BIO 169 - Exam 2: Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Systems & Immunity

What is the expected heart rate when a heart is removed from a living body? A. 100 beats / minute B. 50 beats / minute C. 75 beats / minute D. the heart would immediately stop beating

100 beats / minute

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A. 170/96 B. 140/90 C. 110/60 D. 120/80

170/96

If you have a blood pressure of 110/80 mmHg, what is your pulse pressure? a. 30 mmHg b. 80 mmHg c. 110 mmHg d. 190 mmHg

30 mmHg; PP=SBP-DBP

Given an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml / beat and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml / beat, the stroke volume (SV) would be ________. A. 70 ml / beat B. 50 ml / beat C. 170 ml / beat D. 120 ml / beat

70 ml / beat

If you have a blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg, what is your diastolic pressure? a. 40 mmHg b. 80 mmHg c. 120 mmHg d. 200 mmHg

80 mmHg

Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________. A. 90/55 B. 130/80 C. 120/80 D. 150/90

90/55

Select the correct statement about cardiac output. A. Decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume. B. If a semilunar valve were partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased. C. A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction. D. Stroke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases.

A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.

17. Which of the following best describes the benefit of the vasomotion process? A) It provides a balance between adequate perfusion to all of the tissues while maintaining blood's pressure. B) It allows for rapid increase in blood flow to vital organs during fight or flight response. C) It decreases hydrostatic pressure while also increasing osmotic pressure to enhance reabsorption. D) It lowers blood's pressure by reducing the distribution of blood flow to all of the tissues in the capillary bed.

A) It provides a balance between adequate perfusion to all of the tissues while maintaining blood's pressure.

25. Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does not describe the activity of aldosterone hormone? A) It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine. B) It promotes an increase in blood pressure. C) It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood. D) It will reduce urine output.

A) It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine.

40. Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? A) Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure. B) Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle. C) Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them. D) Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream.

A) Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure.

29. Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. B) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. C) They distribute blood to various parts of the body. D) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells.

A) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

11. Which of the following statements is not true of the precapillary sphincters? A) They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel. B) They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries. C) They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole. D) They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries.

A) They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel.

2. Which of the events below does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open? A) Ventricles are in diastole. B) Blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta. C) Ventricles are in systole. D) AV valves are closed.

A) Ventricles are in diastole.

62. Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? A) a local increase in pH B) an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide C) a decrease in local tissue oxygen content D) a local increase in histamine

A) a local increase in pH

44. Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________. A) arterioles B) pulmonary arteries C) muscular arteries D) elastic arteries

A) arterioles

22. Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. A) capillaries B) arterioles C) veins D) arteries

A) capillaries

7. The condition where fluid compresses the heart and limits its ability to contract is called ________. A) cardiac tamponade B) myocardial infarction C) pericarditis D) angina pectoris

A) cardiac tamponade

16. Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________. A) causing threshold to be reached more quickly B) blocking the action of calcium C) causing a decrease in stroke volume D) decreasing heart contractility

A) causing threshold to be reached more quickly

18. The foramen ovale ________. A) connected the two atria in the fetal heart B) is a condition in which the heart valves do not completely close C) is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus D) is a shallow depression in the interventricular septum

A) connected the two atria in the fetal heart

8. In the brain the fluid that filters out of capillaries is highly regulated. You would expect to see ________ feeding the brain. A) continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts B) sinusoid capillaries, with incomplete basement membrane C) fenestrated capillaries, with thin diaphragms made of extracellular glycoproteins D) metarterioles leading directly to thoroughfare cannels

A) continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts

10. The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________. A) coronary arteries B) coronary veins C) coronary sinus D) fossa ovalis

A) coronary arteries

14. If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. A) decreased delivery of oxygen B) an inadequate supply of lactic acid C) a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways D) a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production

A) decreased delivery of oxygen

55. A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. A) decreased size of the heart muscle B) increased incidence of coronary artery disease C) increased work of the left ventricle D) increased damage to blood vessel endothelium

A) decreased size of the heart muscle

13. Which of the following would not promote reabsorption from the venous end of the capillary bed? A) increasing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid B) decreasing hydrostatic pressure of the blood. C) reducing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid D) increasing solute concentration in the plasma of the circulating blood

A) increasing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid

57. Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. A) kidney disease B) stress C) smoking D) obesity

A) kidney disease

6. Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________. A) left atrium B) right atrium C) right ventricle D) left ventricle

A) left atrium

61. What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth? A) ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis B) ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis C) fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum D) ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres

A) ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

39. Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct? A) preload increases B) venous return decreases C) stroke volume decreases D) end diastolic volume (EDV) decreases

A) preload increases

19. Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood from the right ventricle? A) pulmonary trunk B) aorta C) pulmonary veins D) venae cavae

A) pulmonary trunk

36. Which of the following transports oxygen-rich blood? A) pulmonary vein B) pulmonary artery C) pulmonary trunk D) superior vena cava

A) pulmonary vein

11. The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________. A) pumps blood against a greater resistance B) expands the thoracic cage C) sends blood through a smaller valve D) pumps a greater volume of blood

A) pumps blood against a greater resistance

32. Isovolumetric contraction ________. A) refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers B) occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close C) occurs while the atrioventricular (AV) valves are open D) occurs only in people with heart valve defects

A) refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

9. To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the ________. A) second intercostal space to the right of the sternum B) second intercostal space to the left of the sternum C) fifth right intercostal space D) fifth intercostal space inferior to the left nipple

A) second intercostal space to the right of the sternum

37. The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. A) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea B) always fatal C) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis D) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally

A) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

36. The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. A) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius B) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter C) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary D) the only factor that influences resistance

A) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

17. If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________. A) the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute B) parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate C) the atrioventricular (AV) node would become the pacemaker of the heart D) the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract

A) the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute

34. Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone B) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels C) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant D) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume

A) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

This area is known as the pacemaker of the heart. a. AV node b. SA node c. Bundle of His d. Purkinje fibers

AV node

Helper T cell:

Absence results in no immune response

Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies. The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism. A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body.

Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies.

Immune response:

Adaptive defense system & Third line of defense

Which of the following statements is a false or incorrect statement? A. The lymphoid organs where lymphocytes become immunocompetent are called primary lymph organs. All other lymphoid organs are referred to as secondary lymphoid organs. B. It is our genes, not antigens, that determine what specific foreign substances our immune system will be able to recognize and resist. C. T cells and B cells become activated when they bind with recognized antigens. D. After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.

After becoming immunocompetent, the naive T cells and B cells are exported to the bone marrow where the encounters with antigens occur.

The renin-angiotensin mechanism stimulates the release of which hormone? a. ADH b. Aldosterone c. Norepinephrine d. ANP

Aldosterone

Which statement best describes arteries? A. All carry blood away from the heart. B. Only large arteries are lined with endothelium. C. All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. D. All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

All carry blood away from the heart.

IgD:

Along with IgM, this is a B cell receptor.

Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease? A. Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness. B. Release of bacterial endotoxins that block acetylcholine release result in muscle paralysis. C. Uncontrolled cell division resulting in cell surface abnormalities recognized by NK cells. D. Infection and death of T-helper cells by a virus, resulting in a loss of adaptive immunity.

Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.

Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. Antigens only come from microbes. The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants. Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.

Antigens only come from microbes.

Blood being pumped out of the left ventricle enters the: a. pulmonary artery. b. aorta. c. coronary sinus. d. venae cavae.

Aorta

Blood is prevented from flowing back into the left ventricle by the: a. aortic semilunar valve. b. tricuspid valve. c. pulmonary semilunar valve. d. mitral valve.

Aortic semilunar valve.

Which of the following represents a logical sequence of structures that contribute to the return of fluid into the blood via the lymphatic system? A. Blood capillaries, arteries, lymphatic vessels, subclavian vein B. Arteries, lymphatic vessels, blood capillaries, subclavian vein C. Arteries, blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels, subclavian vein D. Subclavian vein, arteries, blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels

Arteries, blood capillaries, lymphatic vessels, subclavian vein

These vessels are able to constrict. a. Arterioles b. Venules c. Capillaries d. Veins

Arterioles

Which of the following blood vessel types have the greatest effect on peripheral resistance? a. Arteries b. Arterioles c. Veins d. Venules

Arterioles

Brachial artery:

Artery usually ausculated to take the blood pressure.

These cells populate the germinal centers of lymphoid follicles. a. T lymphocyes b. B lymphocytes c. Reticular cells d. Macrophages

B lymphocytes

37. What is the expected heart rate when a heart is removed from a living body? A) 75 beats / minute B) 100 beats / minute C) 50 beats / minute D) the heart would immediately stop beating

B) 100 beats / minute

33. Given an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 ml / beat and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 ml / beat, the stroke volume (SV) would be ________. A) 170 ml / beat B) 70 ml / beat C) 120 ml / beat D) 50 ml / beat

B) 70 ml / beat

52. Select the correct statement about blood flow. A) It is relatively constant through all body organs. B) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output. C) It is measured in mm Hg. D) It is greatest where resistance is highest.

B) Blood flow through the entire vascular system is proportional to cardiac output.

60. If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so? A) The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output. B) Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance. C) The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output. D) The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses.

B) Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.

10. The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? A) Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow. B) Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart. C) The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. D) The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels.

B) Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.

49. Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. A) Excess albumen transport protein production would decrease blood pressure. B) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. C) An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery. D) Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.

B) Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

23. Select the correct statement about the heart valves. A) The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. B) The atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. C) Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves control the flow of blood into the heart. D) The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle.

B) The atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction.

25. Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall. A) Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential. B) The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts. C) The fibrous cardiac skeleton forms the bulk of the heart. D) The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium.

B) The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.

3. Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________. A) no change in blood pressure but a slower heart rate B) a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output C) no change in blood pressure but a change in respiration D) a rise in blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

B) a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

56. The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A) chemoreceptors B) altering blood volume C) reflex arcs involving baroreceptors D) reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers

B) altering blood volume

20. Which of the following chemicals effects blood pressure for both the short and long term? A) atrial natriuretic peptide B) angiotensin II C) nitric acid D) aldosterone

B) angiotensin II

5. The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________. A) ventricular repolarization B) atrial depolarization C) atrial repolarization D) ventricular depolarization

B) atrial depolarization

4. Damage to the ________ causes heart block. A) sinoatrial (SA) node B) atrioventricular (AV) node C) atrioventricular (AV) bundle D) atrioventricular (AV) valves

B) atrioventricular (AV) node

27. During the period of ventricular filling ________. A) the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are open B) blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles C) the atria remain in diastole D) pressure in the heart is at its peak

B) blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles

38. Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? A) blood viscosity B) blood vessel diameter C) total blood vessel length D) blood vessels type

B) blood vessel diameter

1. Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events? A) friction of blood against the chamber walls B) closure of the heart valves C) opening of the heart valves D) excitation of the sinoatrial (SA) node

B) closure of the heart valves

2. If a person were to have substantial blood loss you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to except one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. A) increasing vasomotor tone B) decreased heart rate C) increases peripheral resistance D) a weak, thread pulse

B) decreased heart rate

1. Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. A) increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases B) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur C) increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur D) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases

B) decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

6. Which of the following would not be expected from taking a diuretic drug? A) decreased blood pressure B) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion C) increased urine output D) lower plasma volume

B) greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion

33. Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) hydrostatic pressure only B) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure C) plasma and formed element concentration D) blood volume and viscosity

B) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

28. The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? A) ventricular filling B) isovolumetric relaxation C) isovolumetric contraction D) ventricular ejection

B) isovolumetric relaxation

51. The velocity of blood flow is ________. A) slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter B) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest C) in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels D) slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter

B) slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

31. During contraction of heart muscle cells ________. A) all of the calcium required for contraction comes from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum B) some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores C) calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated D) the action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions

B) some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores

42. Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? A) right ventricle B) superior vena cava C) pulmonary arteries and veins D) left atrium

B) superior vena cava

15. If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________. A) contractions would last as long as the refractory period B) tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action C) pacemaker cells would cease to spontaneously depolarize D) it would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation

B) tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action

41. The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does not affect a pulse rate reading. A) activity B) the vessel selected to palpate C) emotions D) postural changes

B) the vessel selected to palpate

13. Which of the following is NOT an age-related change affecting the heart? A) decline in cardiac reserve B) thinning of the valve flaps C) atherosclerosis D) fibrosis of cardiac muscle

B) thinning of the valve flaps

29. If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________. A) tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle B) threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase C) potassium channels compensate and no change in heart rate would occur D) heart rate would decrease, but blood pressure would rise due to the excess sodium present

B) threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase

During inflammation fluids will passively diffuse out of blood vessels into the nearby, infected tissues. This implies all of the following except ________. A. B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells B. the osmolarity of the fluids surrounding infected tissue is higher than the plasma C. the surrounding tissue will swell with excessive fluids D. nearby capillaries have become more permeable

B-lymphocytes will differentiate to become plasma cells

_________ can enter lymph capillaries. A. Bacteria B. Large proteins C. Interstitial fluid D. All of the above

Bacteria Large proteins Interstitial fluid

Which of the following would the body perceive as an antigen? A. Bacteria B. Virus C. Mismatched red blood cell D. All of the above

Bacteria, Virus, Mismatched red blood cell

Select the correct statement about blood flow. A. It is relatively constant through all body organs. B. Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output. C. It is greatest where resistance is highest. D. It is measured in mm Hg.

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

How would an attack by a mugger affect blood pressure? What is the physiological basis for your answer? A. Blood pressure would decrease due to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. B. Blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. C. Blood pressure would increase due to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. D. Blood pressure would increase due to vagal nerve stimulation. E. Blood pressure would decrease due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

Blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

If a person has lost a significant amount of blood but still maintains a normal blood pressure it does not necessarily mean that the person is maintaining adequate perfusion. Which of the following best explains why this is so? A. Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance. B. The heart has increased its rate to increase cardiac output. C. The sympathetic nervous system has increased its nervous impulses. D. The heart has increased its contractile force increasing cardiac output.

Blood vessels are constricting causing greater peripheral resistance.

59. Normal average blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________. A) 150/90 B) 120/80 C) 90/55 D) 130/80

C) 90/55

30. Select the correct statement about cardiac output. A) If a semilunar valve were partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased. B) Decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume. C) A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction. D) Stroke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases.

C) A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.

21. Which statement best describes arteries? A) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium. B) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. C) All carry blood away from the heart. D) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart.

C) All carry blood away from the heart.

45. Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries? A) Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood. B) Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney. C) Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier. D) Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food.

C) Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.

18. The velocity and pressure of blood is slowest and lowest in the capillary beds. Which of the following is not an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds? A) Lower pressure on the venus end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsorption of fluid back to the plasma. B) Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed. C) Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venus circulation. D) Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels.

C) Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venus circulation.

True or False: An electrocardiogram (ECG) provides direct information about valve function.

False

True or False: Arterial blood supply to heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or diastole.

False

True or False: Auricles slightly increase blood volume in the ventricles.

False

True or False: Autonomic regulation of heart rate is via two reflex centers found in the pons.

False

True or False: Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of oxygen than does skeletal muscle.

False

True or False: Heart tissue is supplied with nutrients primarily by diffusion from the heart chambers through the myocardium.

False

True or False: The "lub" sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the heart's pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves.

False

True or False: The papillary muscles contract after the other ventricular muscles so that they can take up the slack on the chordae tendineae before the full force of ventricular contractions sends blood against the atrioventricular (AV) valve flaps.

False

True or False: Viral infection will provoke cell mediated immunity but will not activate a humoral response

False

True or False: Virus infected cells secrete interferons to "warn" other cells of the presence of virus and deny entry to them.

False

True or False: Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart.

False

True or False: Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane.

False

True or False: The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima.

False

True or False: Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction.

False

True or False: Subacute hypersensitivities are categorically less harmful than acute (immediate) hypersensitivities.

False. Acute: occur within seconds (allergies); Subacute: slow onset (1-3 hrs) & long duration (10-15 hrs).

True or False: B cells must accomplish double recognition: They must simultaneously recognize self and nonself to be activated.

False. Are self-reactive.

True or False: In a case of immediate hypersensitivity the immune system responds with an allergic response on the first exposure to the allergen.

False. Initial contact is asymptomatic but sensitizes the person.

True or False: Monoclonal antibodies are used in clinical laboratory diagnosis because they bind to many antigenic determinants.

False. Produce a single type of antibody.

True or False: The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries.

False; elastic (conducting) arteries.

Which of the following is not true regarding fenestrated capillaries? A. Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier. B. Fenestrated capillaries in endocrine organs allow hormones rapid entry into the blood. C. Fenestrated capillaries in the small intestine receive nutrients from digested food. D. Fenestrated capillaries are essential for filtration of blood plasma in the kidney.

Fenestrated capillaries form the blood-brain barrier.

Which of the following is a function only of the lymph nodes and not the other lymphoid organs? a. Filter lymph b. Store lymphocytes c. Fight infection d. Generate memory lymphocytes

Filter lymph

Intact skin and mucous membranes:

First line of defense.

IgM:

First to peak during a primary immune response; pentamer. Readily fixes and activates complement; Recent infection.

B cell:

Forms antibody producing cells

Brachiocephalic trunk:

Gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery.

Which of the following does not describe actions of interferon (IFN)? A. IFN will attract macrophages to the secreting cell to be removed by phagocytosis. B. Virally infected cells can release interferon which attracts NK cells to attack and kill the IFN secreting cell. C. IFN binds to normal, uninfected cells stimulating the activation of genes that produce anti-viral proteins. D. IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus.

IFN can penetrate the viral capsid and destroy the virus.

Which immunoglobulin class is attached to the external surface of B cells and acts as an antigen receptor of the B cell? A. IgA B. IgG C. IgD D. IgE E. IgM

IgD

An increase in end diastolic volume would have which effect on cardiac output? a. Increase b. Decrease c. No effect d. Varies from person to person

Increase

An increase in peripheral resistance would have what effect on blood pressure? a. No effect b. Increase c. Decrease d. Varies from person to person

Increase; BP varies directly with CO, PR & blood volume.

Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes:

Innate defense system.

These arteries supply 80% of the cerebrum. a. Internal jugulars b. Internal carotids c. External carotids d. Vertebral

Internal carotids

The bundle of His is located here. a. Interatrial septum b. Interventricular septum c. Floor of the right atrium d. Apex of the heart

Interventricular septum

IgE:

Involved in allergies.

All four heart valves are closed during this time. a. All of ventricular systole b. All of ventricular diastole c. Ventricular ejection d. Isovolumetric contraction

Isovolumetric contraction

The greatest decrease in ventricular pressure occurs at this time. a. Isovolumetric contraction b. Isovolumetric relaxation c. Ventricular systole d. Ventricular filling

Isovolumetric relaxation

All of the following are true of the classical pathway of complement activation except one. Select the one answer that does not describe the classical pathway of complement activation. A. It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them. B. It is an example of overlap between innate and adaptive immune function. C. It requires that circulating antibodies are bound to antigens. D. Classical activation will result in enhanced inflammation, opsonization as well as formation of MAC proteins.

