemic gas exchange: blood P(CO2) decreases from 45 to 40 mm Hg

alveolar gas exchange

Determine whether each describes alveolar gas exchange or systemic gas exchange: blood P(O2) increases from 40 to 104 mm Hg

alveolar gas exchange

Determine whether each describes alveolar gas exchange or systemic gas exchange: exchange of respiratory gases between alveoli in lungs and blood in pulmonary capillaries

alveolar gas exchange

Match the pleura with the structures that it covers. visceral pleura a. internal thoracic walls b. covers the outer lung surfaces c. lateral surface of the mediastinum d. superior surface of the diaphragm

b

Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. simple squamous epithelium a. trachea b. alveoli c. alveolar ducts d. segmental bronchi e. oropharynx f. respiratory bronchioles g. nasal cavity h. paranasal sinuses i. terminal bronchioles j. laryngopharynx

b, c

Which of the following cause a dilation of bronchioles and arterioles? a. decreased P(CO2) in air passageways b. increased blood P(O2) c. increased P(CO2) in air passageways d. increased blood P(CO2) e. decreased blood P(O2) f. decreased blood P(CO2)

b, c, f

Determine which statements describe inspiration changes: a. pleural cavity volume decreases and pressure increases b. air movement into the lungs c. alveolar volume increases and pressure decreases d. air movement out of the lungs e. alveolar volume decreases and pressure increases f. pleural cavity volume increases and pressure decreases g. relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals h. contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostals

b, c, f, h

forced expiration muscles a. diaphragm b. abdominal muscles c. serratus posterior superior d. pectoralis minor e. external intercostals f. sternocleidomastoid g. erector spinae h. serratus posterior inferior i. scalenes j. internal intercostals

b, h, j

Hemoglobin in the blood is _____ saturated with oxygen as it leaves the lungs, and then after it flows through the systemic capillaries during resting conditions it is still relatively saturated with oxygen at approximately _____. a. 75%; 98% b. 98%; 75%

b. 98%; 75%

The ability of CO₂ to bind to deoxygenated hemoglobin more readily than it binds oxyhemoglobin is referred to as the __________ effect. a. Bohr b. Haldane

b. Haldane

__________ states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in water is a function of its partial pressure and its solubility coefficient. a. Dalton's law b. Henry's law

b. Henry's law

Which of the following structures is not part of the respiratory zone? a. Respiratory bronchioles b. Terminal bronchioles c. Alveoli d. Alveolar ducts

b. Terminal bronchioles

This causes __________ to diffuse down its partial pressure gradient from the blood into the alveoli. a. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. P(O2) d. P(CO2)

b. carbon dioxide

The reaction between CO2 and H2O to form H2CO3 is catalyzed by a. carbaminohemoglobin b. carbonic anhydrase c. BPG d. bicarbonate ions

b. carbonic anhydrase

If the alveolar partial pressure of gas A is 110 mm Hg and the partial pressure of gas B is 135, then __________ will diffuse into the blood at a faster rate. a. gas A b. gas B

b. gas B

Outward pull of the chest wall and inward pull of the lungs generates a greater __________. a. intrapleural pressure b. intrapulmonary pressure

b. intrapulmonary pressure

Classify the following description into the appropriate category. terminal bronchioles a. first segments of the respiratory zone b. the last portion of the conducting pathway c. 3 in the right lung and 2 in the left lung d. 10 in the right lung and 8-10 in the left lung e. enter lungs on medial surface

b. the last portion of the conducting pathway

The right lung has ________ lobes, and the left lung has ________ lobes. a. five; four b. three; two c. three; three d. two; two

b. three; two

Elevation of the ribs increases thoracic cavity a. length b. width c. depth d. pressure

b. width

forced inspiration muscles a. diaphragm b. abdominal muscles c. serratus posterior superior d. pectoralis minor e. external intercostals f. sternocleidomastoid g. erector spinae h. serratus posterior inferior i. scalenes j. internal intercostals

c, d, f, g, i

Classify the following description into the appropriate category. lobar bronchi a. first segments of the respiratory zone b. the last portion of the conducting pathway c. 3 in the right lung and 2 in the left lung d. 10 in the right lung and 8-10 in the left lung e. enter lungs on medial surface

c. 3 in the right lung and 2 in the left lung

The __________ is an anion exchange that takes place in red blood cells as a mechanism to transport bicarbonate ions out of the cell. a. carbaminohemoglobin b. carbonic anhydrase c. chloride shift d. BPG

c. chloride shift

Expiration involves a. movement of the sternum anteriorly b. elevation of the ribs c. elastic recoil of the lungs d. contraction of the diaphragm

c. elastic recoil of the lungs

The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the a. lateral cartilage b. vestibule c. nasal septum d. middle cartilage

