Bio 2 ch. 34

Distinguishing characters of mammals

-Mammary glands secrete milk -Hair -Only vertebrates w/ specialized teeth. -Extreme maternal care -Enlarged skull and brain -Some digest plants using symbiotic bacteria.

Characteristics of birds (other than flight characteristics)

-dub circulation w/ 4 chambered heart. -warm body temp -acute vision -most carnivores -eggs brooded (sat on) -complex courtship -one-way respiratory system.

Two groups of primates

1. strepsirrhini 2.haplorrhini

Three Orders of amphibians

1.Order Anura 2.Order Caudata 3.Order Gymnophiona

Major reptile classes to know

1.Testudines 2.Lepidosauria 3.Crocodilia 4.Aves

Mammal subclasses

1.Theria -clade Eutheria -clade Metatheria 2.Prototheria

Four features unique to birds for flight

1.feathers. 2.air sacs. 3.reduction of organs. 4.lightweight skeleton.

Amphibians: circulation

3 chambered heart w/ mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

Mammal circulation

4 chambered hearts, Right chambers responsible for pulmonary circulation and left for systemic circulation. Basically two hearts, Pulmonary and systemic.

Human evolution

6mya-split from primate lineage. 1 or 2 hominin species coexisting at same time (not a neat progression). Key characteristic-bipedalism

Subfamily Homininae

A subfamily of the family Hominidae a family of Hominoids which is a type of Anthropoidea, which is a type of Haplorrhini, which is a type of primate. Broken into three tribes: 1.Tribe Gorillini-gorillas 2.Tribe Panini-Chimps and Bonobos 3.Tribe Hominini-humans and their ancestors.

Subfamily Ponginae

A subfamily of the family Hominidae a family of Hominoids which is a type of Anthropoidea, which is a type of Haplorrhini, which is a type of primate. ORANGUTANS

Sarcopterygii

AKA lobe-finned fish. Actinistia (coelacanths) and Dipnoi (lungfishes). Also includes tetrapods (b/c they evolved from these fish).

Fish respiration

ALL fish swallow water and push it over their gills.

Paedomorphosis

Adult has larval characteristics. Order Caudata (salamanders) are this.

Out of Africa hypothesis

After evolution of hominins in africa, migrated to other continents three times, creates H. ergaster, H. Erectus, and H. sapiens. H. sapiens then replaced species like H. Erectus and H. neanderthalensis. Studies of mtDNA show all ppl share a common ancestor (MITOCHONDRIAL EVE) dating back 170000-consistent w/ this hypothesis.

Gnathosomes

All vertebrate species that possess a jaw (developed from pharnygeal arches). Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals. Earliest=fishes. Includes mammals, reptilia, amphibia, sarcopterygii, actinopterygii, and chondrichthyes

Osteichthyans

All vertebrate with a bony skeleton (and jaw). Includes mammals, reptilia, amphibia, sarcopterygii, and actinopterygii

Vertebrates

Chordates w/ a backbone Chordate features, as well as, 1. vertebral column 2.cranium 3.endoskeleton of cartilage or bone 4.neural crest 5.diversity of internal organs Includes mammalia, reptilia, amphibia, sarcopterygii, actinopterygii, chondrichthyges, and cyclostomata.

Clade Eutheria

Clade of Subclass Theria Placental mammals. Long-lived complex placenta Prolonged gestation.

Clade Metatheria

Clade of subclass Theria Marsupials Short gestation. Immature young is further developed in mother's pouch. Ex: kangaroo

Amphibians

Class Amphibia. On land, but MUST repro in water. Buccal pumping to force air into lungs. Skin can absorb oxygen. 3 chambered heart fertilization external larval stages aquatic Metamorphosis regulated by thyroid hormones.

Negaprion brevirostris

Class Chondricthyes AKA whale shark Largest fish in the world

Two classes of dinos

Class Ornithischia Class Saurischia Legs of dinos were positioned directly under the body.

Class Ornithischia

Class of dino Bird-hipped dinos

Class Saurischia

Class of dino. Lizard-hipped dinos.

reptile: crocodilian respiration

Completely separated four chambered heart, but dont have completely divided circulation outside of the heart.

Kinetic skull

Defining characteristic of Class squamata. Joints b/w parts of skull are VERY mobile. Lower jaw not directly attached to skull, upper jaw movable from the rest of head. (Why snakes can eat HUGE things)

Class Chondricthyes: Body

Denser than water-continuously swimming Two chambered heart-single circulation. Powerful sense of smell. Lateral line Internal ferilization.

Archaeopteryx lithographica

Evolution of birds. Bird-like reptiles Related to therapods, group of saurischian dinos.

Mammalia

Evolved from amniote ancestors earlier than birds.-appeared 225mya. After dinos died-___flourished. Range of sizes and body forms. 5400species today.

Amphibians: development

External fertilization in water hatches to tadpole which develops into an adult.

Amphibians: Respiration

Gills in larval stage and lungs/skin in adult stage. Ventilation from buccal pumping.

