BIO 172 Pre-Questions

Which is true of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)? A. They are released by the hypothalamus B. They are produced by both males and females C. They are produced by female gonads D. They are present in newborn females E. None of the above

B. They are produced by both males and females

Olfactory receptors are be described as A. unspecialized receptors, each of which can detect any odor by sending a different signal to an olfactory neuron, depending on which odor is detected B. chemoreceptors C. gustatory receptors D. directly connecting to the cerebrum E. nociceptors

B. chemoreceptors

According to researcher Kelly Lambert who authored this study, the results are consistent with the view that A. rats lack neuroplasticity but instead learn through hormonal plasticity B. most animals are smarter, in unique ways, than we think C. rats have the potential to dominate over humans as they learn to master human technologies D. rats are smarter than most other animals E. none of the above

B. most animals are smarter, in unique ways, than we think

The structure shown here, which is being used to grow corals for outplanting onto degraded reefs, is referred to as a A. garden B. tree C. telephone pole D. incubator E. ark

B. tree

Which of the following has NOT been proposed? A. light-sensitive chemical-based magnetoreception B. magnetoreception via electromagnetic induction C. a hemoglobin-based magnetoreceptor D. a magnetite-based magnetoreceptor

C. a hemoglobin-based magnetoreceptor

In the article, the term "assisted evolution" refers to A. humans modifying the climate, which promotes corals to evolve in unnatural ways B. humans planting diverse "gardens" of corals in order to allow for survival of the best-adapted species C. humans breeding corals in the lab that are more tolerant of higher temperatures D. humans using artificial methods such as fasteners to secure coral pieces onto degraded reefs when they otherwise would have drifted off the degraded reefs E. none of the above

C. humans breeding corals in the lab that are more tolerant of higher temperatures

Which type of hormone can diffuse across cell membranes? A. protein-derived hormones B. peptide-derived hormones C. lipid-derived hormones D. amino acid derived hormones E. two of the above

C. lipid-derived hormones

What helps Arctic fires persist, even in wet conditions? A. vegetation disturbance by caribou B. repeated lightning strikes to the same location C. methane D. lichens are easily ignited even when wet E. carbon dioxide

C. methane

Which of the following is not detected through somatosensation? A. physical contact with an external object B. pain C. music D. heat E. stretching of skin or muscle

C. music

whale fecal plumes are A. a source of carbon dioxide B. a source of noxious gasses C. released into the photic zone D. similar in function to ink released by squid E. none of the above

C. released into the photic zone

According to the video, which is an effect of vertical mixing of the water column that is promoted by whales? A. It confuses fish predators, allowing more fish to survive and thereby increasing fish populations B. It reduces carbon dioxide in the water by promoting increases in dissolved oxygen, thereby creating a more favorable habitat for phytoplankton C. It makes surface waters cooler by blending in cold waters from deeper depths, helping to reduce disease incidence among fish D. It helps keep phytoplankton in the photic zone for a longer period of time, providing more opportunity for the phytoplankton to grow E. It allows fecal plumes to blend more effectively with deeper waters, thereby decreasing the toxicity of the fecal plumes

D. It helps keep phytoplankton in the photic zone for a longer period of time, providing more opportunity for the phytoplankton to grow

Match the following events with their correct chronological order from 1 (earliest) to 5 (most recent). 1. Work to reverse desertification on Kaho'olawe select 2. Kaho'olawe is listed on the National Register of Historic Places select 3. Ranching causes soil loss and erosion on Kaho'olawe select 4. Kaho'olawe is used as a bombing range select 5. Introduction of goats on Kaho'olawe

First 5. Introduction of goats on Kaho'olawe 3. Ranching causes soil loss and erosion on Kaho'olawe 4. Kaho'olawe is used as a bombing range 2. Kaho'olawe is listed on the National Register of Historic Places 1. Work to reverse desertification on Kaho'olawe

which plant being utilized for restoration has a seed that can "corkscrew" into the ground? A. coconut trees B. pili grass C. Bermuda grass D. kiawe E. koa

B. pili grass

The Scope of Ecology Match the following units of ecological study with correct numerical rankings from (1) smallest scale (most specific) up to (5) largest scale (most inclusive) 1. Organism 2. Population 3. Community 4. Ecosystem 5. Biosphere