c. nasal septum

The P(O₂) in the alveoli __________ because oxygen is continuously entering the alveoli through the respiratory passageways. a. increases b. decreases c. remains constant d. changes

c. remains constant

The open ends of the cartilage rings are attached posteriorly by both the _______ and an elastic ligamentous membrane. a. oblique arytenoid muscle b. annular ligament c. trachealis muscle d. cricotracheal ligament

c. trachealis muscle

This ability of bronchioles to regulate airflow and arterioles to regulate blood flow is called a. systemic gas exchange b. alveolar gas exchange c. ventilation-perfusion coupling d. oxygen-hemoglobin saturation

c. ventilation-perfusion coupling

Place the items in the correct sequence for the process that occurs as blood moves through systemic capillaries and CO2 moves into the blood plasma. a. CO2 is converted into H2CO3 by carbonic anhydrase b. HCO3- exits from the erythrocyte and chloride ions go into the erythrocyte to equalize the charges c. carbonic acid splits into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions d. carbon dioxide (CO2) diffueses into an erythrocyte

d, a, c, b

Carbon dioxide diffuses __________ its partial pressure gradient from the cells __________ the blood until blood P(CO₂) is _____ mm Hg. a. into b. out of c. up d. down e. 45 f. 95

d, a, e

Which of these events lead to increased airflow? a. an anaphylactic reaction caused by a bee sting b. decreased levels of surfactant c. breathing sub-zero air d. bronchodilation caused by using an inhaler to treat asthma e. aerobic exercise f. scar tissue from tuberculosis

d, e

Check the functions of the larynx. a. Gas exchange b. Equalizes air pressure c. Passageway for food d. Produces sound for speech e. Assists with the Valsalva maneuver f. Participates in cough reflex

d, e, f

Classify the following description into the appropriate category. segmental bronchi a. first segments of the respiratory zone b. the last portion of the conducting pathway c. 3 in the right lung and 2 in the left lung d. 10 in the right lung and 8-10 in the left lung e. enter lungs on medial surface

d. 10 in the right lung and 8-10 in the left lung

Physiologic dead space = a. Anatomic dead space + air in the alveoli b. Anatomic dead space + air in the respiratory zone c. Air in the alveoli + air in the conducting zone d. Anatomic dead space + lost alveoli

d. Anatomic dead space + lost alveoli

Expiratory Reserve Volume + Residual Volume = _______ Capacity. a. Vital b. Inspiratory c. Total Lung d. Functional Residual

d. Functional Residual

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium can be found lining what area of the respiratory tract? a. Trachea b. Nasal cavity c. Bronchioles d. Oropharynx e. Alveoli

d. Oropharynx

If P1 and V1 represent the initial conditions, and P2 and V2 represent the changed conditions for pressure and volume, Boyle's law would state: a. P1V2 = P1V2 b. P1V1 > P2V2 c. P2V1 = P2V1 d. P1V1 = P2V2 e. P1V1 < P2V2

d. P1V1 = P2V2

The largest percentage of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood a. dissolved in the plasma b. attached to a hydrophilic carrier in the plasma c. attached to the globin portion of hemoglobin d. as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma

d. as bicarbonate dissolved in the plasma

During inhalation, the thoracic cavity ___________; during exhalation, the thoracic cavity ___________. a. returns to its normal, resting size; becomes smaller than its resting size b. obtains its original size; becomes smaller due to muscles of exhalation c. becomes larger; becomes smaller than its resting size d. becomes larger; returns to its original size

d. becomes larger; returns to its original size

The majority of CO₂ in the blood is carried as __________. a. carbaminohemoglobin b. carbonic anhydrase c. BPG d. bicarbonate ions

d. bicarbonate ions

The pleural cavity a. is a real space that separates the visceral and parietal pleura so that they do not touch. b. is a real space outside of the pleural membranes, creating a slight distance between the lungs and the ribs. c. is a potential space that becomes a real space only during forced exhalation, allowing the lungs to decrease significantly in size. d. is a potential space that contains a lubricating fluid that allows the visceral and parietal pleura to slide by each other easily.

d. is a potential space that contains a lubricating fluid that allows the visceral and parietal pleura to slide by each other easily.

The trachea bifurcates at the level of the sternal angle (where the manubrium and body of the sternum articulate) into the right and left a. segmental bronchi b. lobar bronchi c. bronchopulmonary segments d. main bronchi

d. main bronchi

Oxygen diffuses __________ the systemic capillaries __________ its partial pressure gradient into the cells. a. into; up b. into; down c. out of; up d. out of; down

d. out of; down

The amount of air that is moved between the atmosphere and alveoli in 1 minute is a. airflow b. external respiration c. alveolar ventilation d. pulmonary ventilation e. internal respiration

d. pulmonary ventilation

Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. simple ciliated columar epithelium a. trachea b. alveoli c. alveolar ducts d. segmental bronchi e. oropharynx f. respiratory bronchioles g. nasal cavity h. paranasal sinuses i. terminal bronchioles j. laryngopharynx

d. segmental bronchi

During lung inflation a. the intrapleural pressure is higher than the intrapulmonary pressure. b. the lungs expand outward with the chest wall as it expands. c. surfactant is found in the pleural cavity. d. the lungs cling to the internal surface of the chest wall as it expands.

d. the lungs cling to the internal surface of the chest wall as it expands.

