"Bio 168 - chapter 5 Assignment"

Identify the functions of the integumentary system.

- Blood cell production - Resistance to infection - Sensation of environmental stimuli - Thermoregulation - Vitamin E synthesis

Label the structures of the hair follicle. picture*

- Dermal root sheath - cortex of hair - External root sheath - Internal root sheath - Hair matrix - Hair papilla - Medulla

Label the skin and its accessory structures. picture*

- Epidermis - Sebaceous gland - Arrector pili muscle - Hair follicle - Sweat gland

Indicate the factor that does not directly determine the amount and rate of melanin production in an individual.

- Hormones levels - Physical fitness

Consider the three most common types of skin cancer. Then click and drag each label into the appropriate category.

Basal Cell Carcinoma - Seldom spreads to other tissues - The most common type of skin cancer - Arises from the deepest layer of the epidermis and may invade the dermis Melanoma - Caused by mutations commonly found in moles - The least common skin cancer - If metastasized, the deadliest skin cancer - Arises from the cells that protect from UV light Squamous Cell Carcinoma - May appear as a wartlike growth - May appear raised, reddened, or scaly

Place each label in the appropriate box, describing the types of sensory receptors found in the dermis of the skin.

Free Nerve Endings - Detect pain, itch, tickle, and temperature Pacinian Corpuscles - Detect deep pressure Meissner Corpuscles - Detect simultaneous stimulations at two points on the skin

Drag each label to the cell type it describes.

Keratinocytes - The most common cell type in the epidermis - Produced by undifferentiated stem cells in the stratum basale - Produce proteins and lipids associated with waterproofing of the skin Merkel cells - Cells associated with nervous system function Melanocytes - These cells have increased production rates of pigment in darker skinned individuals - Produce a pigment that protects from UV light - Produce melanin Langerhans cells - cells of the immune system

Identify the key features of the two layers of the dermis by dragging the description to the proper dermal layer.

Papillary layer - Primarily areolar connective tissue - Contains papillae that project toward the epidermis - Organized as loosely arranged thin fibers - Supplies the overlying epidermis with nutrients Reticular layer - Organized in irregularly arranged fibers that are resistant to stretching in many directions - Composes a majority of the dermis - Primarily dense irregular connective tissue - Forms cleavage (tension) lines - Continuous with the subcutaneous tissue - Tissue is resistant to stretching in many directions

Match the structure of the nail with its description or function. - The portion of the stratum corneum of the nail fold that grows onto the nail body - Whitish, crescent-shaped area at the base of the nail - Skin that covers the lateral and proximal edges of the nail - Proximal to the nail root; produces the nail - Beneath the free edge of the nail body; a thickened region of the stratum corneum - Composed of epithelial tissue; located between the nail matrix and hyponychium

- Cuticle - Lunula - Nail fold - Nail matrix - Hyponychium - Nail bed

Match the layer with its location and description. - Deeper layer of the skin; responsible for most of its structural strength - Outermost layer of the skin; consists of epithelial tissue - Connects the skin to underlying structures; contains adipose tissue

- Dermis - Epidermis - Subcutaneous tissue

Label the hair and associated structures.

- Hair shaft - Dermal root sheath - Sebaceous gland - Matrix - Epidermis - Dermis

Match the hair structure with its description. - Protrudes above the surface of the skin - Central axis of the hair - Portion of the dermis that surrounds the epithelial root sheath - Contains the hair; consists of epithelial and dermal root sheaths - Expanded knob at the base of the hair root - The portion of the hair that is below the surface of the skin - Forms the bulk of the hair; consists of cells containing hard keratin - Outer layer of the hair; single layer of cells containing hard keratin - Mass of epithelial cells within the bulb that produce the hair

- Hair shaft - Medulla - Dermal root sheath - Hair follicle - Hair bulb - Root - Cortex - Cuticle - Matrix

Accutane (Isotretinoin) is a prescriptive drug used for treatment of severe acne by reducing the production of sebum. However, this drug tends to have significant side effects, including increased intracranial pressure, depression, clinical hepatitis, and acute pancreatitis. Based on what you have learned about sebum, what would be the side effects of decreased sebum production for the integumentary system? (Check all that apply.)