1. Organism 2. Population select 3. Community select 4. Ecosystem select 5. Biosphere

Glia Match the glial cell types to their functions A. protect neurons from foreign invaders B. transfer nutrients from capillaries to neurons C. surrounds axon forming a myelin sheath D. line ventricles of the brain helping to produce cerebrospinal fluid 1. Astrocyte 2. Microglia 3. Schwann cell 4. Ependymal cells

1:B, 2:A, 3:C, 4:D

The Central Nervous System2 Match parts of the mammal CNS with major functions A. communication between left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum B. coordinating movement C. processes memory formation D. regulates emotion E. information superhighway connecting the brain with the body F. speech / decision-making / personality 1. frontal lobe of cerebrum 2. limbic system 3. cerebellum 4. hippocampus 5. corpus callosum 6. spinal cord

1:F, 2:D, 3:B, 4:C, 5:A, 6:E

What multi-national initiative was promoted to combat desertification? A. The Great Green Wall B. Redirecting of the Suez Canal C. Damming of the Nile River D. Harnessing of water vapor form Lake Victoria to increase cloud cover and precipitation E. None of the above

A. The Great Green Wall

Which is true of neurons that deliver a signal to your heart, causing it to slow down? A. They are part of the parasympathetic nervous system B. They are part of the spinal cord C. They are part of the sympathetic nervous system D. They are part of the sensory-somatic nervous system E. They are motor neurons

A. They are part of the parasympathetic nervous system

According to the article, why did caribou populations drop by 50% in the last year? A. Vegetation changes have led to scarcity of lichens, their main food supply B. Predator populations have increased in response to warming, resulting in rapid declines of caribou C. A warming climate has allowed pathogens to flourish, leading to the death of many caribou D. Many caribou were directly killed by raging fires that rapidly spread across the Arctic E. None of the above

A. Vegetation changes have led to scarcity of lichens, their main food supply

Nociceptors allow you to detect A. corrosive chemicals on your skin B. music C. a mosquito landing on your skin D. cold when you grab an item out of a refrigerator

A. corrosive chemicals on your skin

In this video, which is an example of a strategy being used to facilitate plant restoration? A. creating wind barriers B. planting seeds deep into the ground C. planting seeds along stream banks so that they have access to water D. clearing away competing plants so the planted seedlings have more access to sunlight E. all of the above

A. creating wind barriers

Which of the following hormones will bind to receptors on the surface of target cells? A. growth hormone B. testosterone C. estradiol D. steroid hormones E. cortisol

A. growth hormone

The dog's response to belly scratching, as discussed in this article is best described as A. involuntary B. learned C. playful D. friendly E. immature

A. involuntary

According to the video, as whales declined, which of the following declined? A. krill B. coral C. whale predators D. dolphins E. sea turtles

A. krill

During a "fight or flight" response (short-term stress response), which of the following mechanisms promote release of epinephrine? A. neural stimuli B. hormonal stimuli C. humoral stimuli D. metabolic stimuli E. none of the above

A. neural stimuli

Which nervous system disorder is associated with death of neurons in the hippocampus? A. Parkinson's disease B. Alzheimer's disease C. Huntington's disease D. Spinocerebellar ataxia E. None of the above

B. Alzheimer's disease

Which is true of hormonal regulation of blood osmolarity? A. ADH causes increased urine volume B. Blood osmolarity is sensed by the hypothalamus, which releases a hormone via the posterior pituitary gland if osmolarity is too high C. Blood osmlarity is sensed by the kidneys, which release a hormone if osmolarity is too high D. Stretch receptors in the bladder detect low blood osmolarity, leading to release of ADH from the adrenal gland, which increases osmolarity E. Stretch receptors in tubules of the kidney detect low blood osmolarity, leading to release of ADH from the adrenal gland, which increases osmolarity

B. Blood osmolarity is sensed by the hypothalamus, which releases a hormone via the posterior pituitary gland if osmolarity is too high

If a resting neuron were to suddenly open sodium channels in its cell membrane, which of the following would be an expected outcome? A. Both sodium and potassium cations would enter the cell through the sodium channels B. The cell's membrane potential would move from around -70 mV to become closer to zero or become positive C. Sodium would rapidly leave the neuron through the open sodium channels D. neurotransmitters could enter though the sodium channels E. sudden opening of sodium channels would cause increased pressure inside the cell, possibly causing the cell to burst