It activates T-helper cells by presenting antigen to them.

Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false? A. It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together. B. Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins. C. It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing. D. It branches off of the inferior vena cava.

It branches off of the inferior vena cava.

Which of the following best describes the benefit of the vasomotion process? A. It allows for rapid increase in blood flow to vital organs during fight or flight response. B. It provides a balance between adequate perfusion to all of the tissues while maintaining blood's pressure. C. It lowers blood's pressure by reducing the distribution of blood flow to all of the tissues in the capillary bed. D. It decreases hydrostatic pressure while also increasing osmotic pressure to enhance reabsorption.

It provides a balance between adequate perfusion to all of the tissues while maintaining blood's pressure.

Each of the following describes the action of aldosterone except one. Which of the following does not describe the activity of aldosterone hormone? A. It promotes an increase in blood pressure. B. It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine. C. It will reduce urine output. D. It promotes an increase in sodium reabsorption from the kidney to the blood.

It will result in higher sodium levels in the urine.

Cytotoxic T cell:

Kills cancer cells and virus infected body cells

These highly specialized lymph capillaries are found in the intestinal mucosa. a. Cisternae chyli b. Lacteals c. Peyer's patches d. Thoracic ducts

Lacteals

Celiac trunk:

Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen.

Aorta:

Largest artery of the body.

Which of the choices below does not explain why low capillary pressures are desirable? A. Capillaries are fragile and high pressures would rupture them. B. Low capillary pressure reduces the load of drainage the lymphatic drainage must handle C. Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure. D. Most capillaries are extremely permeable and thus even low pressures force solute-containing fluid out of the bloodstream.

Low blood pressure is associated with longer life span than high blood pressure.

The velocity and pressure of blood is slowest and lowest in the capillary beds. Which of the following is not an accurate description of the benefits of slow, low pressure blood in the capillary beds? A. Lower pressure on the venous end of the capillary bed allows for greater reabsorption of fluid back to the plasma. B. Slower blood flow through capillaries allows more time for diffusion to take place in the capillary bed. C. Lower pressure reduces the chance of injury to delicate capillary vessels. D. Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation.

Lower pressure in the capillary bed helps to increase pressure in the venous circulation.

In which of the following tissues would low oxygen levels cause vasoconstriction? a. Skeletal muscle b. Heart c. Brain d. Lungs

Lungs

Which cell in the lymph node has an active role in filtering the lymph? a. T cells b. B cells c. Macrophages d. Reticular cells

Macrophages

IgG:

Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response; Crosses placental barrier.

Femoral artery:

Major artery of the thigh.

Internal carotid artery:

Major supply to the cerebral hemispheres.

Plasma cells are concentrated in which portion of the lymph node? a. Cortex b. Sinuses c. Medulla d. Capsule

Medulla

During which part of the cardiac cycle would pressure in the ventricle be at its lowest? a. Mid-diastole b. Isovolumetric contraction c. Ventricular ejection d. Late systole

Mid-diastole

Cardiac muscle tissue is found in which layer of the heart? a. Endocardium b. Myocardium c. Epicardium d. Pericardium

Myocardium

Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A. NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow. B. NK cells are a type of neutrophil. C. NK cells attack cells that display abnormal or lack MHC antigens. D. NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells.

NK cells are a type of neutrophil.

Overlap in the innate and adaptive immune system is seen in all of the following examples but one. Which of the following examples does not illustrate the overlap of innate and adaptive immune responses? A. Plasma cells that produce large amounts of IgE that will ultimately allow mast cells to release histamine. B. Dendritic cells presenting antigens on their MHC II proteins to T-helper cells. C. Macrophages becoming activated macrophages in response to cytokines released by T-helper cells. D. NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins.

NK cells causing apoptosis of an abnormal host cell, lacking MHC proteins.

Vascular shock :

Normal blood volume but poor circulation due to extreme vasodilation

Select the correct statement about antigens. A. Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. B. "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. C. The largest type of antigen is called a hapten. D. One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody.

The parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate by: a. releasing norepinephrine. b. opening sodium gates. c. closing sodium gates. d. opening potassium gates.

Opening potassium gates.

All of these structures can be identified in the ventricles except: a. trabeculae carneae. b. papillary muscles. c. pectinate muscles. d. chordae tendineae.

Pectinate muscles

Isolated areas of lymphoid follicles found in the intestinal mucosa are called ________. a. lacteals b. Peyer's patches c. germinal centers d. Brunner's glands

Peyer's patches

These cells are able to produce antibodies. a. T lymphocytes b. Plasma cells c. Macrophages d. Dendritic cells

Plasma cells

E

Point that represents the "dup" sound made by the heart.

An increase in heart rate by the sympathetic nervous system is a: a. positive inotropic effect. b. negative inotropic effect. c. positive chronotropic effect. d. negative chronotropic effect.

Positive chronotropic effect.

Blood flow during ventricular filling is most dependent upon ________. a. pressure changes b. pumping actions c. concentration gradients d. the conduction system

Pressure changes

IgA:

Protects mucosal barriers.

All oxygenated blood returns to the heart via the: a. pulmonary artery. b. pulmonary veins. c. aorta. d. venae cavae.

Pulmonary veins

Nerve impulses are directly supplied to the papillary muscles by the: a. SA node. b. Purkinje fibers. c. AV node. d. bundle of His.

Purkinje fibers

Atrial repolarization occurs during this period of time, seen on an EKG. a. P wave b. QRS complex c. T wave d. S-T segment

QRS complex

Superior vena cava:

Receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall.

Cardiogenic shock :

Results from heart inability to sustain adequate circulation due to myocardial damage

These cells produce the fiber stroma of the lymph organs. a. Macrophages b. Dendritic cells c. Reticular cells d. Plasma cells

Reticular cells

Which of the following is not a branch off the arch of the aorta? a. Left common carotid artery b. Right common carotid artery c. Brachiocephalic artery d. Left subclavian artery

Right common carotid artery

The anterior surface of the heart consists mostly of this chamber. a. Right atrium b. Left atrium c. Right ventricle d. Left ventricle

Right ventricle

Axillary artery:

Runs through the armpit area, giving off branches to the axillae, chest wall, and shoulder girdle.

The entire ventricular myocardium is depolarized during this time on an EKG. a. S-T segment b. Q-T interval c. QRS complex d. T wave

S-T segment

Inflammatory response:

Second line of defense.

Large veins:

Site where blood pressure is lowest. Site where the blood volume is greatest.

Capillaries:

Site where exchanges of food and gases are made. Site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest.

Arterioles:

Site where resistance to blood flow is greatest. Site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance.

Large arteries:

Site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest. Site where the blood pressure is greatest.

Regulatory T cell:

Slows or stops the immune response

Which of the following lymphoid tissues removes defective red blood cells from the blood? A. Lymph node B. Thymus C. Spleen D. Peyer's patches

Spleen

Macrophages would most likely be found in this portion of the spleen. a. Splenic cords b. White pulp c. Brown pulp d. Hassall's corpuscles

Splenic cords

External iliac artery:

Supplies a lower limb.

Internal iliac artery:

Supplies pelvic structures.

Inferior mesenteric artery:

Supplies the distal areas of the large intestine.

Common hepatic artery:

Supplies the duodenum and stomach.

Renal artery:

Supplies the kidney. Artery that does not anastomose.

Superior mesenteric artery:

Supplies the small intestine.

This part of the nervous system is responsible for vasomotor tone. a. Voluntary b. Sympathetic c. Parasympathetic d. Both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Which cells of the lymph node perform a surveillance role? a. T cells b. B cells c. Macrophages d. Reticular cells

T cells

The thymus is important for: A. T lymphocyte maturation. B. removal of foreign antigens. C. B lymphocyte maturation. D. secretion of hormones that promote B lymphocyte immunocompetence.

T lymphocyte maturation

Without the positive selection process in lymphocyte maturation ________. A. T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them B. monocytes would not be able to migrate into infected tissue and differentiate into macrophages C. autoimmune diseases would be likely to result D. NK cells would be non-functional

T-cells would not be able to properly bind to APC's and therefore not be activated by them

Select the correct statement about the heart valves. A. Aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves control the flow of blood into the heart. B. The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle. C. The atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction. D. The mitral (bicuspid) valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.

The atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Select the correct statement about immunodeficiency. Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease is an acquired condition. Hodgkin's disease is a hereditary immunodeficiency found in children. The most common form of immunodeficiency is graft-versus-host (GVH) disease. The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.

The causative agent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a virus that recognizes CD4 proteins.

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A. They distribute blood to various parts of the body. B. Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. C. They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue. D. The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

The lub-dup heart sounds heard during auscultation of the heart are associated with: a. the SA node firing. b. the heart valves opening. c. the heart valves closing. d. blood flowing from the atria to the ventricles.

The heart valves closing

An advantage to having reticular connective tissue present in lymph nodes would be that: A. the loose organization of reticular connective tissue provides niches for macrophages and lymphocytes. B. lymph filters through the nodes and is exposed to lymphocytes and macrophages. C. lymphocytes cycle to various areas of the body and back to lymph nodes. D. all of the above take place.

The loose organization of reticular connective tissue provides niches for macrophages and lymphocytes. Lymph filters through the nodes and is exposed to lymphocytes and macrophages. Lymphocytes cycle to various areas of the body and back to lymph nodes.