- Increased infections - Cracked skin

Indicate the statements that describe erythema.

- It can be caused by emotions such as anger. - It occurs during pregnancy when estrogen and melanocyte-stimulating hormone levels have increased. - It may occur in response to exposure to the cold. - It results from an inflammatory response. - It can be caused by emotions such as embarrassment.

Drag each label to the appropriate anatomical structure. picture*

- Nail body - Free edge - Nail groove - Epidermal nail fold - Lunula - Cuticle - Nail root

Which four factors are believed to be responsible for acne? Check the four that apply.

- Overproduction of sweat by eccrine glands - Bacterial, including Propionibacterium acnes - Hormone levels - Viruses, including Herpes virus - Sugary and fried food - Overproduction of sebum by sebaceous glands - Abnormal production of cells

Select the regions that are composed of loose connective tissue.

- Reticular layer of the dermis - Subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis

Match the major skin gland with its description. - Usually connected by ducts to the upper part of hair follicles - Usually open directly onto the surface of the skin through pores

- Sebaceous glands - Eccrine sweat glands

Match the structure with its protective function. - Protects against abrasion; contains melanin, which absorbs damaging UV light - Protects against abrasion; acts as a heat insulator, protects the eyes against foreign objects - Produce secretions that create an environment unsuitable for some microorganisms - Protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage; can be used in defense

- Skin - Hair - Glands - Nails

One function of the integumentary system is to act as a barrier to bacteria; however, there are many microbes that already live on or in our bodies without causing infections. Some treatments for acne include specific oral antibiotics, such as erythromycin and tetracycline, to reduce the amount of Propionibacterium acnes on the skin and in the follicles. Knowing there are both 'good' and 'bad' bacterial forms of P. acnes, which of the following statements about using antibiotics is true? Check all that apply.

- Some "good" bacteria are reduced - Some new bacterial infections can begin - Some "good" bacteria can become resistant and therefore lead to more infections

Put the layers of the epidermis in order from the deepest to most superficial.

- Stratum basale __1 - Stratum corneum __ 5 - Stratum spinosum ___ 2 - Stratum lucidum ___ 4 - Stratum granulosum ____ 3

Match the stratum of the epidermis with its description. - Contains 20-30 layers of dead cornified cells - Single layer of cuboidal or columnar cells - Thin, clear zone consisting of several layers of dead cells - Contains three to five layers of flattened, diamond-shaped cells - Eight to ten layers of many-sided cells

- Stratum corneum - Stratum basale - Stratum lucidum - Stratum granulosum - Stratum spinosum

Label the photomicrograph of thick skin. picture*

- Stratum corneum - Stratum granulosum - Stratum basale - Dermis - Stratum lucidum - Stratum spinosum

Indicate the statements that correctly describe partial thickness burns.

- They are subdivided into first- and second-degree burns. - They may involve only the epidermis. - They are also called third-degree burns. -They involve the complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis.

Indicate the statements that apply to the arrector pili.

- They consist of smooth muscle cells. - They are associated with hair follicles. - They extend from the dermal root sheath to the papillary layer of the dermis. - They extend from the root sheath to the basement membrane of the epidermis.

Skin is classified as thick or thin on the basis of the structure of the epidermis. Answer the following questions about thick and thin skin. - _________ contains all five epithelial strata. - In _________, the stratum corneum has many layers of cells. - _________ is found in areas subject to pressure or friction. - _________ is found on the palms of the hands, fingertips, and soles of the feet. - _________ covers the majority of the body. - _________ is more flexible than thick skin. - In _________, each stratum contains fewer layers of cells. - In _________, the stratum granulosum frequently consists of only one or two layers of cells. - In _________, the stratum lucidum generally is absent. - Hair is found only in _________.