B. The cell's membrane potential would move from around -70 mV to become closer to zero or become positive

Which of the following is true about sensing taste in humans? A. Taste is detected by receptors that are only located at the back end (posterior end) of the tongue B. There are five main tastes, each of which has one type of receptor C. Tastes are transmitted to the brain via glomeruli D. Tastes and smells are sensed by te same receptors E. umami taste detectors allow us to detect foods rich in fats

B. There are five main tastes, each of which has one type of receptor

According to the article, why are smouldering fires a greater threat to the Earth's climate than fast-moving fires with large flames? A. They reach much higher temperatures, leading to production of toxic gasses like nitric oxide B. They burn much deeper and for much longer, releasing more carbon dioxide C. They kill more wildlife, leading to release of more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere D. They simultaneously released carbon dioxide AND melt ice, washing additional carbon particulates into streams where they later enter the atmosphere through evaporation E. They result in incomplete burns, which encourages the growth of carbon-releasing fungi, which then promote the growth of lichens that emit more carbon dioxide

B. They burn much deeper and for much longer, releasing more carbon dioxide

Which of the following is true of G-proteins? A. They are hormone receptors B. They initiate a cellular response pathway after a lipid-insoluble hormone binds to a receptor C. They are located on the outside of a cell's plasma membrane D. The allow lipid-insoluble hormones to enter cells E. None of the above

B. They initiate a cellular response pathway after a lipid-insoluble hormone binds to a receptor

The dog's response, as discussed in this article is best described as A. dangerous B. adaptive C. male behavior D. exercise E. none of the above

B. adaptive

According to the video, an approach being used in the Pacific to reduce erosion associated with agriculture is A. creating terraces on steep slopes B. adding plantings of tees that provide food and environmental benefits C. using modern machines to plow soil rather than less efficient manual labor D. introducing new varieties of crops that have been bred with genetic engineering E. none of the above

B. adding plantings of tees that provide food and environmental benefits

According to the video, how can whales help reduce climate warming associated with human activities? A. by helping to transport deep, cooler waters to the ocean surface, thereby helping to decrease air temperatures B. by promoting the growth of phytoplankton, which can then sink, trapping carbon on the ocean floor C. by consuming phytoplankton, thereby helping to ensure that surface waters do not turn green, which would reflect more heat back into the atmosphere D. by releasing carbon dioxide in fecal plumes E. by sequestering carbon in their giant skeletons

B. by promoting the growth of phytoplankton, which can then sink, trapping carbon on the ocean floor

Semicircular canals A. detect different pitches of sound B. detect angular acceleration or deceleration C. detect volume of sound D. contain a basilar membrane E. none of the above

B. detect angular acceleration or deceleration

Which of he following is NOT and expected short-term response to stress? A. release of a hormone from the adrenal medulla B. glucose uptake by liver cells C. increased heart rate D. dilating of bronchioles in the lungs E. increased blood supply to skeletal muscles

B. glucose uptake by liver cells

According to the reading, which of the following is reasonable way forward to conserve the Amazon forest? A. "internationalizing" the Amazon B. improving economic security C. policies that undermine the ecosystem services D. reduced farming E. all of the above

B. improving economic security

According to the article, burning that removes intact trees in the Amazon will A. increase seed germination on the forest floor B. increase drying, potentially promoting transformation of burned rainforest to savanna C. increase the abundance of dung beetles, which act as seed predators reducing seedling diversity D. promote the spread of vines that may smother remaining vegetation. E. none of the above

B. increase drying, potentially promoting transformation of burned rainforest to savanna

Which of the following is in correct chronological order? A. increasing progesterone, ovulation, follicle maturation B. ovulation, increasing progesterone, growth of the uterine lining C. menstruation, development of the corpus luteum, ovulation D. peak in estradiol, menstruation, ovulation E. follicle growth, peak in progesterone release, ovulation

B. ovulation, increasing progesterone, growth of the uterine lining

The video shows how farmers are adapting to infrequent rains by A. planting more cacti and succulent plants B. planting in half-moon shaped holes C. raising more livestock rather than depending on plants as crops D. mixing soil with charcoal to add water holding capacity E. none of the above

B. planting in half-moon shaped holes

Which part of the vertebrate eye has the ability to detect light? A. iris B. rod cells C. bipolar cells D. cornea E. lens

B. rod cells

Which is a form of sexual reproduction? A. parthenogenesis B. self fertilization C. fission D. budding E. none of the above are methods of sexual reproduction

B. self fertilization

As water flows through a stream from the headwaters to its exit point (typically lake or ocean) A. the water usually becomes colder B. the water usually becomes more turbid C. aquatic predators usually become less abundant D. the water usually becomes more oxygenated E. none of the above