Which of the following contribute(s) to the flow of lymph through lymphatic vessels? A. The pumping of the heart B. The milking action of skeletal muscle contraction C. Pressure changes in the thorax that result from breathing D. Both b and c

The milking action of skeletal muscle contraction. Pressure changes in the thorax that result from breathing

Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall. A. The fibrous cardiac skeleton forms the bulk of the heart. B. The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts. C. Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential. D. The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium.

The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.

Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells. A. The presence of gap junctions reflects the activity of the heart's intrinsic conduction system. B. Each cardiac muscle cell is innervated by a sympathetic nerve ending so that the nervous system can increase heart rate. C. The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle. D. The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction.

The presence of gap junctions reflects the activity of the heart's intrinsic conduction system.

Mr. Wilson is a 45-year-old stockbroker with essential hypertension. He is African American, obese, and he smokes 2-3 packs of cigarettes daily. What risk factors for hypertension are typified by Mr. Wilson? What complications are likely if corrective steps are not taken? A. The risk factors are obesity, race, and smoking. Complications could include atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. B. The risk factors are obesity, race, a high-stress job, and smoking. Complications could include atherosclerosis, heart failure, renal failure, and stroke. C. The risk factors are obesity and race. Complications could include atherosclerosis and heart failure. D. The risk factors are obesity, race, and a high-stress job. Complications could include atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. E. The risk factors are race, a high-stress job, and smoking. Complications could include heart failure, renal failure, and stroke.

The risk factors are obesity, race, a high-stress job, and smoking. Complications could include atherosclerosis, heart failure, renal failure, and stroke.

Which statement is true about T cells? They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins. Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2. They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells.

Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.

B-lymphocytes are categorized as part of the adaptive branch of the immune system for all of the following reason but one. Which of the following is not one of the reasons B-lymphocytes are considered part of the adaptive immunity? They require costimulation from an activated T-helper cell. Their receptors will bind to only one antigen. They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately. They produce memory cells when activated.

They are a first line of defense that can begin killing pathogens immediately.

Which of the following statements is not true of the precapillary sphincters? A. They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel. B. They regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries. C. They allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole. D. They increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries.

They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel.

MALT would most likely be found here. a. Throat b. CNS c. Dermis d. Peritoneal cavity

Throat

This organ ensures that the T lymphocytes are immunocompetent. a. Spleen b. Thymus c. Liver d. Thyroid gland

Thymus

This organ's stroma is composed of hormone-secreting epithelial cells. a. Liver b. Spleen c. Appendix d. Thymus

Thymus

This is the simplest of the lymphoid organs. a. Spleen b. Thymus c. Appendix d. Tonsil

Tonsil

These connective tissue strands divide lymph nodes into compartments. a. Capsule b. Cisternae c. Trabeculae d. Valves

Trabeculae

This valve is found between the right atrium and the right ventricle. a. Mitral b. Tricuspid c. Bicuspid d. Semilunar

Tricuspid

True or False: A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries.

True

True or False: Anaphylactic shock is a rare but severe allergic response that may occur if the allergen enters the blood stream.

True

True or False: Antibodies mostly act against extracellular targets in body fluids and are therefore considered part of the humoral branch of adaptive immunity.

True

True or False: As pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve.

True

True or False: Congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues.

True

True or False: Cytotoxic T cells and NK cells kill by secretion of proteins. The first called perforin which forms complexes that penetrate the cell membrane and allows the passage of the apoptosis inducing protein granzyme to enter the targeted cell.

True

True or False: Dendritic cells and macrophages kill by ingestion and destruction of particulate matter in a process called phagocytosis.

True

True or False: Fever is often a beneficial immune response because it can speed the activities of leucocytes.

True

True or False: Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mm Hg.

True

True or False: If the aorta and pulmonary trunk were switched, oxygen rich blood would be pumped from the left ventricle to the lungs.

True

True or False: Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells are called antibodies.

True

True or False: Some immunocompetent cells will never encounter an antigen to which they can bind and therefore will never be called to service in our lifetime.

True

True or False: The directional movement of cells in response to chemicals is called chemotaxis.

True

True or False: The myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.

True

True or False: The nucleotide sequence within the genes that produce B cell receptor and antibodies are reshuffled by a process called somatic recombination. This produces the huge variability in antibody types.

True

True or False: The respiratory burst produced by activated macrophages releases free radicals which are effective at killing pathogens.

True

True or False: Tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by connective tissue.

True

True or False: When released in large quantities, thyroxine, a thyroid gland hormone, causes a sustained increase in heart rate.

True

True or False: Anastomosis among coronary arterial branches provide collateral routes for blood delivery to the heart muscle.

True

True or False: The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation.

True

True or False: The carotid sinus reflex protects the blood supply to the brain, whereas the aortic reflex is more concerned with maintaining adequate blood pressure in the systemic circuit as a whole.

True

True or False: The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right.

True

True or False: The cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis.

True. Anastomoses: connection that is created between tubular structures, such as blood vessels or loops of intestine.

This is the muscular layer of blood vessels. a. Tunica media b. Tunica externa c. Tunica intima d. Tunica interna

Tunica media

All but one of the following occur during the inflammatory response. Select the example below that does not describe the process of inflammation. Release of prostaglandins resulting in pain. Increases capillary permeability. Chemotaxis draws leucocytes to the site of injury. Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury.

Vasoconstriction will prevent excessive blood loss due to injury.

Blood is carried to the heart by these vessels. a. Arteries b. Veins c. Auricles d. Capillaries

Veins

These vessels also serve as a blood reservoir. a. Arteries b. Veins c. Capillaries d. All of the above

Veins

Venules unite to form ________. a. veins b. capillaries c. arterioles d. venae cavae

Veins

Which of the events below does NOT occur when the semilunar valves are open? A. Ventricles are in diastole. B. Blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta. C. AV valves are closed. D. Ventricles are in systole.

Ventricles are in diastole.

These vessels carry blood toward the heart. a. Arterioles b. Capillaries c. Arteries d. Venules

Venules

Great saphenous vein:

Vessel commonly used as a coronary bypass vessel.

Heart rate in a fetus is about ____, in a newborn about _____, and in an adult about ___. A) 145; 140; 70 B) 70; 140; 145 C) 100; 100; 100 D) 200; 160; 120

a

The loose-fitting sac around the heart is the A) fibrous pericardium. B) visceral pericardium. C) epicardium. D) endocardium.

a

Which of the following is true about the heart? A) The apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space. B) The heart is located lateral to the lungs. C) The average adult heart is about 8 cm long and 5 cm wide. D) The base of the heart lies beneath the fourth rib.

a

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? A. a local increase in pH B. a local increase in histamine C. a decrease in local tissue oxygen content D. an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide

a local increase in pH

Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________. A. a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output B. no change in blood pressure but a slower heart rate C. a rise in blood pressure due to change in cardiac output D. no change in blood pressure but a change in respiration

a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

Choose the best description of an antigen. part or a piece of a disease or pathogen a particle (typically a foreign protein) that triggers inflammation a chemical that enhances or modifies immune response a particle that triggers the adaptive immunity

a particle that triggers the adaptive immunity

Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders? exposure of previously "hidden" self-antigens to the adaptive immune system mutation followed by the appearance of membrane proteins not previously present a second exposure to an allergen cross-reaction of antibodies formed against foreign antigens with self-antigens

a second exposure to an allergen

The term ductus venosus refers to ________. A. a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs B. a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver C. damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins D. a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity

a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

Allergens differ from antigens because ________. A. allergens are only active seasonally and are generally harmless to the body B. allergens are primarily plant derived while antigens are bacterial or viral in nature C. allergens do not involve the leucocytes, they simply stimulate the inflammatory response D. allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

allergens produce an abnormally large immune response to what is an otherwise harmless particle

The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne chemicals, primarily operate via all but which of the following? A. altering blood volume B. reflex arcs involving baroreceptors C. reflex arcs associated with vasomotor fibers D. chemoreceptors

altering blood volume

Baroreceptors in our arteries respond to ________. a. an increase in blood pressure b. an increase in cardiac output c. a decrease in blood pressure d. an increase in both blood pressure and cardiac output

an increase in blood pressure

The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________. A. ischemia B. myocardial infarct C. pericarditis D. angina pectoris

angina pectoris

Which of the following chemicals effects blood pressure for both the short and long term? A. aldosterone B. atrial natriuretic peptide C. angiotensin II D. nitric acid

angiotensin II

In clonal selection of B cells, which substance is responsible for determining which cells will eventually become cloned? A. complement B. antibody C. antigen D. interferon

antigen

T-cell activation requires ________. antigen binding and antibody production antibody production and co-stimulation antigen binding, antibody production, and co-stimulation antigen binding and co-stimulation

antigen binding and co-stimulation

Which of the following is not a type of T cell? regulatory helper antigenic cytotoxic

antigenic

Due to the branching of arteries the type of arteries that would be most numerous would be ________. A. muscular arteries B. pulmonary arteries C. elastic arteries D. arterioles

arterioles

Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________. A. smoking B. arteriosclerosis C. obesity D. stress

arteriosclerosis (said kidney disease on exam)

The first portion of the aorta is called the ________. a. abdominal aorta b. ascending aorta c. descending aorta d. thoracic aorta

ascending aorta

The highest density of lymph nodes can be found ________. A. in the arms and legs B. in the brain C. at the locations where lymphatic collecting vessels converge D. in the intestines

at the locations where lymphatic collecting vessels converge

The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________. A. atrial repolarization B. ventricular depolarization C. ventricular repolarization D. atrial depolarization

atrial depolarization

During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? A. angiotensin II B. epinephrine C. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): reduces cardiac output and systemic blood pressure