- Thick skin - Thick skin - Thick skin - Thick skin - Thin skin - Thin skin - Thin skin - Thin skin - Thin skin -Thin skin

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the function of the epidermis. - Resists abrasion - Promotes water loss - Responsible for the structural strength of the skin - Protects against water loss

- True - False - False - True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding subcutaneous tissue. - Approximately half of the body's stored lipids are in the subcutaneous tissue. - Subcutaneous tissue is between the dermis and the epidermis. - Subcutaneous tissue attaches the skin to underlying bone and muscle tissue. - Subcutaneous tissue consists of loose connective tissue with collagen and elastic fibers.

- True - False - True - True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. - The epidermis and dermis have touch receptors.True Correct - The hair shaft is well innervated with nerve receptors.False Correct - The base of the hair follicle can detect hair movement.True Correct - The dermis and deeper tissues contain pain, heat, cold, touch, and pressure receptors.

- True - False - True - True

Indicate whether each statement is true or false. - Thin skin generally does not contain the stratum lucidum. - Thick skin is found in areas of high friction, such as the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. - Thick skin is generally more flexible than thin skin. - Hair is found in both thin skin and thick skin.

- True - True - False - False

Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding functions of the integumentary system. - Vitamin D production - Protection - Provide structural support to underlying bones - Excretion - Temperature regulation - Metabolize keratin - Sensation

- True - True - False - True - True - False - True

The primary determinant for skin color is the ______________________, not the _____________________________.

- amount of melanin - number of melanocytes

The dermis contains receptors that detect _________ . (Check all that apply.)

- changes in pressure - pH differences - pain - touch - variations in temperature

Identify the layers of the epidermis with relation to their location and role in keratinization. picture*

- stratum corneum - stratum lucidum - stratum granulosum - stratum spinosum - stratum basale

Drag each label to the appropriate anatomical structure. picture*

-Nail body - Free edge - Nail bed - Cuticle - Epidermis - Nail matrix - Bone

Sunny and Fair Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow. Skin pigmentation is critically important as protection from the mutagenic properties of UV light. The most serious complication of UV induced mutations in the skin is an aggressive and unpredictable malignancy; malignant melanoma. The incidence of this potentially fatal malignancy is on the rise in large part due to increased exposure to UV light. Some ethnic groups are at special risk. Julie is active in sports and has always loved the outdoors. Her athletic lifestyle often involves sun exposure and, unfortunately, she has not always been consistent with the use of sunscreen agents that would screen some of the UV light. Most of Julie's ancestors came from Ireland, and she has the red hair, pale skin, and freckles to prove it. She sunburns easily and has had at least three serious episodes (burns) over the past few years. Several months ago, a friend pointed out a brown spot over her right scapula. Since Julie remembered an uncle who had died of malignant melanoma, she decided to have her doctor check the mark.

1. Given that ultraviolet light exposure is instrumental in the development of malignant melanoma, one can reduce the risk of cancer by - all listed choices. 2. Just one or two bad sunburns can set the stage for malignant melanoma to develop, even years or decades into the future. - True

Sunny and Fair Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow. Skin pigmentation is critically important as protection from the mutagenic properties of UV light. The most serious complication of UV induced mutations in the skin is an aggressive and unpredictable malignancy; malignant melanoma. The incidence of this potentially fatal malignancy is on the rise in large part due to increased exposure to UV light. Some ethnic groups are at special risk. Julie is active in sports and has always loved the outdoors. Her athletic lifestyle often involves sun exposure and, unfortunately, she has not always been consistent with the use of sunscreen agents that would screen some of the UV light. Most of Julie's ancestors came from Ireland, and she has the red hair, pale skin, and freckles to prove it. She sunburns easily and has had at least three serious episodes (burns) over the past few years. Several months ago, a friend pointed out a brown spot over her right scapula. Since Julie remembered an uncle who had died of malignant melanoma, she decided to have her doctor check the mark.