B. the water usually becomes more turbid

In order to facilitate navigation, all of the following components of a magnetic field might be sensed by an animal except for: A. intensity B. wavelength C. inclination D. declination

B. wavelength

Which of the following is NOT encoded in signals sent by the sensory system to the central nervous system? E the location of the stimulus in the receptive field A. the type of stimulus B. whether the stimulus is desirable or undesirable C. the duration of the stimulus D. the relative intensity of the stimulus

B. whether the stimulus is desirable or undesirable

Which nervous system disorder is four time more likely in males than in females? A. Down Syndrome B. Parkinson's Disease C. Autism spectrum disorder D. Schizophrenia E. None of the above

C. Autism spectrum disorder

Why is fire frequency increasing in the arctic and taiga/boreal, in comparison to the historic fire frequency? A. The temperature of dark rocky substrates in the region is magnified by increasing solar radiation, leading to more ignitions from solar radiation B. Increasing hurricane frequency in the region has led to more lightning storms, leading to more fires C. Climate warming in the Arctic has been associated with increased drying and more lightning, which has increased fire frequency D. Gas pipelines, which have been constructed throughout this region, frequently have small leaks, which can easily ignite E. None of the above

C. Climate warming in the Arctic has been associated with increased drying and more lightning, which has increased fire frequency

If a gene coding for a Mam protein were discovered in humans, which of the following inferences would be most logical? A. Humans acquired the protein from birds B. Humans have similar migratory instincts to birds C. Humans might be able to synthesize magnetite D. Humans can perceive magnetic fields E. Humans use bacteria to detect magnetic fields

C. Humans might be able to synthesize magnetite

Which of the following is true? A. Considering a pair of communicating neurons. the neuron receiving the signal is called the presynaptic neuron B. There are three types of synapses: chemical, electrical, and magnetic C. Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters; these vesicles can fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft D. Release of calcium in dendrites causes dendrites to release neurotransmitters into the axonal cleft E. Neurotransmitters always have excitatory effects on the post-synaptic membrane

C. Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters; these vesicles can fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft

Which of the following is a reasonable conclusion based on the reading? A. Birds are more likely to detect electromagnetism than sea turtles B. Theoretical considerations dictate that magnetoreceptors should be searched for mainly within an organism's head, rather than in other parts of the body C. The ability of animals to detect magnetic fields probably does not rely on a one type of receptor or one mechanism D. Humans indeed possess an active perception of the Earth's magnetic field E. Understanding magnetoreception in animals will require more focused knowledge derived from a specialized discipline

C. The ability of animals to detect magnetic fields probably does not rely on a one type of receptor or one mechanism

A violent blow to which part of the human head would be most likely to cause visual impairment? A. front (forehead) B. top C. back D. left side E. right side

C. back

In a mammalian ear, auditory receptors send signals to the auditory nerve in response to A. squeezing of the cochlea B. changes in fluid pressure in the cochlea C. bending of hairs on sensory cells D. stretching of the cochlea E. unwinding of the basilar membrane

C. bending of hairs on sensory cells

Why might we expect cows to experience grief ? A. Charles Darwin devised clever experiments that allowed him to directly experience the cow's emotions B. Charles Darwin trained cows to communicate with gestures, allowing the cows to convey their feelings to him C. cow and human brains have similar emotional processing centers D. cows produce tears when their relatives die or go missing E. cows produce facial expressions that match facial expressions of grieving humans

C. cow and human brains have similar emotional processing centers

If black smoke particulates are deposited on ice in the Arctic, which of the following is a possible effect mentioned in the article? A. increasing acidity of water in melting ice B. more rapid growth of lichens C. decreasing albedo, which could lead to more heat absorption and faster climate warming D. increased pollution of water as ice melts, contaminating the water table E. darkening of the fur of various Arctic mammals, such as polar bears, as camouflage is important for these animals survival and natural selection will lead to a shift in fur color to better match these organisms' habitat

C. decreasing albedo, which could lead to more heat absorption and faster climate warming

According to this article, desertification is A. caused by melting of the polar ice caps B. caused by increasing densities of human populations living in deserts C. degradation of dry land ecosystems by human activities and climate change D. causing around 100,000 deaths per year globally E. none of the above

