exam 5 bio
Plants genetically modified with the Bt gene
are more pest resistant
The World Health Organization defines a GMO organism as one that has had its genetic information altered
in a way that would not occur in nature.
By making plants that are insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant there has been
in increase in yield of approximatley 25%.
The two primary ways that genetically modified plants are created are
introducing foreign genes into a plant- manipulating genes within a plant
Select the three ways, as described in the module, that scientists are improving the plant life cycle through genetic modification.
larger fruits increased crop yields increased nutritive value
The gametophye generation of the plant life cycle is haploid and gametes are produced via mitosis.
true
Which of the following definitions correctly describes the goal of the genome editing technique, CRISPR?
To use enzymes to target a specific DNA sequence and enable the removal and replacement of the sequence
Which of the following techniques is used to intentionally introduce changes into the DNA sequence to analyze gene function and gene products?
Mutagenesis
The modern era of genetic manipulation began when scientists first learned how to insert genes into
bacteria.
In the 1990s, researchers made a variety of rice that contained ______ to decrease the amount of children dying of vitamin A deficiency.
beta-carotene
Select the following features of bacteria that make them ideal organisms for genetic modification.
Presence of plastids Easy to modify Small genome size Rapid generation time
Select the following characteristics that allowed plants to survive and reproduce in a land environment.
Develop a system to transport water and nutrients to their cells Strengthen their cell wall with cellulose to support cells against gravity Protect their embryos from the temperature and moisture variations of life on land
The movement of genes between species is termed
horizontal gene transfer.
Why would a researcher use PCR?
PCR allows a researcher to make many copies of the same gene.
Which of the following is considered the most primitive group of plants?
mosses
Genome editing can be accomplished by using
CRISPR
The overall goal of genetically modifying plants is to decrease crop yield.
FALSE
In the first GMO experiment, researchers genetically modified E. coli by giving the bacteria the gene it needed to
provide antibiotic resistance.
As the climate changes, genetic modifcation can help make plants more heat and drought resistant.
true
RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising gene regulatory approach in functional genomics that has significant impact on crop improvement. Which of the following descriptions correctly describes RNA interference?
A post transcriptional gene silencing pathway triggered by a double-stranded RNA molecules to prevent the expression of specific genes.
Global climate change is acccelerating the development of GMOs to
All of the answer choices are correct.
The ultimate goal(s) of successful plant GMOs is(are) to
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following is a potential use for genetically modified animals?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following is a way that bacteria have been genetically modified?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which of the following is the focus of current GM plant research related to improving health of the human population?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Which process provides the nucleotides that are found within a gene or a targeted area of the genome?
DNA sequencing
Which of the following are potential risk associated with horizontal gene transfer and genetically modified plants?
Harmful effect due to the hybridization between GM plants and target species causing resistance to herbicides
A potential risk of genetically modified plants is that the genetic engineering process could cause unnatural changes in the plant and result in the unexpected production of proteins in food. Which of the following processes should be used to provide information on food safety?
If the genetically engineered plant has a transgenic protein that is similar to a protein already known to be an allergen, it should be tested in people who have an allergy to the related protein.
Which of the following are accurate statements regarding the structure of DNA? Check all that apply.
Nucleotides are the building blocks of a DNA molecule. Nucleotides are the building blocks of a DNA molecule. The four types of nucleotides in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.The four types of nucleotides in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil. The bases within a DNA molecule are connected together by hydrogen bonds.
Which of the following statements is an accurate description of the stages of gene expression?
The process of transcription makes mRNA from a segment of DNA, and is then translated into amino acids.
How are light-dependent cycle of photosynthesis related to Calvin cycle?
The product of light-dependent cycle, ATP and NADPH are used for Calvin cycle
Which of the following are true statements regarding the effects of GMOs on non-target species? Check all that apply.
There is well-documented evidence that plants genetically modified for pest resistance are harmful to non-target insect species. Some non-target insect species may benefit from the use of plants genetically modified with Bt.
Genetically modified crops are not only resistant to environmental changes and pest species, but they are able to address global challenges __________.
by increasing crop yields and lower food costs by reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture by using less water by enhancing human lives by providing vaccines and medicines
Identify the characteristics that describe the sporophyte phase of the plant life cycle. Check all that apply.
diploid produces spores multicellular
European corn crops have been genetically modified with the ______ gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which acts as an insecticide.
endotoxin
Which of the following is a reason why plants produce oils? Check all that apply.
energy source and produce RNA and DNA
A gardener saves seeds from a red tomato plant in her garden. She plants the seeds the following summer and is surprised when the plant produces orange tomatoes. Then she remembers the red tomato plant was next to a plant that produced yellow tomatoes. This an example of a GMO.
false
All GMOs are bad.
false
All genetically modified organisms are transgenic.
false
If a researcher wants to remove a small section of nucleotides and insert a new set of nucleotides in order to alter the end product produced by that gene, the best option would be to use mutagenesis.
false
In the process of cloning, a plasmid is modified with a new gene and then put into a recipient cell to make the new proteins.
false
Plant cell walls are composed primarily of chitin.
false
Which part of the CRISPR complex tags the target gene to be destroyed?
guide RNA
Which of the following statements explain how genetic modification can benefit agricuture in the face of climate change? Check all that apply.
increase plant yieldincrease plant yield reduce the need for waterreduce the need for water increase tolarence to salinity levels in the soilincrease tolarence to salinity levels in the soil make plants more nutritious
In gene expression ______ is creating mRNA from DNA; and ______ is creating a protein from the mRNA.
transcription; translation
The amount of farmable land on the planet is limited.
true
The reason for developing GM papaya was to provide the plant with resistance to the papaya ringspot virus. Group starts
true
Which of the following descriptions correctly describes the process called particle bombardment?