1. Light-skinned people are at greatest risk for malignant melanoma because - the decreased amount of melanin allows more UV light penetration into the skin, therefore increasing the risk of cancer development. 2. If melanin is so important for protection against mutagenic UV exposure, why is it that some people are light skinned and obviously deficient in melanin? - People of northern climates historically have had less sun exposure, and the decreased skin melanin content is necessary for vitamin D production.

Sunny and Fair Read the overview and complete the interactivities that follow. Skin pigmentation is critically important as protection from the mutagenic properties of UV light. The most serious complication of UV induced mutations in the skin is an aggressive and unpredictable malignancy; malignant melanoma. The incidence of this potentially fatal malignancy is on the rise in large part due to increased exposure to UV light. Some ethnic groups are at special risk. Julie is active in sports and has always loved the outdoors. Her athletic lifestyle often involves sun exposure and, unfortunately, she has not always been consistent with the use of sunscreen agents that would screen some of the UV light. Most of Julie's ancestors came from Ireland, and she has the red hair, pale skin, and freckles to prove it. She sunburns easily and has had at least three serious episodes (burns) over the past few years. Several months ago, a friend pointed out a brown spot over her right scapula. Since Julie remembered an uncle who had died of malignant melanoma, she decided to have her doctor check the mark.

1. The degree of skin pigmentation of a person is related to - the amount of melanin production by a person's melanocytes. 2. The aspect of Julie's skin lesion that concerned her doctor was - all listed choices.

Drag each label to the appropriate layer of skin or subcutaneous tissue.

Epidermis - Epithelium - Includes 4-5 strata - Avascular - Keratinized stratified squamous Dermis - Composed of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue - Contains the papillary and reticular layers - Includes hair follicles, glands, and blood vessels Subcutaneous tissue - Deep to the dermis - Contains a large proportion of adipose tissue - not part of the skin

Scientist have identified three unique strains of the bacterium P. acnes., all of which are found on the skin. These bacteria break down fats, resulting in a low skin pH. This low pH is alkaline in nature and makes the environment unfavorable to invading bacteria. Group starts

False

Consider the three classes of burns. Then click and drag each label into the appropriate category to which it pertains.

First-Degree - Seldom leave scars - Cause redness, slight edema, and pain - May heal in a few days Second-Degree - Part of the dermis is involved - Severe sunburns and many scalds Third-Degree - Skin grafts may be required - All of the dermis is affected - Sometimes muscle and bone are destroyed

Differentiate between types of heat loss that might occur to maintain body temperature.

Radiation 1 : heat is emitted in waves (rays) from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings. Conduction. 4: Heat (molecular vibration) is transmitted from one substance directly to another. Conduction. 2: Heat is carried away by movement of air over a surface. Evaporation. 3: Body heat is used to covert water in sweat to gaseous water.

Categorize each description with the integumentary gland to which it refers. Some labels may be used more than once.

Sebaceous - Secretes sebum - Ducts open into hair follicles - Secretion is influenced by hormones Apocrine - Ducts open into hair follicles - Secretes sweat - Secretion is influenced by hormones

Drag each label to the type of gland it describes.

Sebaceous Glands - Holocrine - Produce oil to lubricate the skin - Secrete sebum Sweat Glands - Secretions are 99% water and slightly acidic pH - Eccrine - Secrete products via exocytosis - Mammary glands - Apocrine - Simple tubular structures - Merocrine

Various changes occur in skin with age. Drag and drop the possible causes of each change into the appropriate box. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

Wrinkles - Reduced collagen synthesis - Loss of subcutaneous fat Pale Think Skin - Reduced blood flow - Reduced melanin production - Loss of subcutaneous fat - Reduced collagen synthesis Reduced ability to regulate temperature - Loss of subcutaneous fat - Reduced blood flow