C. degradation of dry land ecosystems by human activities and climate change

When an action potential is sent down the axon of a neuron, which of the following takes place? A. change in temperature of the neuron's cytoplasm B. release of a neurotransmitter by the axon hillock C. depolarization of the cell membrane along the axon D. simultaneous closing of sodium and potassium ion channels along the axon E. build up of ATP outside the axon

C. depolarization of the cell membrane along the axon

Net primary productivity A. is a measure of the amount of solar energy received by an area across a time interval. B. is measured by the amount of plant material consumed by animals in an area across a time interval C. is measured as the amount of carbon that has been fixed by producers and stored as biomass in an area across a time interval D. is usually unrelated to abiotic conditions in an environment E. is measured as the amount of carbon that has been fixed by producers and allocated towards respiration in an area across a time interval

C. is measured as the amount of carbon that has been fixed by producers and stored as biomass in an area across a time interval

A neuron's resting membrane potential A. is the maximum amount of time that a neuron can stay dormant B. is the change in electrical potential that would be realized if a neuron were to become inactivated C. is the electrical potential of a neuron that is not transmitting a signal or being stimulated D. is the amount of stimulation required to activate a neuron E. will be a positive electrical potential

C. is the electrical potential of a neuron that is not transmitting a signal or being stimulated

A duck reproduces by A. viviparity B. ovoviparity C. oviparity D. spawning E. external fertilization

C. oviparity

Which of the following is not involved in the process of human childbirth (labor)? A. prostaglandins B. posterior pituitary C. progesterone D. positive feedback E. cervix F. oxytocin

C. progesterone

Which of the following occurs when a photoreceptor is exposed to light? A. retinal is broken down B. rhodopsin is broken down C. sodium channels in the membrane of the photoreceptor cell will close D. the photoreceptor cell will become depolarized E. rhodopsin will be formed by the fusion of an opsin and retinal

C. sodium channels in the membrane of the photoreceptor cell will close

Which two factors are most important in predicting the distribution of organisms in terrestrial environments across the Earth? A. oxygen and carbon dioxide B. wind and soil C. temperature and rainfall D. nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide E. storms and earthquakes

C. temperature and rainfall

If black particulates from smoke are deposited onto snow and ice in the Arctic, which of the following is a possible outcome mentioned by the article? A. the melting snow will become acidic, promoting ocean acidification when the water flows into the sea B. the melting snow will release the particles into streams where they will be evaporated, leading to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide C. this could decrease the albedo, increasing heat absorption, resulting increased warming of the climate D. the particles can help lichens colonize the melting ice, potentially providing more food for caribou E. over time, Arctic mammals like polar bears will evolve to have darker fur, since camouflage is important for the success of these animals

C. this could decrease the albedo, increasing heat absorption, resulting increased warming of the climate

Why are the gonads of most male mammals housed in an external sac? A. to allow easier access by females B. to increase oxygen availability to the gonads C. to decrease the temperature of the gonads D. to save space in the main body cavity for other essential organs E. to protect them from pathogens that can infect the male's main body cavity

C. to decrease the temperature of the gonads

During the process of oogenesis, which of the following is true? A. an oocycte will undergo mitosis B. an oogonium will undergo meiosis C. two haploid polar bodies are discarded D. primary oocytes are haploid E. none of the above

C. two haploid polar bodies are discarded

Which of the following is true during the female reproductive cycle in humans? A. The entire cycle is completed in ~ 15 days B. Secretion of GnRH by the hypothalamus is inhibited by high levels of estradiol C. Progesterone causes disintegration of the endometrium D. A spike in LH causes ovulation E. The corpus luteum promotes maturation of a follicle

D. A spike in LH causes ovulation

How do fires in the Arctic differing from fires typical in other biomes like savanna? A. Arctic fires spread more quickly because of strong winds in the Arctic B. Arctic fires often have blueish flames due to the higher carbon content of Arctic vegetation C. Arctic fires occur mainly in winter while fires in other biomes mainly occur in summer D. Arctic fires are often smoldering, rather than having easily visible flames E. Arctic fires produce darker colored smoke because arctic vegetation contains more carbon

D. Arctic fires are often smoldering, rather than having easily visible flames

In the experiment by Spemann and Mangold (which was conducted using an amphibian in 1924), not only did a second notochord form from the transplanted cells, but cells surrounding the transplanted cells also became part of the second notochord. What does this finding suggest about the process of animal (or amphibian) development? A. All cells in an embryo have a defined fate that cannot be changed. B. Having two notochords may be adaptive C. Embryo transplantation experiments are difficult and usually end in failure D. Certain embryonic cells have the ability to induce the differentiation of neighboring cells E. The nervous system controls organogenesis during early embryo development and disruption of this system will lead to abnormalities during development