Pulmonary ventilation (breathing) can also be described as a. the process of inspiration only. b. the process of expiration only. c. the process of gas exchange in the lungs only. d. the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

d. the movement of air into and out of the lungs.

The largest unpaired laryngeal cartilage is the a. cuneiform cartilage b. epiglottis c. cricoid cartilage d. thyroid cartilage

d. thyroid cartilage

Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium a. trachea b. alveoli c. alveolar ducts d. segmental bronchi e. oropharynx f. respiratory bronchioles g. nasal cavity h. paranasal sinuses i. terminal bronchioles j. laryngopharynx

e, j

Classify the following description into the appropriate category. main bronchi a. first segments of the respiratory zone b. the last portion of the conducting pathway c. 3 in the right lung and 2 in the left lung d. 10 in the right lung and 8-10 in the left lung e. enter lungs on medial surface

e. enter lungs on medial surface

Place the respiratory structures below in the order that air would pass through them as it moves from the outside to the inside of the body. a. secondary bronchus b. alveoli c. tertiary bronchus d. respiratory bronchioles e. alveolar ducts f. primary bronchus g. terminal bronchioles h. alveolar sacs

f, a, c, g, d, e, h, b

Classify the respiratory structures with the correct type of epithelial lining. simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium a. trachea b. alveoli c. alveolar ducts d. segmental bronchi e. oropharynx f. respiratory bronchioles g. nasal cavity h. paranasal sinuses i. terminal bronchioles j. laryngopharynx

f, i

True or False: The respiratory membrane, across which gas exchange occurs, is formed by the wall of the respiratory bronchiole and the pulmonary capillary.

false

True or False: The trachea extends inferiorly through the neck into the mediastinum and lies immediately posterior to the esophagus and the sternum.

false

Determine whether each describes increased oxygen release from hemoglobin or increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobin: H+ binding to hemoglobin

increased oxygen release from hemoglobin

Determine whether each describes increased oxygen release from hemoglobin or increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobin: binding of carbon dioxide to hemoglobin

increased oxygen release from hemoglobin

Determine whether each describes increased oxygen release from hemoglobin or increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobin: increased body temperature

increased oxygen release from hemoglobin

Determine whether each describes increased oxygen release from hemoglobin or increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobin: presence of 2,3-BPG

increased oxygen release from hemoglobin

Determine whether each describes increased oxygen release from hemoglobin or increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobin: decrease in altitude

increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobin

Determine whether each describes increased oxygen release from hemoglobin or increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobin: increased atmospheric pressure

increased oxygen saturation of hemoglobin

pressure generated in the pleural cavity

intrapleural pressure

pressure in the lungs

intrapulmonary pressure

Classify the explanation or structure with the right or left lung. has 8-10 bronchopulmonary segments

left lung

Classify the explanation or structure with the right or left lung. has a cardiac notch

left lung

Classify the explanation or structure with the right or left lung. has the lingula

left lung

Classify the explanation or structure with the right or left lung. oblique fissure separates superior lobe and inferior lobe

left lung

the amount of oxygen that remains bound to the hemoglobin after passing through the systemic capillaries

oxygen reserve

Classify the explanation or structure with the right or left lung. has 10 bronchopulmonary segments

right lung

Classify the explanation or structure with the right or left lung. has a horizontal fissure

right lung

Classify the explanation or structure with the right or left lung. larger and wider

right lung

Classify the explanation or structure with the right or left lung. main bronchus is shorter and wider

right lung

Oxygen is released from hemoglobin while traveling through __________ capillaries to supply the needs of the body's tissues.

systemic

Determine whether each describes alveolar gas exchange or systemic gas exchange: blood P(CO2) increases 40 to 45 mm Hg

systemic gas exchange

Determine whether each describes alveolar gas exchange or systemic gas exchange: blood P(O2) decreases from 95 to 40 mm Hg

systemic gas exchange

Determine whether each describes alveolar gas exchange or systemic gas exchange: exchange of respiratory gases between tissue cells and blood in systemic capillaries

systemic gas exchange

True or False: The respiratory membrane is only 0.5 micrometer thick and consists of an alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane, and a capillary endothelium and its basement membrane.

true

The P(O2) in the alveoli is _____ mm Hg.

104