Bio 2
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.
6
Howard anaerobic conditions affect the rate of electron transport and ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation
Both electron transfer an ATP synthesis would stop
Which of the following is a product of pyruvate oxidation
CO2
The products of glucose metabolism using fermentation and anaerobic conditions from yeast are
CO2, ethanol, ATP, and NAD+
Some enzymes require ___ which are non-protein molecules that activate enzyme activity
Cofactor
The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation is an example of which of the following processes
Coupling of an endergonic
Where do fermentation reactions take place in a eukaryotic cell
Cytosol
Which of the following statements best describes enzyme function
Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy barrier
Which of these is not a product of glycoslysis
FADH2
In which reactions of cellular respiration does substrate level phosphorylation occur
In glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
Which of the following statements best describes the primary role played by oxygen in cellular respiration
It serves as the final acceptor...
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is
Kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down there concentration gradient
The products of glucose metabolism using fermentation and anaerobic conditions from animals are
Lactate, ATP, NAD+
Enzymes are important in biological reactions because they
Lower the activation energy barrier of a reaction
Where are the protein complexes of the electron transport chain located
Mitochondrial inner membrane
Where is the proton motive force located (where is a high concentration of H+)
Mitochondrial inter-membrane space
Energy released from the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location of eukaryotic cells
Mitochondrial intermembrane space
Depletion of which of the following molecules from the mitochondria for most directly inhibit the citric acid cycle
NAD+
Which of the following statements best describes a characteristic of NAD+
NAD+ is reduced to NADH in glycolysis pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle
What is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation
O2 is the final electron except or to form H20 to allow the flow of electrons through the ETC
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ acetyl CoA enter the citric acid cycle.
2
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis
2
In glycolysis there is a net gain of __ ATP
2
Which of the following are the products of glycolysis from one molecule of glucose
2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate
Glycolysis results and then that production of which of the following sets of molecules per glucose molecule
2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP
NAD+ becomes reduced during glycolysis to become NADH by bonding to
2 electrons and 1 proton
In general, enzymes are what kinds of molecules?
proteins
As a result of its involvement in a reaction, an enzyme
Is unchanged
Which of the following statements best describes the electron transport chain
It consists of a series of redox reactions
Which of the following statements describing the process of glycolysis is correct
It requires the first stage in the chemical oxidative of glucose by cell
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the net production of which of the following sets of molecules?
ATP, CO2, and ethanol
Which of these is not a product of glycolysis
Acertyl Coa
Which of the following is one of the molecules formed by the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule of pyruvate
Acertyl coA
Which of these is not a product of the citric acid cycle
Acetyl Coa
What is the name of the barrier that must be overcome before products are formed in a spontaneous reaction
Activation energy
What can you do to speed the reaction up again
Add more substrate it will outcome Pete the inhibitor and increase the reaction rate
Which term describes the degree to which an element attracts electrons
Electronegativity
The enzyme responsible for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle is
Rubisco
What name is given to the reactants in an enzymatically catalyzed reaction
Substrate
____ bonds to the __ of enzymes
Substrate , active sites
During anaerobic fermentation ATP is synthesized through
Substrate level phosphorylation
What process occurs within box B
citric acid cycle
Substrate level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percent of the ATP formed by the reaction of glycolysis
100%
What is the correct label for "A"
Energy of activation
An enzyme ___
Is an organic catalyst
Which statement correctly describes how this increased demand would lead to an increased rate of ATP production
ATP levels would fall at first decreasing the inhibition of PFK and increasing the rate of ATP production
Which of the following statements is not true of most cellular redox reactions
A hydrogen atom is transferred to the atom that loses an electron
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose oxidation
ATP
Which of the following are products of the light reaction of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle
ATP and NADPH
The enzyme PFK catalyze A key step in glycolysis and is inhibited by high levels of which of the following molecules
ATP and citrate
enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) catalyzes a key step in glycolysis and is inhibited by high levels of which of the following molecules
ATP and citrate
The proton motive force is what type of gradientThe proton motive force is what type of gradient
All of the above
What types of cells carry out ATP synthesis by Chemiosmosis
All respiring cells, both ....