Damage to the ________ causes heart block. A. sinoatrial (SA) node B. atrioventricular (AV) valves C. internodal pathway D. atrioventricular (AV) node

atrioventricular (AV) node

Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart? A. bundle branches B. atrioventricular (AV) valve C. sinoatrial (SA) node D. atrioventricular (AV) node

atrioventricular (AV) valve

An abnormally slow heart rate is termed A) tachycardia. B) bradycardia. C) fibrillation. D) cardioversion.

b

Bruce has colorectal cancer that has spread to his lymphatic system. He is given a drug that is an angiogenesis inhibitor. The drug works by A) stimulating new blood vessels to serve tissue damaged by the cancer. B) starving tumors by cutting off their blood supplies. C) halting cell division only in tumor cells. D) cutting off the supply of ATP to cancer cells.

b

Impulses that the vagus nerve carries to the heart A) are parasympathetic and increase heart rate. B) are parasympathetic and decrease heart rate. C) are sympathetic and increase heart rate. D) are sympathetic and decrease heart rate.

b

Small areas of the myocardium contracting chaotically is called A) flutter. B) fibrillation. C) bradycardia. D) tachycardia.

b

The blood pressure in the large systemic arteries is greatest during A) atrial systole. B) ventricular systole. C) ventricular diastole. D) atrial diastole.

b

The longest vein in the body is the A) superior vena cava. B) great saphenous vein. C) internal iliac vein. D) hepatic portal vein.

b

The right atrium receives blood directly from A) the superior vena cava and inferior vena cava only. B) the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus. C) the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and pulmonary veins. D) the pulmonary veins.

b

When venous pressure is too low, ____________ stimulate smooth muscles in the walls of veins to contract. A) parasympathetic reflexes B) sympathetic reflexes C) somatic reflexes D) carbon dioxide levels

b

Which artery is incorrectly matched to its location? A) Inferior mesenteric artery; colon and rectum B) Thyrocervical arteries; thymus. C) Celiac arteries; liver, spleen, and upper gastrointestinal tract D) Popliteal; behind the knee

b

Which of the following is not a branch of the aorta? A) Right coronary artery B) Pulmonary artery C) Brachiocephalic artery D) Left subclavian artery

b

Which of the following is the correct sequence of parts through which blood moves from the vena cava to the lungs? A) Right atrium, pulmonary valve, right ventricle, tricuspid valve B) Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve C) Right ventricle, tricuspid valve, right atrium, pulmonary valve D) Right ventricle, pulmonary valve, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle

b

Red pulp of the spleen is most concerned with _______, while white pulp is most concerned with _________. A. immunity; new red blood cell formation B. filtering lymph; T lymphocyte formation C. blood filtering; immunity D. urine formation; blood filtering

blood filtering; immunity

During the period of ventricular filling ________. A. the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves are open B. pressure in the heart is at its peak C. blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles D. the atria remain in diastole

blood flows mostly passively through the atria and the open atrioventricular (AV) valves into the ventricles

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? A. blood viscosity B. blood vessel diameter C. blood vessels type D. total blood vessel length

blood vessel diameter

Gaining weight may increase blood pressure because increased adipose tissue causes an increase in ________. a. blood vessel diameter b. blood vessel length c. blood viscosity d. cardiac output

blood vessel length

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________. A. spleen B. lymph nodes C. bone marrow D. thymus

bone marrow

Which of the following receive(s) blood during ventricular systole? A. aorta only B. pulmonary arteries only C. pulmonary veins only D. both the aorta and pulmonary trunk

both the aorta and pulmonary trunk

Inflammation ________. is caused by viral activity to enhance the spread of the disease slows the healing process with swelling that can impair bodily function brings more leukocytes to the site of infection is caused by bacterial activity to enhance the spread of disease

brings more leukocytes to the site of infection

Blood flow to the right side of the heart muscle decreases due to constriction of the _____, and decreased blood flow to the heart tissue can result in _____. A) left coronary artery; mitral valve prolapse B) right pulmonary artery; endocarditis C) right coronary artery; ischemia D) left coronary vein; myocardial infarction

c

In an ECG pattern, the P wave is caused by A) repolarization of atrial muscle fibers. B) repolarization of ventricular muscle fibers. C) depolarization of atrial muscle fibers. D) depolarization of ventricular muscle fibers.

c

The effect on the heart of excess potassium ion concentration usually is A) increased rate and increased force of contraction. B) decreased rate and increased force of contraction. C) decreased rate and decreased force of contraction. D) increased rate and decreased force of contraction.

c

The inner lining of the heart is the A) epicardium. B) myocardium. C) endocardium. D) pericardium.

c

The pulmonary circuit A) sends oxygen-poor blood to the heart. B) sends oxygen-poor blood to the tissues. C) sends oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. D) brings oxygen-rich blood from the tissues.

c

Water and dissolved substances leave the arteriole end of a capillary due to ____, and enter the venule end of a capillary due to ______. A) hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; active transport being greater than osmotic pressure B) osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure; hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure C) hydrostatic pressure being higher than osmotic pressure; osmotic pressure being higher than hydrostatic pressure D) osmosis; active transport

c

When a person's pulse is taken by palpation near the thumb on the wrist, which artery is felt? A) Brachial artery B) Ulnar artery C) Radial artery D) Palmar arch arteries

c

When the ventricular walls contract, A) the mitral valve opens and the tricuspid valve closes. B) the tricuspid valve opens and the mitral valve closes. C) the mitral and tricuspid valves close. D) the mitral and tricuspid valves open.

c

Which of the following correctly matches the valve to its function? A) Tricuspid valve-permits one-way blood flow from the right to the left atrium B) Pulmonary valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta C) Mitral valve-permits one-way blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle D) Aortic valve-permits one-way blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary trunk

c

Which of the following helps return blood to the heart? A) Positive intrathoracic pressure B) Valves in the arteries C) Contracting skeletal muscles D) Capillary action

c

Cytotoxic T cells ________. function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized require the double recognition signal of class I MHC plus class II MHC on the target cell in order to function can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

can directly attack and kill other cells of the body

Natural killer (NK) cells ________. A. are a type of phagocyte B. can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated C. are also called cytotoxic T cells D. are cells of the adaptive immune system

can kill cancer cells before the adaptive immune system is activated

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. A. capillaries B. arterioles C. veins D. arteries

capillaries

The condition where fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity compresses the heart and limits its ability to pump blood is called ________. A. angina pectoris B. cardiac tamponade C. pericarditis D. myocardial infarction

cardiac tamponade

Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________. A. blocking the action of calcium B. causing threshold to be reached more quickly C. decreasing heart contractility D. causing a decrease in stroke volume

causing threshold to be reached more quickly

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? A. a decrease in carbon dioxide B. changes in arterial pressure C. a decrease in oxygen levels D. an increase in oxygen levels

changes in arterial pressure; think of scuba diver.

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events? A. opening of the heart valves B. closure of the heart valves C. friction of blood against the chamber walls D. excitation of the sinoatrial (SA) node

closure of the heart valves

Lymphatic vessels: A. collect excess fluid from interstitial spaces. B. drain blood from lymph nodes. C. are part of the venous system. D. are built like arteries.

collect excess fluid from interstitial spaces.

A foramen ovale ________. A. is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus B. is a condition in which the heart valves do not completely close C. is a shallow depression in the interventricular septum D. connects the two atria in the fetal heart

connects the two atria in the fetal heart

In the brain the fluid that filters out of capillaries is highly regulated. You would expect to see ________ feeding the brain. A. sinusoid capillaries, with incomplete basement membrane B. fenestrated capillaries, with thin diaphragms made of extracellular glycoproteins C. metarterioles leading directly to thoroughfare cannels D. continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts

continuous capillaries, with no intercellular clefts

The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________. A. coronary arteries B. fossa ovalis C. coronary veins D. coronary sinus

coronary arteries

Antibody functions include all of the following except ________. A. binding and inactivating chemical toxins released by bacteria or other microorganisms B. linking soluble antigens together so that they fall out of solution C. targeting foreign cells so that complement proteins can cause cellular lysis D. cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched

cross-linking cell-bound antigens on red blood cells when blood types are properly matched

Because net inward pressure in the venular ends of capillaries is less than net outward pressure in the arteriolar ends of capillaries A) more fluid flows into the capillaries than moves out. B) the lymphatic vessels push fluid into the capillaries. C) the pressure in the venules increases. D) more fluid leaves the capillaries than returns.

d

In mitral valve prolapse, the mitral valve A) is missing as a result of abnormal development. B) has an extra cusp. C) bulges into the left atrium during ventricular relaxation. D) bulges into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.

d

In the arterial disease atherosclerosis A) plaque accumulates on the interior walls of arteries. B) blood flow through affected arteries slows. C) risk of a thrombus or embolus forming increases. D) all of the above may happen.

d

Pulse pressure is calculated by A) adding systolic and diastolic pressures. B) multiplying systolic and diastolic pressures. C) subtracting systolic pressure from diastolic pressure. D) subtracting diastolic pressure from systolic pressure.

d

The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is A) AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV bundle B) AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers, SA node C) SA node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, AV bundle D) SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers

d

The heart pumps about ____ liters of blood a day and contracts about _____ times in a lifetime. A) 1,000 liters; 1 billion B) 1,200 liters; 2 billion C) 3,000 liters; 2 billion D) 7,000 liters; 2.5 billion

d

When smooth muscles in the walls of the arteries are stimulated to contract A) peripheral resistance decreases. B) viscosity increases. C) blood pressure decreases. D) blood pressure increases.