D. Certain embryonic cells have the ability to induce the differentiation of neighboring cells

Which of the following is characteristic of wetlands? A. Fast moving water B. Deep water C. Low net primary productivity D. Hydrophytic vegetation E. None of the above

D. Hydrophytic vegetation

why should farmers in Brazil be concerned with Amazon deforestation? A. It can lead to increased fire frequency and intensity, which could damage crops and property, and it is dangerous to farmers B. It can lead to increased erosion, which can make land less productive C. It can lead to increased erosion, which clogs rivers and streams, reducing water supplies needed by farmers D. It can lead to decreased rainfall in agricultural heartlands of Brazil E. None of the above

D. It can lead to decreased rainfall in agricultural heartlands of Brazil

Which of the following is concluded from research discussed in this article? A. Older rats have superior driving ability to younger rats. B. Rats prefer cars powered by electrical engines over cars powered by gas engines C. Rats that were coached by humans became better drivers than rats that self-taught rat drivers. D. Learning to drive seemed to relax rats. E. None of the above.

D. Learning to drive seemed to relax rats.

Which is true of cranial nerves? A. They are part of the parasympathetic nervous system B. They are part of the spinal cord C. They are part of the sympathetic nervous system D. They are part of the sensory-somatic nervous system E. They are part of the autonomous nervous system

D. They are part of the sensory-somatic nervous system

Internal fertilizations occurs in organism that have A. viviparity B. ovoviparity C. oviparity D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above

Which endocrine gland secretes various hormones that affect other endocrine glands (tropic hormones), leading to secretion of other hormones? A. parathyroid B. adrenal medulla C. panceas D. anterior pituitary E. pineal gland

D. anterior pituitary

In comparison to peak Brazilian Amazon deforestation rates in 2010-2012, by about how much did the peak deforestation rate increase in 2019? A. around 100% B. around 50% C. around 200% D. around 400% E. around 2000%

D. around 400%

A researcher who studies nutrient cycling in a pond would be best described as studying A. population ecology B. organismal ecology C. community ecology D. ecosystem ecology E. conservation biology

D. ecosystem ecology

According to the article, desertification has major effects on people by A. causing crops to ripen more quickly, leading to spoilage of food B. increasing winds, which has forced adoption of dust masks and other face coverings C. causing heat waves that have killed many villagers D. forcing over 50 million people to migrate to new areas E. causing the death of at least 100 million cattle, leading to a shortage of beef

D. forcing over 50 million people to migrate to new areas

The article identifies all of the following groups as having a magnetic sense except for A. fish B. birds C. mammals D. fungi E. bacteria

D. fungi

Based on this research, mastering new behaviors that seem to benefit an animal decreases an animal's stress level as indicated by A. experiments demonstrating that passenger rats attempted to leave the vehicle when inexperienced rats were placed in the drivers seat of the vehicle. B. the finding the when Fruit Loops cereal rewards were replaced with Cheerios cereal rewards, rats drove their cars in a less direct path towards the reward, perhaps hoping to find Fruit Loops. C. the number of high pitched squeaks recorded while driving. D. hormone levels measured in feces sampled during the driver training period. E. None of the above.

D. hormone levels measured in feces sampled during the driver training period.

An acrosome is a structure A. in eggs that helps present polyspermy B. in eggs that helps attract sperm C. in a sperm cell that helps prevent polyspermy D. in a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate an egg E. in a sperm cell that provides energy that drives the flagellum

D. in a sperm cell that helps the sperm penetrate an egg

Why is this study important? A. It shows that tropical forests are responsible for absorbing enormous amounts of carbon dioxide, thereby helping to reduce global warming B. It shows that patterns of farming in the mid-west United States and other far-away farming regions have altered the climate in major tropical forests on Earth, leading to extended dry seasons C. it shows that increasing tropical deforestation has led to enormous losses of biodiversity, which has left us with fewer genetic resources that could be drawn upon to when selecting future crops that might be adaptable to climate change D. it shows that Earth's tropical forests affect patterns of airflow and moisture, helping to cool the Earth E. it shows how agricultural productivity across the globe can be increased by warming and changing rainfall patterns