A(n) ____ fines to enzymes at sites other than the active site to change the shape of an enzyme in order to inhibit the function of the enzyme
Allosteric inhibitor
High levels of citric acid inhibit the enzyme phosphofructokinase, a key enzyme in glycolysis. Citric acid binds to the enzyme at a different location from the active site. This is an example of
Allosteric regulation
Which term describes two atoms when they form a bond in which electrons are completely transferred from one atom to the other
Amino and cation
How does an enzyme increase the rate of the chemical reaction it catalyzes
An enzyme reduces the free energy of activation (Ea) other reaction it catalyzes
Which statement best explains why more ATP is made per molecule of NADH then per molecule FADH2
Fewer protons...
In chemiosmosis, the most direct source of energy used to convert ADP + PI to ATP is energy released
From movement of protons to ATP synthase down there electrochemical gradient
Yeast cells with defective mitochondria that are in capable of performing cellular respiration will be able to survive by using which of the following molecules for energy
Glucose
In the process of cellular respiration, what is consumed and what is produced?
Glucose is consumed in carbon dioxide is produced
What would happen to the cells rate of glucose utilization
Glucose utilization would increase a lot
Which of the following metabolic processes take place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell
Glycolysis and fermentation
Which of the following are the products of cellular respiration
H2O, CO2, and energy
Gaseous hydrogen burns in the presence of oxygen to form water 2H2+O2 —>> 2H2O + energy. Which molecule is oxidized and what kind of bond is formed
Hydrogen, polar
Which of these statements is the correct explanation for this observation
In the absence of oxygen, electron.....
During oxidative phosphorylation the proton is located in the _____ of the mitochondria while in phosphorylation the proton gradient is located in the _____ of the chloroplast
Inter-membrane space... Thylakoid space
What kind of bond is formed when lithium and fluorine combine to form lithium fluoride
Ionic
What makes substrate level phosphorylation different than oxidative phosphorylation
It involves an enzyme that catalyzes a phosphotrabsferase reaction
Use your knowledge Of the first three stages of cellular respiration to determine which explanation is correct
It is easier to remove electrons
If there is a lack of oxygen in cellular respiration you would expect an increase in the concentration of
NADH
Upon completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the energy originally stored in each glucose molecule catalyzed by cellular respiration is stored in which of the following molecules
NADH
Which of the following products result from the oxidation of pyruvate to acertyl-CoA
NADH and CO2
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2... Inter membrane space
At the end of photosystem one the electrons are finally delivered to
NADP+
Which of the following molecules is the final electron except or for electrons from photosystem I
NADP+
Which of the following statements describes a primary function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
Oxidation of NADH to NAD+
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by
Oxidative phosphorylation
In liver cells,
Oxidative phosphorylation
The mechanism of phosphorylation is most similar to Which of the following processes
Oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration
In the reaction Na —> Na+, Na has become
Oxidized
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom in an oxidative reduction reaction the glucose molecule is
Oxidized
The final electron a scepter of cellular respiration is
Oxygen
What molecule is indicated by the letter D
Oxygen
Which of the following statements is true of the bonds in a water molecule
Oxygen holds electrons more tightly than hydrogen does and the net charge of zero
Which of the following are produced by light reactions of photosynthesis
Oxygen, ATP, and NADPH
Inhibition of which of the following processes will reduce or illuminate generation of a proton motive force in mitochondria
Pumping of hydrogen ions...
Among the products of glycolysis which compounds contain energy that can be used by other biological reactions
Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH
In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized.
Pyruvate... NADH
In the reaction Cl —-> Cl has become
Reduced
When electrons are passed from one item to a more electronegative atom the more electronegative atom is
Reduced, and energy is released
Enzymes work by
Reducing Ea
Which of the following reactions produce is that a majority of the CO2 released by the complete oxidation of glucose
The citric acid cycle
When a cell is deprived of oxygen, which of the following processes will be inhibited first
The electron transport chain
What can you do to regain the activity of the enzyme
The enzyme is an active at this point new Endzone must be added to regain enzyme activity
ATP synthesis is an endergonic reaction where does the energy come from for ATP synthase to synthesize ATP
The proton motive force
Where do the light reactions of photosynthesis take place
Thylakoid membrane
Where is chlorophyll stored in a plant
Thylakoids
In mitochondrial electron transport what is the direct role of O2
To function as the final electron except or in the electron transport chain
In the absence of oxygen, what is the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis
Two ATP
What process occurs in box A
glycolysis
Substrate level phosphorylation occurs
in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
lactate and NAD+
Where does pyruvate oxidation take place
mitochondrial matrix
Where does the citric acid take place
mitochondrial matrix
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by
substrate-level phosphorylation