d

Which of the following is most life threatening? A) Atrial flutter B) Ventricular flutter C) Atrial fibrillation D) Ventricular fibrillation

d

Which of the following is not a factor that increases risk of developing atherosclerosis? A) A diet high in unsaturated fats B) Tobacco smoking C) Lack of physical exercise D) Low blood pressure

d

Which of the following is not a normal response to physical exercise? A) Increased heart rate B) Increased ventricular contraction C) Increased blood flow to the skeletal muscles D) Increased blood flow to the abdominal viscera

d

Which type of blood vessel holds the greatest volume of blood? A) Artery B) Arteriole C) Capillary D) Vein

d

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. A. an inadequate supply of lactic acid B. decreased delivery of oxygen C. a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production D. a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways

decreased delivery of oxygen

If a person were to have substantial blood loss you would expect to see all of the following physiological events to occur except one. Select the least likely response to substantial blood loss. A. increased peripheral resistance B. increased vasomotor tone C. decreased heart rate D. a weak, thread pulse

decreased heart rate

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. A. increased incidence of coronary artery disease B. increased damage to blood vessel endothelium C. decreased size of the heart muscle D. increased work of the left ventricle

decreased size of the heart muscle

Reduction in the concentration of albumin in blood plasma would alter capillary exchange by ________. A. increasing hydrostatic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases B. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and blood volume, blood pressure increases C. increasing hydrostatic pressure and edema will occur D. decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur

decreasing colloid osmotic pressure and edema will occur. Less H2O will be attracted to Albumin causing H2O retention.

Membrane attack complex (MAC) kills by ________. providing a passage for antibodies to enter into the bacterial cytosol allowing the organelles to spill free from the bacteria disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane penetrating the capsule of the bacteria giving antibiotic drugs access to bacterial cells

disrupting the selectively permeability of a bacteria's plasma membrane

Monoclonal antibodies are used for the diagnosis of all of the following except ________. A. hepatitis B. rabies C. elevated blood glucose D. pregnancy

elevated blood glucose

Arteriolar blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? A. rising blood volume B. increasing stroke volume C. falling blood volume D. increasing heart rate

falling blood volume

Lymph tends to stall inside lymph nodes. This is due to: A. small-diameter spaces within the medulla. B. the large volume of lymph entering the node. C. fewer efferent lymphatic vessels than afferent lymphatic vessels. D. fewer afferent lymphatic vessels than efferent lymphatic vessels.

fewer efferent lymphatic vessels than afferent lymphatic vessels.

Helper T cells ________. A. often function to decrease the immune response B. function in the adaptive immune system activation C. bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin D. release B7 proteins

function in the adaptive immune system activation

Which of the following would not be expected from taking a diuretic drug? A. decreased blood pressure B. greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion C. increased urine output D. lower plasma volume

greater stress on the heart to provide adequate perfusion

Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. haptens ions antibodies reagins

haptens

The primary immune response ________. A. is another name for immunological memory B. occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response C. occurs when memory cells are stimulated D. has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells

Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________. A. cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells B. lacks striations C. has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium D. has more nuclei per cell

has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

Plasma cells ________. are large so that they can envelope their prey by phagocytosis have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum to dispose of ingested pathogens are small so that they slip between endothelial cells of capillaries to fight infection in the surrounding tissues have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)

have a great deal of rough endoplasmic reticulum reflecting the fact that they secrete a tremendous amount of protein (antibody)

Which of the following cells has the largest role and most widespread effect on immunity? B cell helper T cell APC cytotoxic T cell

helper T cell

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A. blood volume and viscosity B. plasma and formed element concentration C. hydrostatic and osmotic pressure D. hydrostatic pressure only

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

In general it is expected that ________. A. osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end B. hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed C. hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed D. hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed

hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed

If a person stands up suddenly from the prone (lying) position they may feel a sudden dizzy or lightheadedness. Which of the following is the least likely physiological response to this situation? A. increasing peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction B. faster heart rate and greater heart contractility C. increased sympathetic output to the heart D. increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart

increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart

A drug that restricts the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) would like result in all of the following physiologic changes but one. Which of the following is the least likely to result from a drug blocking ACE activity? A. lower levels of circulating aldosterone and lowered sodium reabsorption B. increased urine output due to reduction in circulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C. increased thirst and higher blood volume D. decreased peripheral resistance due to decreased vasomotor tone

increased thirst and higher blood volume

Peripheral resistance ________. A. decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel B. increases as blood vessel diameter increases C. increases as blood viscosity increases D. is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals

increases as blood viscosity increases

Blood flow to the skin ________. A. is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells B. increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze C. increases when environmental temperature rises D. is controlled mainly by decreasing pH

increases when environmental temperature rises

Which of the following would not promote filtration from the arteriole end of the capillary bed? A. increasing plasma protein concentration B. increasing blood pressure C. relaxing precapillary sphincters D. reducing hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial fluid

increasing plasma protein concentration

Which of the following would not promote reabsorption from the venous end of the capillary bed? A. decreasing hydrostatic pressure of the blood. B. increasing solute concentration in the plasma of the circulating blood C. reducing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid D. increasing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid

increasing solute concentration in the nearby interstitial fluid

The aortic reflex sends ______________. a. inhibitory impulses to the cardiac center b. excitatory impulses to the cardiac center c. inhibitory impulses to the vasomotor center d. excitatory impulses to the vasomotor center

inhibitory impulses to the vasomotor center

Interferons ________. A. act by increasing the rate of cell division B. are virus-specific, so that an interferon produced against one virus could not protect cells against another virus C. are routinely used in nasal sprays for the common cold D. interfere with viral replication within cells

interfere with viral replication within cells

Fluid enters the lymphatic system directly from the _________. a. blood capillaries b. interstitial space c. lymph-collecting ducts d. lymphatic trunks

interstitial space

Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. A. the hypothalamic "thermostat" B. skin temperature C. intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms D. ADH

intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. A. is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist B. is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons C. causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure D. is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level

is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist. Controlled intrinsically, independent of MAP, sensitive to O2.

Immunocompetence ________. A. occurs in one specific organ of the adaptive immune system B. requires exposure to an antigen C. prevents intercellular communication so that only specific cell types respond to the invader D. is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? A. isovolumetric contraction B. ventricular filling C. isovolumetric relaxation D. ventricular ejection

isovolumetric relaxation

All of the following statements are true of the spleen except: a. it stores platelets. b. it produces red blood cells in the fetus. c. it removes debris and foreign matter from the blood. d. it atrophies after puberty.

it atrophies after puberty.

An advantage of innate immunity is ________. the use of antibodies to cause cell lysis and kill invading cells the specificity of its individual cells which specialize in the removal on one type of antigen the numerous steps in the activation of its cells that can prevent autoimmune disease its barriers that prevent pathogens from entering into the body

its barriers that prevent pathogens from entering into the body

An advantage to adaptive immunity is ________. A. the use of antibodies that cause cell lysis and kill invading cells B. the ability of its individual cells to respond to many different pathogens C. its need for several cells to be activated over several days on first exposure D. its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen

its memory cells that provide quicker, larger and more efficient immune response upon second exposure to an antigen

Which of the following is not a complement activation pathway? lactate pathway lectin pathway alternative pathway classical pathway

lactate pathway

Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________. A. right atrium B. left atrium C. right ventricle D. left ventricle

left atrium

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth? A. ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis B. ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres C. fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum D. ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis

ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue? A. lower heart rate and reduced blood flow B. increased angiogenesis and higher peripheral resistance C. higher peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure D. increased risk of developing atherosclerosis

lower heart rate and reduced blood flow

The velocity of blood flow is ________. A. slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter B. slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest C. slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter D. in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels

lowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? A. heart B. lungs C. kidney D. liver

lungs

Once fluid enters the lymphatic system it is called ________. a. tissue fluid b. blood c. lymph d. plasma

lymph

Which of the following best describes the qualities of most antigens? A. atomic elements that are harmful or toxic B. macromolecules that are foreign to the host C. macromolecules that are produced by the host organism D. atomic elements that are not normally present in the human body

macromolecules that are foreign to the host

Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall monocytes as the most active phagocyte mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas

Regulatory T cells ________. A. decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases B. release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells C. may function in preventing autoimmune reactions D. aid B cells in antibody production

may function in preventing autoimmune reactions

Lymphatic capillaries owe their permeability to the presence of: A. an open end that siphons fluid from the interstitial fluid. B. minivalves in their walls. C. tight junctions between adjacent cells. D. proteins in the lymph fluid.

minivalves in their walls.

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. A. elastic arteries B. arterioles C. capillaries D. muscular arteries

muscular arteries

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________. A. B lymphocytes B. T lymphocytes C. natural killer cells D. pinocytosis

natural killer cells

When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________. A. finding the papillary muscles B. tracing out where the auricles connect C. locating the base D. noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls

noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls

Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. chemotaxis opsonization diapedesis agglutination

opsonization

In general it is expected that ________. A. osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end B. osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed C. hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed D. osmotic pressure will be higher in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end

osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed

Which of the following is associated with passive immunity? A. booster shot of vaccine B. passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus C. exposure to an antigen D. infusion of weakened viruses

passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetus

Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A. cilia B. gastric juice C. phagocytes D. keratin

phagocytes

Innate immune system defenses include ________. phagocytosis T cells plasma cells B cells

phagocytosis

Large clusters of lymph nodes are found near the body surface in all of the following areas except the: a. axillary region. b. popliteal region. c. inguinal region. d. cervical region.

popliteal region.