Tetrapods

Gnathostomes w/ four limbs. Adaptations to land: prevent desiccation, locomotion, and repro. Hox genes 9-13 changed to make limbs. (and lobe-fin, bony skeleton, and jaw). Includes snakes b/c they evolved from these. Includes mammals, reptilia and amphibia.

Characteristics of primates

Grasping hands w/ thumbs. Large brain NO CLAWS Binocular vision Complex social behavior and parental care

Class Myxini

Hagfish. Phylum cyclostomata Jawless, finless, lack vertebae Notochord and cartilaginous skull. Blind w/ sense of smell Copious amounts of slime. Parasitic.

Multiregional hypothesis

Humans evolved from H.ergaster in many diff. parts of Earth. Gene flow b/w neighboring pops prevented the formation of several diff. species.

Homo

Increased brain size, stone tools. Homo sapiens 3000yrs ago. Taller, lighter, smaller brain capacity than H.neanderthalensis Out of Africa hypothesis supported over multiregional hypothesis.

Amniotic egg

Innovation for amniotes (reptilia and mammalia). Shelled egg that shelters embryo from desiccating on land. ____ broke tie to water!!!! four membranes: Amnion, Yolk sac, Allantois, and Chorion

Chordate

Invertebrate phylum from Deuterostomia 4 key innovations(exibit all 4 at some pnt in development): 1.notochord 2.dorsal hollow nerve cord 3.pharyngeal slits 4.postanal tail Subphylums cephalochordata and urochordata.

Bipedalism

Key characteristic to human evolution. Results in many changes-spine sits underneath skull, broader pelvis, lower limbs larger.

Operculum

Key feature in Bony fish Protective flap that covers the gills. Muscle contractions around gills and ___ draw water across gills so fish dont need to swim conti. to breathe.

Swim bladder

Key feature in Bony fish. A gas-filled, balloon-like structure that helps fish remain buoyant in water.

Diversity of internal organs of vertebrates

Live unique to vertebrates. Heart, kidneys, and endocrine system more complex. Heart w/ at least two chambers.

Lepidosauria

Major class of reptiles. AKA Squamata Snakes and lizards. Kinetic skull w/ extremely mobile joints Lizards have movable eyelids and external ears. Snakes dont.

Crocodilia

Major class of reptiles. Alligators and crocodiles Unchanged for 200million yrs. Four chambered heart Teeth in sockets. Care for young.

Aves

Major class of reptiles. Birds 9600 species. Found in almost every habitat on Earth. Variation in beak morphology=variation in feeding strategies.

Testudines

Major class of reptiles. Turtles, tortoises and terrapins. Unchanged for 200million yrs. Hard shell. Most vertebae and ribs fused to shell. Lack teeth but have sharp beak.

diff. b/w Chondricthyes (cartilaginous fish) and Actinopterygii (bony fish)

Many features diff.. 1.Bony skeleton (duh) 2.Operculum covers gills 3.swim bladder for buoyancy

buccal pumping

Method of breathing amphibians use. Take in air thru nostrils and/or mouth, then close and raise floor of mouth, creating posi pressure that pumps air into the lungs.

Allantois

One extraembroyonic membrane Disposal of wastes

Chorion

One extraembroyonic membrane. W/ allantois for gas exchange.

Amnion

One extraembryonic membrane. Protects embryo in amniotic cavity

Yolk sac

One extraembryonic membrane. Yolk for nutrition

Family Hominidae

One family of Hominoids which is a type of Anthropoidea, which is a type of Haplorrhini, which is a type of primate. Greater apes, gorillas, chimps, orangutans, and HUMANS! Further broken into subfamilies: 1. Subfamily Ponginae 2. Subfamily Homininae

Family Hylobatidae

One family of Hominoids which is a type of Anthropoidea, which is a type of Haplorrhini, which is a type of primate. Lesser apes, gibbons

Haplorrhini

One group of primates Dry, furry nose Further broken down into Tarsiers and Anthropoidea ex: monkeys, apes, humans

Strepsirrhini

One group of primates Wet noses, no fur on nose -bush babies, lemurs, pottos -Usually nocturnal and smaller brain.

Anthropoidea

One of two Haplorrhini Monkeys Humans most related to Chimps and Bonobos. Broken into 1.Old world monkeys 2.New world monkeys 3.Hominoids (AKA APES)

Tarsiers

One of two Haplorrhini (a group of primates). Large eyes, nocturnal Single genus lives only in SE Asia.

Order Gymnophiona

One order of Amphibians. Caecilians. Nearly blind tropical burrowers. Secondarily legless. Uterine milk nourishes young INSIDE mother's body.

Order Anura

One order of amphibians. Frogs and toads. About 90% of amphibians. Carnivorous adults, herbivorous larva.

Order Caudata

One order of amphibians. Salamanders. Paedomorphosis

Feathers

One unique feature to birds for flight. Modified scales keep birds warm and enable flight.

Reduction of organs

One unique feature to birds for flight. Single ovary, no urinary bladder.

