Bio 156 - (Chapter 6)
The burning sensation in the muscles associated with strenuous exercise is at least partly due to:
the presence of lactic acid from anaerobic respiration by muscle cells.
Aerobic cellular respiration generates approximately ___ ATP from one molecule of glucose.
38
Aerobic cellular respiration is about ___ efficient, while anaerobic respiration is about ___ efficient.
40%, 2%
Why are sweating and other body-cooling mechanisms necessary during aerobic exercise?
60% of the energy from food produces body heat instead of ATP.
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?
ATP
What compound directly provides the energy for cellular work?
ATP
Imagine an organism with mutations in complexes I, III, and IV that prevent pumping of hydrogen ions into the intermembrane space but still allow electrons to pass through the electron transport chain. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of these mutations?
ATP synthase will not convert ADP to ATP.
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
Oxygen is critical in cellular respiration because it:
readily accepts electrons at the end of cellular respiration.
Anything that prevents ATP formation within a cell will most likely:
result in cell death
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
FADH2
Which stage of cellular respiration uses the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane to convert ADP into ATP?
electron transport
In the video, what is the primary sugar being pulled out of the hole high in the tree?
glucose
The stage of cellular respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell is:
glycolysis
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
2
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
2
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
lactate and NAD+
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
mitochondrion
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
oxidative phosphorylation
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
oxygen
Cellular respiration requires fuel (glucose) and oxygen gas. The main process that produces these inputs is _____.
photosynthesis
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.
10
Scott, the doctor in the video, had fatty liver disease. What was the cause of the fat in his liver?
He had a higher number of calories in his diet than what he burned through exercise.
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space
What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen accepts high-energy electrons after they are stripped from glucose.
Based on the comparison in the video between cola, fruit-flavored soda, and fruit juice, what can we assume about the processed non-diet drinks we purchase at the grocery store?
Sodas and fruit juices may have large amounts of added sugar.
According to the video, what is often true about low-fat diet foods?
Sugar is often added to low-fat diet foods to help boost the taste.
According to the video, what can we assume about the artificial sweeteners found in food today?
They are safe, and have been thoroughly tested on human subjects.
In the video, in the experiment on mental agility after tasting (but not swallowing) sweet liquids, the reporter got the highest score after tasting glucose. According to the reporter, what does the boost in mood and brainpower from tasting glucose illustrate?
This boost ensures that we will continue to seek foods high in glucose.
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
Which statement describes glycolysis?
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
Which part(s) of cellular respiration require(s) oxygen gas?
a and b, but not c (the citric acid cycle and the E.T.C)
Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring:
a phosphate group
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
acetyl CoA
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
acetyl CoA
Monosaccharides __________, and polysaccharides __________.
are single monomer units; are made of many monosaccharides chained together
Glycolysis is the multi-step breakdown of _____. Several different _____ play a role in this process.
glucose ... enzymes
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis
Unlike the Citric Acid cycle and electron transport, glycolysis occurs _____.
in the cytoplasm
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
Cellular respiration accomplishes two major processes: (1) it breaks glucose down into smaller molecules, and (2) it harvests the chemical energy released and stores it in ATP molecules. By the end of _____, the breakdown of glucose is complete; most ATP molecules are produced during _____.
the Citric Acid cycle ... electron transport
Which part(s) of cellular respiration take(s) place in the mitochondria?
the Citric Acid cycle and the electron transport chain
Which stage of cellular respiration converts organic polymers into carbon dioxide?
the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)
NADH and FADH2 are important in cellular respiration because they deliver high-energy electrons to the electron transport system. Electron transport produces _____ ATP molecule(s) per NADH molecule and _____ ATP molecules(s) per FADH2 molecule.
three ... two
In electron transport, high-energy electrons "fall" to oxygen through a series of reactions. The energy released is used to _____.
transport protons into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria, where they become concentrated. They then flow back out into the the inner compartment (matrix) of the mitochodria. On the way back, protons turn ATP synthase turbines and produce ATP.
What is/are the most important output(s) of glycolysis?
two pyruvic acid and two NADH molecules