A gene gun is used to penetration the cell wall of plants so that genetic material containing a gene of interest can be transferred into the cell.
Select all of the following statements that are characteristics of genetically modified organisms.
A genetically modified organism's genome has been deliberately altered due to human-introduced modifications to express desired traits. In genetic modification, the laboratory technique involves isolating DNA molecules to insert new genetic information into existing cells of an organism in order to alter their genetic makeup. A genetically modified organism is engineered to have some desirable trait that would naturally be found in the organism.
From the list below, select all impacts of global warming and global climate change.
ALL ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
Which of the following best describes the ecological effects of GMOs?
All of the answer choices are correct.
Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of NADPH in the photosynthesis reaction?
Carrier of high-energy electrons
Which of the following best explains the difference between selective breeding and genetic engineering?
Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating the DNA of organisms, whereas selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present variation and the process of sexual reproduction.
Select all of the answers that accurately describe enzymes.
Not all cellular enzymes are located in the cytoplasm. Some cellular enzymes are found inside of cellular organelles.Different enzymes can come together to form complexes.
Which of the following statements best explains the primary role of photosynthesis in plant nutrition?
Photosynthesis takes solar energy and converts it into the chemical potential energy of carbohydrates.
Which of the following statements describe a potential benefit of genetically modified plants? Check all that apply.
Plants can be more resistant to pests - plants can be more resistance to the effects of climate change - plants can be modified to produce vaccines for human use - it can make plants more nutritious
How does RNAi silence specific genes in plants?
RNAi binds to specific mRNA sequences, targeting them for disposal.
The testing and release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), in particular GM plants, is tightly regulated internationally to prevent any negative effects on the environment or human health. Which of the following statements support researchers' use of cisgenic organisms?
The genome of a cisgenic plant, like the genome of a traditionally bred plant, is not altered with DNA from a different species.
Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of CO2 in the photosynthesis reaction?
The source of carbon used to build carbohydrates
Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of H2O in the photosynthesis reaction?
The source of electrons in the light-dependent reaction
PCR is a very precise and common laboratory method in which scientists are able to rapidly make copies of specific segments of DNA in large quantities for genetic analysis. Select all of the following descriptions that correctly describe why a scientist may need to use PCR.
Used to create recombinant DNA Used to separate molecules of DNA in a gel or fluid Used in the early stages of processing DNA for sequencing
Since organisms have evolved over time to live in specific environments, any change in abiotic factors, such as precipitation and temperature, make it difficult for organisms to adapt to these changes. Scientists are working on several types of plants that can resist these changes. Select all of the following that are examples of plants that have been modified to resist effects of climate change.
Wheat plants are modified to increase photosynthesis in response to changing carbon dioxide levels. As carbon dioxide and methane increases, sea grasses and trees are modified to increase their ability to store carbon to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
Identify the organisms that would be considered genetically modified. Check all that apply.
a plum that has been given a new gene that protects it from a virus a tomato that ripens more slowly because a gene was removed
The process of using the information contained within a gene to produce a protein is known as
gene expression.
Since the success of Flavr-savr tomatoes, there has been a
growing trend to produce more GMOs in agriculture
Identify the characteristics common to all members of the plant kingdom. Check all that apply.
multicellular cells lack a nucleus
Genetically modified bacteria can be used in biotechnology to produce
pharmaceutical compounds.
Small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can be manipulated in developing GMOs are known as
plasmids.
The unintended effects of genetically modified plants on non-target species has
positively impacted non-targeted insect species due the reduction in the use of chemical insecticides
By genetically engineering pigs, scientists are investigating ways to
provide organs for human transplants.
The function of DNA is to
store information for producing all the molecules required by cells for life.
The benefits of genome editing include (check all that apply)
studying the role a gene plays within an organism's genome. being able to remove and replace a small section of nucleotides. tagging DNA probes with fluorescent dyes.
Flavr-savr ______ were the first GMO that were approved by the FDA for human consumption.
tomatoes
Golden rice has been genetically modified to produce
vitamin A.
Wheat plants have been modified to increase the rate of photosynthesis to decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere in response to the global concern of
climate change.
Plants can be genetically modified in a number of different ways. Select all of the methods by which scientists are genetically modifying plants.
Plasmids within the plant pathogen, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, are used to introduce genes into a plant Insects, that serve as vectors for human diseases, are modified to insert transgenic DNA into plants
Which of the following issues pose significant challenges to human societies and encourage the development of innovations for agriculture? Select all that apply.
The rise in populations across the globe and the need for crops to feed people The rise in impacts on agriculture due to climate change and the need to increase agricultural productivity
CRISPR is a tool used in genome editing. Which of the following descriptions correctly describes how CRISPR may be used?
To randomly induce a change to nonspecific regions of DNA within a mouse with unknown consequences To remove and replace the gene of a corm to increase the plant's drought tolerance To impair or alter non-targeted genes within tobacco To treat human diseases by deleting and replacing harmful mutations To inactivate genes to determine the role of the gene in the target cell
The PCR process requires three steps. In the first step, the temperature is usually set at 95˚C because this is the optimum temperature for the
denaturing of the DNA double strands.
A potato genetically engineered to produce antigens from the E. coli bacteria as a treatment for diarrhea in developing countries is an example of an intragenic organism.
false
In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, the _____ stage produces diploid cells and the ______ stage produces haploid cells
sporophyte; gametophyte