D. it shows that Earth's tropical forests affect patterns of airflow and moisture, helping to cool the Earth

Purring by a house cat A. demonstrates that cats are strongly social animals B. indicates a kind of state of sleep C. occurs in adults but not kittens, demonstrating that adult cats can feel happy, but this emotion has not yet developed in kittens D. may promote healing in bones and muscles E. none of the above

D. may promote healing in bones and muscles

In a neuron, rapid changes in membrane potential can be caused by A. gene transcription B. release of hormones C. protein synthesis D. opening or closing of membrane ion channels E. protein degradation

D. opening or closing of membrane ion channels

Rod and cone cells interface with bipolar cells, which in turn deliver action potentials down the optic nerve, which are interpreted as light by the visual cortex of the brain. What is the role of horizontal cells? A. they release extra glutamate, ensuring that action potentials are propagated along the optic nerve B. they produce rhodopsin which is transferred to rod cells C. they hold rod cells in place so that they can provide a steady signal D. they interface with multiple neighboring bipolar cells, inhibiting some of them, thereby helping to sharpen vision E. they integrate signals from the left and right eye, allowing perception of depth

D. they interface with multiple neighboring bipolar cells, inhibiting some of them, thereby helping to sharpen vision

According to the article, how could warming in the Arctic dramatically increase carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere? A. As the Arctic becomes warmer, the human population there will grow, increasing the amount of fossil fuels being used by industries there B. As the Arctic becomes warmer, ice will melt and flow into the sea, and the mixing of freshwater with sea water will transform carbonate buffers in sea water into carbon dioxide C. As the Arctic becomes warmer, vegetation there will grow more slowly, leading to less oxygen production by plants which in turn will cause a change in plant metabolism that leads to more carbon dioxide production to compensate for less oxygen production D. As the Arctic becomes warmer, caribou will continue to die. As their carcasses build up, decomposition of their bodes leads to the release of tremendous quantities of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere E. As the Arctic becomes warmer, permafrost will melt, leading to increased microbial growth and decomposition, releasing into the atmosphere carbon that is stored in layers of permafrost

E. As the Arctic becomes warmer, permafrost will melt, leading to increased microbial growth and decomposition, releasing into the atmosphere carbon that is stored in layers of permafrost

Which of the following is true of gastrulation? A. Four germ layers will develop B. A hollow ball of cells will form at this stage C. The blastula becomes a solid mass of cells D. The mesoderm germ layer will form the nervous system E. Cells of the blastula migrate spatially, resulting in the blastula folding upon itself.

E. Cells of the blastula migrate spatially, resulting in the blastula folding upon itself.

Which of the following is an important implication of atmospheric "teleconnections"? A. Information can quickly be shared between stakeholders around the world, allowing increasingly precise modeling of global climate change B. Information can quickly be shared between stakeholders around the world, and governments are now taking advantage of this information sharing to plan effective responses to climate change C. The discovery of teleconnections has led to more efficient air travel; for example, somewhat unintuitively, some destinations can be reached more quickly via indirect route than via a direct route. D. Deforestation affects the atmosphere many miles above a deforested area, leading to reduced rainfall in the deforested area E. Deforestation caused by humans in one part of the world can impact local climate conditions thousands of miles away

E. Deforestation caused by humans in one part of the world can impact local climate conditions thousands of miles away

A spermatheca A. Is a component of the male reproductive system used to create male gametes B. Is a component of the male reproductive system used to store male gametes C. Is a component of the male reproductive system used to sort viable male gametes from non-viable male gametes D. Is a component of the male reproductive system used to deliver male gametes to females E. Is a component of the female reproductive system used to store male gametes

E. Is a component of the female reproductive system used to store male gametes

What is causing huge fires in the taiga/boreal and arctic biomes? A. Increasing human population density has meant more vehicle traffic; these fires often spread from roadside vehicle accidents B. Humans are deliberately starting the fires in order to clear land for farming C. Humans are deliberately starting the fires due to political unrest D. Recent increases in volcanic activity E. Lightning strikes

E. Lightning strikes

It what way are tropical forests like sweat glands? A. Like sweat glands that can be invaded by unwanted bacteria, tropical forest can be invaded by unwanted weeds B. Like sweat glands that can release foul odors if not carefully managed, tropical forests can release gasses that lead to climate change, but we can reduce this effect through careful forest management C. Sweat glands on our body release copious water which is shed onto our clothes and can drip off our bodies, eventually reaching the ground; similarly, tropical rainforests release water into the ground, maintaining streams and rivers that support a diversity of life D. Sweat glands cover our entire body from head to toe, releasing salt-enriched water; similarly, "bodies" of tropical forest plants are entirely covered with water-releasing glands that release salt-enriched water E. None of the above