Lightweight skeleton

One unique feature to birds for flight. Thin, hollow, honeycombed -sternum to anchor flight muscles, no teeth.

Air sacs

One unique feature to birds for flight. Very efficient breathing.

Class aves respiration

One way respriatory system. Birds lungs are made of long tubes called PARABRONCHI and air sacs that help the system to function as a one-way respiratory system.

Fertilization of chondricthyes

Oviparous, ovoviparous, or viviparous

Reptile: non-crocodilian respiration

Partially divided, ventricle, which leads to small amount of blood mixing-like amphibians.

Three types of Bony Fish

Phylum Actinopterygii and phylum Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) 1.actinopterygii-ray finned fish 2.Actinistia-coelacanths 3.Dipnoi-lungfish

Class Chondrycthyes

Phylum Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fish. (sharks, skates, rays). -cartilage skeleton derived, NOT ANCESTRAL CHARACTER! Sharks-earliest fish to develop teeth.

Class Petromyzontida

Phylum cyclostomata Lampreys. Lack jaw and appendages Posses notochord and rudimentary vertebral column. One of earliest diverging groups of vertebrates. Found in freshwater. Parasitic.

Actinopterygii class

Ray-finned fish Includes all bony fish except coelocanths and lungfish. Fins supported by thin, bony, flexible rays. Ex: Angel fish and eel

Diff. b/w Rays and Skates

Rays-no thorns, one lobed fins, whip like tail, live birth. Skates-thorns, two lobed fins, stocky tail, lay eggs.

Reptiles

Reptilia Most live on dry land. Amniotic egg, scales on skin, 3 chambered heart (except crocs and birds have 4!!!) Respiration w/ lungs Dominant animals on Earth until 65mya.

Lateral line of chondricthyes

Row of microscopic organs in skin, in a line laterally down each side of body. Senses pressure waves.

Notochord

Single flexible rod b/w digestive tract and nerv cord. Supplies support. Found in Chordates and (more complex) in invertebrates

Subclass Prototheria

Subclass of mammalia Order Monotremata -egg laying mammals that lack placenta, poorly developed nipples..? Ex: platypus and echidna

Subclass Theria

Subclass of mammalia Two clades: 1.Clade Metatheria- marsupials 2.Clade Eutheria- placental mammals

Amniotes

Tetrapods w/ a desiccation resistant egg Other key innovations: desiccation resistant skin, thoracic breathing, water-conserving kidneys, internal fertilization (and tetrapod, lobe-fin, bony skeleton, and jaw). Includes mammals and Reptilia Classification: Reptiles, birds, mammals.(birds are in reptilian)

gestation

The process of being carried in the womb b/w conception and birth.

Why do reptiles and amphibians mix oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

They can cease breathing air (when underwater). They shunt blood away from deoxygenated lungs through passages (vessels) when not breathing. Mixing is necessary to have this ability.

Fishapods

Transitional tetrapods. T. Rosae. Broad skulls, eyes on top, lungs, pectoral fins w/ 5 finger-like bones. Species fed on land, but repro in water. 320 mya Cacops-similiar to amphibians.

Primates

Tree-dwelling species of Eutherians Evolved 85mya

Fish circulation

Two chambered heart w/ single circulation. ALL FISH HAVE THIS TYPE

Hominoids

Type of Anthropoidea, which is a type of Haplorrhini, which is a type of primate. AKA APES gibbons, gorillas, orangutans, chimps, and HUMANS! -no tails, usually larger. Broken into two families. 1.Family Hylobatidae 2.Family Hominidae

New World Monkeys

Type of Anthropoidea, which is a type of Haplorrhini, which is a type of primate. Africa and Asia. -no prehensile tail

Old world Monkeys

Type of Anthropoidea, which is a type of Haplorrhini, which is a type of primate. South and Central America -Tails, usually smaller

Actinistia class

Type of bony fish subgroup of Sarcopterygii group. Coelacanths Thought to be extinct till 1938. Joint in skull gives powerful bite. Swim bladder filled w/ oil rather than gas-still used for bouyancy.

Dipnoi class

Type of bony fish. Subgroup of Sarcopterygii group. Lungfish six species. Live in oxygen-poor freshwater Use gills and lungs. Will drown w/o air. Muscular lobe fins.

Ovoviparous

Type of fertilization of chondricthyes Egg retained in female, no placenta

Oviparous

Type of fertilization of chondricthyes Lay eggs

Viviparous

Type of fertilization of chonricthyes Egg develop in uterus, placenta nourishes young.

Lobe fins

Used to describe both lobe-finned fish and tetrapods (b/c tetrapods evolved from these fish) (and have a bony skeleton and jaw). AKA Sarcopterygii Fins are supported by skeletal extensions of the pectoral and pelvic areas that are moved by muscles w/in the fins. Includes mammals, reptilia, amphibia, and sarcopterygii

Australopithecines

Widespread, at least 6 species, small, facial structure and brain size similar to chimp.