A series of vessels that connect two capillary beds is a(n) _______. a. anastomosis b. collateral circuit c. portal system d. pulmonary circuit

portal system

Exercise results in skeletal muscles compressing veins which encourages blood to return to the heart. In this scenario, which of the following is correct? A. stroke volume decreases B. venous return decreases C. preload increases D. end diastolic volume (EDV) decreases

preload increases

Which of the following is not a role of activated complement? A. enhancement of inflammation B. opsonization C. insertion of MAC and cell lysis D. prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

prevention of immediate hypersensitivity reactions

Vaccines work by ________. A. providing the necessary antibodies to fight infections B. suppressing inflation to help speed healing C. priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure D. boosting innate immunity with cytokines

priming the adaptive immunity with a relatively harmless primary exposure

B cells respond to the initial antigen challenge by ________. A. immediately producing antigen-specific antibodies B. reducing its size C. producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells D. forming of a large number of cells that are unlike the original B cell

producing progeny cells that include plasma cells and memory cells

Fever ________. decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous

production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting

What is the role of interferon in defense against disease? A. protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses B. activates the inflammatory process C. to kill the bacteria D. activates the complement mechanism

protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

Which vessel(s) of the heart receive(s) blood from the right ventricle? A. aorta B. pulmonary trunk C. venae cavae D. pulmonary veins

pulmonary trunk

Which of the following transports oxygen-rich blood? A. pulmonary trunk B. pulmonary vein C. pulmonary artery D. superior vena cava

pulmonary vein

The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________. A. accommodate a greater volume of blood B. pump blood through a smaller valve C. expand the thoracic cage during diastole D. pump blood with greater pressure

pump blood with greater pressure

Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A. rapid, thready pulse B. increased heart rate C. cold, clammy skin D. rapidly falling blood pressure

rapidly falling blood pressure

Which of the following is characteristic of complete antigens? A. small molecules B. inhibit production of antibodies C. contain many repeating chemical units D. reactivity with an antibody

reactivity with an antibody. (Also immunogenicity)

Isovolumetric contraction ________. A. refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers B. occurs while the atrioventricular (AV) valves are open C. occurs only in people with heart valve defects D. occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close

refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

Long-term mechanisms control blood pressure by: a. regulating vasoconstriction. b. releasing norepinephrine from the adrenal gland. c. regulating blood volume. d. regulating heart rate.

regulating blood volume.

Select the best description of the negative selection process of lymphocyte maturation. removal of lymphocytes that react with "self" cells removal of lymphocytes that fail to recognize "self" cells allowing the survival of lymphocytes that cannot bind to MHC proteins teaching a lymphocyte to recognize "self" from foreign antigens

removal of lymphocytes that react with "self" cells

Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A. neural controls B. renal regulation C. baroreceptor-initiated reflexes D. chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes

renal regulation

Which of the following is not a function of the inflammatory response? sets the stage for repair processes prevents the spread of the injurious agent to nearby tissue replaces injured tissues with connective tissue disposes of cellular debris and pathogens

replaces injured tissues with connective tissue

Clonal selection of B cells ________. A. results in the formation of plasma cells B. only occurs in the secondary immune response C. cannot occur in the presence of antigens D. occurs during fetal development

results in the formation of plasma cells

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. A. left side of the head and neck B. left upper arm C. myocardium of the heart D. right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

right side of the head and neck and right upper arm (brachiocephalic trunk)

To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the ________. A. fifth right intercostal space B. second intercostal space to the left of the sternum C. second intercostal space to the right of the sternum D. fifth intercostal space inferior to the left nipple

second intercostal space to the right of the sternum

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. A. any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally B. always fatal C. the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis D. shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. A. significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius B. significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter C. the only factor that influences resistance D. insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary

significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. A. continuous capillaries B. fenestrated capillaries C. metarterioles D. sinusoid capillaries

sinusoid capillaries: most preamble; found in liver, bone marrow, spleen.

These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey." A. fenestrations B. thoroughfare channels C. anastomoses D. sinusoids

sinusoids

Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate? A. age B. skin color C. gender D. body temperature

skin color

During contraction of heart muscle cells ________. A. calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated B. all of the calcium required for contraction comes from storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum C. some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores D. the action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions

some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores

The ______ is the largest lymphoid organ. A. lymph node B. spleen C. thymus D. tonsil

spleen

The largest lymph organ in the human body is the _______. a. liver b. spleen c. thymus d. intestine

spleen

While auscultating heart sounds during a checkup, Andy's doctor hears a high-pitched sound during ventricular contraction. Which type of valve could cause this? A. stenotic aortic semilunar valve B. insufficient mitral (bicuspid) valve C. incompetent tricuspid valve D. deficient pulmonary semilunar valve

stenotic aortic semilunar valve

Which of the following is least involved in pulmonary circulation? A. superior vena cava B. right ventricle C. left atrium D. pulmonary arteries and veins

superior vena cava

The pulse pressure is ________.

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________. A. tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action B. it would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation C. contractions would last as long as the refractory period D. pacemaker cells would cease to spontaneously depolarize

tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action

All of the following statements are true of most lymph tissues except: a. they house lymphocytes and macrophages. b. they are largely composed of reticular connective tissue. c. they are the site of lymphocyte proliferation. d. the B lymphocytes are able to secrete antigens into the blood.

the B lymphocytes are able to secrete antigens into the blood.

Lymphatic capillaries are absent from: a. the central nervous system. b. bones. c. teeth. d. all of the above.

the central nervous system, bones, teeth.

Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________. A. the dural sinus reflex B. chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide C. nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers D. renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction

the dural sinus reflex

A flu vaccine is needed seasonally to be effective but a polio vaccine is only needed once. The best explanation of this is ________. A. exposure to flu vaccine produces no memory cells from proliferating B-lymphocytes B. the polio virus is substantially weaker than the flu virus C. the flu vaccine is substantially weaker than the polio vaccine D. the flu has several strains that change seasonally

the flu has several strains that change seasonally

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________. A. parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate B. the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute C. the atrioventricular (AV) node would become the pacemaker of the heart D. the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract

the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute

A vaccine is effective because ________. the vaccine contains the antibodies necessary to fight infection the vaccine contains the lymphocytes necessary to fight infection the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient the primary response B-lymphocytes are unable to mount an immune response the first time they are exposed to a new pathogen

the secondary response of the adaptive immunity is faster and more efficient the primary response

During exercise, which of the following would occur on an electrocardiogram (ECG) compared to an individual at rest? A. the S-T segment would decrease B. the P-R interval would decrease C. the T wave would decrease D. the time from one R to the R of the next heartbeat would decrease

the time from one R to the R of the next heartbeat would decrease

The thoracic duct receives lymph from _________. a. the upper left body b. the upper right body c. the lower body d. both a and c

the upper left body, the lower body

The pulse rate depends on all of the following except one. Select the one answer the does not affect a pulse rate reading. A. activity B. postural changes C. the vessel selected to palpate D. emotions

the vessel selected to palpate

Which of the following is NOT an age-related change affecting the heart? A. decline in cardiac reserve B. thinning of the valve flaps C. atherosclerosis D. fibrosis of cardiac muscle

thinning of the valve flaps

If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________. A. tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle B. potassium channels compensate and no change in heart rate would occur C. threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase D. heart rate would decrease, but blood pressure would rise due to the excess sodium present

threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase

B cells are found in all of the following except: a. spleen. b. thymus. c. tonsil. d. appendix.

thymus

The lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens is the _______. a. spleen b. thymus c. tonsil d. appendix

thymus

Blind-ended crypts are found in the ________. a. spleen b. thymus c. tonsils d. appendix

tonsils

Tonsils promote memory of pathogens by: A. secreting antibodies into the blood. B. trapping food particles to support bacterial growth. C. trapping pathogens to develop immune cells with memory. D. producing B lymphocytes.

trapping pathogens to develop immune cells with memory.

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. A. tunica externa B. tunica adventitia C. tunica media D. tunica intima

tunica intima

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A. tunica intima B. tunica adventitia C. tunica media D. tunica externa

tunica media

Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. A. urinary output B. activity of skeletal muscles C. venous valves D. pressure changes in the thorax

urinary output

All of the following would be found in large arteries except: a. elastic tissue. b. smooth muscle. c. endothelium. d. valves.

valves

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A. hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume B. cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels C. vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone D. circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant

vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

The redness and heat of an inflamed area are due to a local hyperemia caused by ________. A. vasodilation B. vasoconstriction C. phagocyte mobilization D. complement production

vasodilation

When does the period of atrial repolarization occur? A. ventricular depolarization B. during the T wave C. ventricular contraction D. during the P wave

ventricular depolarization

The atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed ________. A. by the movement of blood from atria to ventricles B. while the atria are contracting C. when the ventricles are in systole D. when the ventricles are in diastole

when the ventricles are in systole

Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure? A. blood volume B. cardiac output C. white blood cell count D. peripheral resistance

white blood cell count

24. Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells. A) The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle. B) Cardiac muscle cells are innervated by sympathetic, parasympathetic, and somatic nerve fibers so that the nervous system can increase heart rate. C) The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all. D) The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction.

C) The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.