E. None of the above

Which of the following nervous system disorder is associated with inability to differentiate between reality and imagination, often leading to delusions A. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder B. Epilepsy C. Major depression D. Parkinson's Disease E. None of the above

E. None of the above

According to the article, about how long does it take Amazon forest to recover after a fire? A. around 3 years B. around 10 years C. around 100 years D. around 500 years E. Scientists don't know

E. Scientists don't know

According to the article, in a coral, which of the following occurs when its symbiotic algae are rejected? A. acidification B. detatchment C. shrinkage D. predation E. bleaching

E. bleaching

Which of the following is not a possible advantage of asexual reproduction? A. larger initial size of offspring allows higher offspring survival rate B. one individual colonist can start a new population C. no need to invest energy in copulatory organs or gametes D. offspring could be uniformly successful in a stable, suitable environment E. chromosomal recombination increases offspring vigor

E. chromosomal recombination increases offspring vigor

Researchers believe that snorting in horses A. is a mechanism to clear dust from the nostrils B. is a mechanism to expel pathogens C. communicates aggression between rival males D. is typically expressed as a series of short and long bursts because these bursts run together similar to Morse code to produce words that horses use to communicate E. may be indicative of contentment

E. may be indicative of contentment

According to the video, whale fecal plumes are rich in A. phosphorus and nitrogen B. calcium and nitrogen C. microbes and cellulose D. phosphorus and carbon E. nitrogen and iron

E. nitrogen and iron

The hormone that leads to long-term suppression of appetite (satiety after excessive food intake) is produced by the: A. anterior pituitary B. thyroid C. kidney D. pineal gland E. none of the above

E. none of the above

Which is true of ovaries in female mammals? A. a mature ovary is called an egg B. ovaries are located inside the uterus C. ovaries are physically connected to Fallopian tubes D. in the presence of male gametes, an ovary will be guided down a Fallopian tub by cilia lining the tube, and eventually the ovary will form a fetus E. none of the above

E. none of the above

Which of the following hormones is produced by the pituitary gland? A. testosterone B. glucagon C. aldosterone D. thyroxine E. none of the above

E. none of the above

Which tow nutrients are often responsible for algal blooms in lakes and ponds? A. iron and potassium B. iron and carbon C. sulfur and magnesium D. calcium and zinc E. phosphorus and nitrogen

E. phosphorus and nitrogen

When researchers tickled rats, the rats made high pitched chirping sounds that researchers interpreted as giggling rather than fear or agitation because A. rats do not experience fear B. the rats lived in cages and had been around humans their entire lives, so they would not fear humans C. the rats did not try to bite the researchers D. rats make similar sounds when they communicate jokes amongst each other E. rats have been documented to produced different, lower frequency sounds when they are threatened or agitated

E. rats have been documented to produced different, lower frequency sounds when they are threatened or agitated

Which of the following is true of hormone receptors? A. They are found only on a small number of specialized cells B. Each cell has a single receptor C. Each individual cell will have multiple receptors but the cell's receptors will all bind to just one type of hormone D. Binding of a hormone to a receptor will result in an increase in a normal body process whereas decreases in normal body processes cannot be caused by a hormone binding a receptor E. some hormone receptors are located in the nucleus of cells

E. some hormone receptors are located in the nucleus of cells

What is meant by 'membrane potential'? A. the ability of a membrane to grow B. the ability of a membrane to stick to another membrane C. the ability of a membrane to send a signal D. the ability of a membrane to contract E. the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell

E. the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a cell

Which of the following responses is most similar to the dog's response to belly scratching? A. A dog sees its owner throw a ball and responds by chasing the ball B. A dog eating a bowl of food sees another dog approaching and responds by growling C. A dog sees its owner pouring a bowl of dog food and responds by salivating D. You feel fatigued from sitting in the same position for too long so you respond by getting up and "stretching your legs" E. You are seated at a high bar stool and your friend hits the lower part of your knee with a rubber mallet; you respond by swinging your lower leg forward

You are seated at a high bar stool and your friend hits the lower part of your knee with a rubber mallet; you respond by swinging your lower leg forward