BIO 117 Quiz 8- Osmoregulation

a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes

If you are hiking through the desert for several days, which of the following should you drink to ensure proper hydration? Answers: bottled water that had been frozen to ensure that it would be as cold as possible a drink with a combination of water and electrolytes caffeinated beverages bottled water kept at room temperature

Water is moving passively by osmosis The osmolarity of the surrounding kidney tissues is high

In the descending limb of the loop of Henle, which of the following helps explain the water movement out of the pre-urine solution and into the surrounding kidney tissues? (Select ALL that apply.) Answers: Water is moving by active transport mechanisms Water is moving passively by osmosis The osmolarity of the surrounding kidney tissues is high The osmolarity of the surrounding kidney tissues is low

ammonia

Name the simplest and most toxic nitrogenous waste excreted by animals. Answers: sodium chloride uric acid urea ammonia both uric acid and urea

they live in freshwater and in seawater at different life history stages

Salmon and sea bass are useful for studies of the role of the gills in osmoregulation in fishes because ________. Answers: they are unique fishes that osmoconform to seawater they live in freshwater and in seawater at different life history stages they both feed on marine invertebrates, increasing their salt intake they excrete extremely high levels of salts in freshwater environments

renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collection duct

Starting from the filtrate of blood, give the pathway of pre-urine processing in terrestrial vertebrates. Answers: renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collection duct renal corpuscle, distal tubule, loop of Henle, proximal tubule, collection duct collection duct, proximal tubule, distal tubule, loop of Henle, renal corpuscle renal corpuscule, collection duct, proximal tubule, distal tubule, loop of Henle proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, renal corpuscule, loop of Henle

Yes; fish need to actively transport salts in or out of tissues to maintain osmotic balance and active transport requires ATP generated by mitochondria.

The epithelial cells of fish gills have membrane proteins involved in maintaining salt balance. Would you expect these cells to have many mitochondria? No; salts will diffuse according to concentration gradients to maintain osmotic balance of the fish and diffusion does not require energy (ATP) inputs. Yes; fish need to actively transport salts in or out of tissues to maintain osmotic balance and active transport requires ATP generated by mitochondria. Yes; salts will diffuse according to concentration gradients to maintain osmotic balance of the fish and diffusion requires ATP generated by mitochondria. No; fish need to actively transport salts in or out of tissues to maintain osmotic balance and active transport does not require energy (ATP) inputs.

the concentration gradient; ATP

The force driving simple diffusion is ________, while the energy source for active transport is ________. Answers: transmembrane pumps; electron transport the concentration gradient; ATP the concentration gradient; ADP phosphorylated protein carriers; ATP

loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure

The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that _____. Answers: the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation brain cells lysed as a result of increased osmotic pressure in this hyperosmotic environment, leading to death by loss of autonomic function

It increases the water permeability of the collecting duct

What effect does ADH (antidiuretic hormone) have on the nephron? Answers: It increases water permeability of the descending limb of the loop of Henle. It decreases water permeability of the descending limb of he loop of Henle. It increases the water permeability of the collecting duct It decreases the water permeability of the collecting duct. None of the answers are correct.

the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes

What is the function of the osmotic gradient found in the kidney? The osmotic gradient allows for _____. Selected Answer: Answers: the filtration of large cells at the glomerulus electrolytes to move from low to high concentrations in the absence of ATP the precise control of the retention of water and electrolytes the loop of Henle to deliver water to the renal vein

Breakdown of proteins Breakdown of nucleic acids

Where to nitrogenous wastes come from? (Select ALL that apply.) Answers: Breakdown of proteins Breakdown of sugars Breakdown of fats Breakdown of nucleic acids

blood cells

Which components of blood do not normally enter Bowman's capsule from the glomerulus? Answers: blood cells sodium ions urea water nutrients

Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration.

Which of the following describes how osmosis occurs across a cell membrane? Water moves from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Water moves from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration. Solutes move from a high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. Solutes move from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Both water and solutes move across the cell membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Diffusion of water out of the gills and body surfaces

Which of the following is an osmoregulatory challenge that saltwater fishes need to overcome? Selected Answer: Answers: Diffusion of sodium ions out of the gills and body Low intake of water into the body High urine excretion from the kidneys Diffusion of water out of the gills and body surfaces

Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane.

Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability? Answers: There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane. An input of energy is required for transport. Only certain molecules can cross a cell membrane. Lipid-soluble molecules pass through a membrane.

Selected Answer: Marine bony fish

Which of the following organisms would lose the most water by osmosis across it gills? Answers: Marine bony fish Freshwater bony fish Freshwater invertebrate All will lose water across their gills equally. None of these lose water across gills.

Kangaroo rats of the desert

Which of the following organisms would you expect to have nephrons with very long loops of Henle in their kidneys (relative to the others listed). Answers: Freshwater fish Humans Beavers living in/near a river Kangaroo rats of the desert

Selected Answer: Freshwater bony fish

Which of the following organisms would you expect to have the highest concentrations of proteins that protect cells from the toxic effects of ammonia? Answers: Terrestrial reptile Freshwater bony fish Mammal Insect Bird

Selected Answer: Uric acid

Which of the following types of nitrogenous wastes released by animals needs the least amount of water? Answers: Ammonia Urea Uric acid These all need similar amounts of water to be excreted from the body.

Water enters epithelial cells in their gills via osmosis. Electrolytes leave the same cells via diffusion.

Which one of the following statements is true of fishes that live in freshwater? The environment is isosmotic with respect to their tissues. They lose water to their environment primarily through the gills. They replace this water by drinking. Water enters epithelial cells in their gills via osmosis. Electrolytes leave the same cells via diffusion. They have specialized cells that actively pump salts from their tissues into the environment.