8. The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________. A) pericarditis B) myocardial infarct C) angina pectoris D) ischemia

C) angina pectoris

14. In general it is expected that ________. A) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end B) hydrostatic pressure will rise as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed C) hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed D) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed

C) hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed

4. If a person stands up suddenly from the prone (lying) position they may feel a sudden dizzy or lightheadedness. Which of the following is the least likely physiological response to this situation? A) increased sympathetic output to the heart B) faster heart rate and greater heart contractility C) increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart D) increasing peripheral resistance due to vasoconstriction

C) increased parasympathetic nerve impulses to the heart

5. A drug that restricts the activity of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) would like result in all of the following physiologic changes but one. Which of the following is the least likely to result from a drug blocking ACE activity? A) decreased peripheral resistance due to decreases vasomotor tone B) lower levels of circulating aldosterone and lowered sodium reabsorption C) increased thirst and higher blood volume D) increased urine output due to reduction in circulating antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

C) increased thirst and higher blood volume

32. Blood flow to the skin ________. A) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells B) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH C) increases when environmental temperature rises D) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze

C) increases when environmental temperature rises

12. Which of the following would not promote filtration from the arteriole end of the capillary bed? A) increasing blood pressure B) reducing hydrostatic pressure within the interstitial fluid C) increasing plasma protein concentration D) relaxing precapillary sphincters

C) increasing plasma protein concentration

31. Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. A) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level B) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons C) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist D) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure

C) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist

58. Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels causing vasodilation? A) heart B) kidney C) lungs D) liver

C) lungs

24. The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. A) elastic arteries B) arterioles C) muscular arteries D) capillaries

C) muscular arteries

22. When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________. A) tracing out where the auricles connect B) locating the base C) noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls D) finding the papillary muscles

C) noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls

27. Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A) increased heart rate B) cold, clammy skin C) rapidly falling blood pressure D) rapid, thready pulse

C) rapidly falling blood pressure

30. Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes B) neural controls C) renal regulation D) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes

C) renal regulation

9. In red bone marrow newly formed blood cells enter the circulation. You would expect to see many ________ type of capillaries in red bone marrow. A) metarterioles B) continuous capillaries C) sinusoid capillaries D) fenestrated capillaries

C) sinusoid capillaries

50. Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________. A) nervous control that operates via reflex arcs involving baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and higher brain centers B) chemical controls such as atrial natriuretic peptide C) the dural sinus reflex D) renal regulation via the renin-angiotensin system of vasoconstriction

C) the dural sinus reflex

43. Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. A) tunica externa B) tunica adventitia C) tunica intima D) tunica media

C) tunica intima

35. Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A) tunica externa B) tunica adventitia C) tunica media D) tunica intima

C) tunica media

34. When does the period of atrial repolarization occur? A) during the T wave B) ventricular contraction C) ventricular depolarization D) during the P wave

C) ventricular depolarization

21. The atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed ________. A) when the ventricles are in diastole B) while the atria are contracting C) when the ventricles are in systole D) by the movement of blood from atria to ventricles

C) when the ventricles are in systole

19. Which of the following would have the least influence on blood pressure? A) peripheral resistance B) cardiac output C) white blood cell count D) blood volume

C) white blood cell count

Sinusoids are a highly modified form of these vessels. a. Arteries b. Arterioles c. Venules d. Capillaries

Capillaries

The exchange between blood vessels and cells occurs here. a. Arterioles b. Capillaries c. Arteries d. All of the above

Capillaries

These are the smallest blood vessels in our body. a. Venules b. Srterioles c. Capillaries d. Venous sinuses

Capillaries

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A. Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. B. Blood flow to the kidneys increases. C. Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. D. The skin will be cold and clammy.

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

Which of the following helps force fluids out of the blood into the tissues? a. Colloid osmotic pressure b. Capillary hydrostatic pressure c. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure d. Interstitial osmotic pressure

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute is called: a. stroke volume. b. cardiac output. c. cardiac reserve. d. end diastolic volume.

Cardiac output.

Pulmonary trunk:

Carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs.

Pulmonary vein:

Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.

These structures prevent prolapse of the atrioventricular valves. a. Chordae tendineae b. Crista terminalis c. Trabeculae carneae d. Intercalated discs

Chordae tendineae

Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A. Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. B. Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens. C. Class I MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of almost all body cells. D. MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers.

Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens.

Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes? A. Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shuts. B. Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. C. Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. D. Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.

Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.

Radial artery:

Common site to take the pulse.

Deoxygenated blood from the myocardium enters the right atrium through the: a. cardiac veins. b. coronary arteries. c. coronary sinus. d. superior vena cava

Coronary sinus

Activated T cells and macrophages release ________ to mobilize immune cells and attract other leukocytes into the area. Interleukin 2 proteins Cytokines Interleukin 1 proteins Perforins

Cytokines

48. Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? A) 140/90 B) 110/60 C) 120/80 D) 170/96

D) 170/96

28. Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A) Blood flow to the kidneys increases. B) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. C) The skin will be cold and clammy. D) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

D) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

16. Which of the following is most likely to occur in the arteriovenous shuts present in the blood vessels of the finger tips and toes? A) Exercise will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. B) Warmer temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts. C) Colder temperatures will result in vasodilation in the arteriovenous shuts. D) Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.

D) Colder temperatures will result in vasoconstriction in the arteriovenous shuts.

23. Which of the following statements regarding the hepatic portal system is false? A) Its major vessels are the superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric, and splenic veins. B) It consists of a vein connecting two capillary beds together. C) It carries nutrients, toxins, and microorganisms to the liver for processing. D) It branches off of the inferior vena cava.

D) It branches off of the inferior vena cava.

39. The term ductus venosus refers to ________. A) damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins B) a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity C) a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs D) a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

D) a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

3. During a marathon which of the following hormones is least likely to be released by the runner? A) epinephrine B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) C) angiotensin II D) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

D) atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

20. Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart? A) sinoatrial (SA) node B) atrioventricular (AV) node C) bundle branches D) atrioventricular (AV) valve

D) atrioventricular (AV) valve

26. Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________. A) has more nuclei per cell B) lacks striations C) cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells D) has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

D) has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

54. Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________. A) skin temperature B) ADH C) the hypothalamic "thermostat" D) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

D) intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms

7. A person suddenly gaining significant amounts of adipose tissue can expect all of the following physiological changes except one. Which of the following is least likely to occur with a sudden and significant gain in adipose tissue? A) increased angiogenesis and higher peripheral resistance B) higher peripheral resistance and higher blood pressure C) increased risk of developing atherosclerosis D) lower heart rate and reduced blood flow

D) lower heart rate and reduced blood flow

15. In general it is expected that ________. A) hydrostatic pressure will remain constant throughout the capillary bed B) osmotic pressure will be higher in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end C) osmotic pressure will be lower in the arteriole end of the capillary bed compared to the venous end D) osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed

D) osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed

53. A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the ________. A) left upper arm B) myocardium of the heart C) left side of the head and neck D) right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

D) right side of the head and neck and right upper arm

46. These capillaries may be lined with phagocytes that can extend their process into the plasma to catch "prey." A) fenestrations B) anastomoses C) thoroughfare channels D) sinusoids

D) sinusoids

12. Which of the following factors does NOT influence heart rate? A) gender B) body temperature C) age D) skin color

D) skin color

38. While auscultating heart sounds during a checkup, Andy's doctor hears a high-pitched sound during ventricular contraction. Which type of valve could cause this? A) incompetent tricuspid valve B) deficient pulmonary semilunar valve C) insufficient mitral (bicuspid) valve D) stenotic aortic semilunar valve

D) stenotic aortic semilunar valve

26. The pulse pressure is ________. A) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure B) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure C) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure) D) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

D) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

35. During exercise, which of the following would occur on an electrocardiogram (ECG) compared to an individual at rest? A) the T wave would decrease B) the P-R interval would decrease C) the S-T segment would decrease D) the time from one R to the R of the next heartbeat would decrease

D) the time from one R to the R of the next heartbeat would decrease

47. Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. A) venous valves B) activity of skeletal muscles C) pressure changes in the thorax D) urinary output

D) urinary output

Which of the following is not a type of capillary? a. Fenestrated b. Sinusoidal c. Continuous d. Distributing

Distributing

Subclavian vein:

Drains an upper extremity, a deep vein.

External jugular vein:

Drains the scalp.

Circulatory shock :

Due to inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs; blood vessels are inadequately filled & blood cannot circulate normally.

Hypovolemic shock :

Due to large-scale blood loss; blood volume is lowered.

The aorta receives the full force of blood exiting the heart during ventricular systole. Which of the following statements best describes the adaptive anatomy of the aorta? A. The aorta's tunica media is thick with dense regular connective tissue to withstand the blood's pressure. B. Smooth muscle is relatively thin in the aorta to increase lumen size and systemic blood flow. C. The tunica external of the aorta is nearly absent compared to other vessels. D. Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.

Elastic fibers are extensive in the tunica media of the aorta and dampen the pulse pressure generated by the heart.

Memory cell:

Enables quick and efficient response to secondary exposure to antigen

The most important factor for stretching cardiac muscle is: a. heart rate. b. end systolic volume. c. end diastolic volume. d. stroke volume.

End diastolic volume.

Hypertension can decrease cardiac output by directly causing an increase in: a. end systolic volume. b. end diastolic volume. c. stroke volume. d. all three volumes above.

End systolic volume.

Why would removal of lymph vessels from the right axillary region cause edema in the right arm? A. Excess blood plasma builds up in regions where there are no lymph vessels. B. Surgery always results in tissue swelling. C. Blood is inefficiently circulated in areas where surgery has occurred. D. Both b and c are true.

Excess blood plasma builds up in regions where there are no lymph vessels.

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. A. Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. B. Excess albumen transport protein production would decrease blood pressure. C. An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery. D. Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas.

Excess red blood cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.