BIO 204 MIDTERM 2: quiz question mock test

True or false: Most species of bacteria are pathogenic to humans.

False

True or false: One reason the bacteria and archaea evolve so quickly is that they rapidly undergo meiosis to recombine genetic material in new ways.

False

True or false: Fungi are the primary decomposers of lignin in wood.

True

True or false: Photosynthetic eukaryotes also contain mitochondria and respire.

True

True or false: many fungi can reproduce with both sexual (meiotically-derived) spores and asexual spores

True

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains? a. Bacteria and Archaea b. Bacteria and Protista c. Eukarya and Monera d. Bacteria and Eukarya e. Archaea and Moner

a. Bacteria and Archaea

You find a green organism in a pond near your house and believe it is a plant, not an alga. Which line of evidence would definitively support your hypothesis? a. It is surrounded by a cuticle. b. It is multicellular. c. Its cell walls are comprised largely of cellulose. d. It does not contain vascular tissue. e. It contains chloroplasts.

a. It is surrounded by a cuticle.

Three populations of crickets look very similar, but the males have courtship songs that sound different. What function would this difference in song likely serve if the populations came in contact? a. a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism b. a postzygotic isolating mechanism c. a temporal reproductive isolating mechanism d. a gametic reproductive isolating mechanism

a. a behavioral reproductive isolating mechanism

An earthquake decimates a ground-squirrel population. The surviving population happens to have broader stripes on average than the initial population. If broadness of stripes is genetically determined, what effect has the ground-squirrel population experienced during the earthquake? a. a genetic bottleneck b. a founder event c. gene flow d. directional selection e. disruptive selection

a. a genetic bottleneck

Upon being formed, new oceanic islands, such as the Hawaiian Islands, should feature what characteristic, leading to which phenomenon? a. a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation b. major evolutionary innovations, leading to rafting to nearby continents c. mass extinctions, leading to bottleneck effect d. overcrowding, leading to rafting to nearby lands

a. a variety of empty ecological niches, leading to adaptive radiation

Bioprospectors and ethnobotanists search for plants and plant products used for medicines by native cultures. The compounds from plants that have medicinal use in humans typically have what original function in the plants they came from? a. defend the plant against herbivores b. attract pollinators for seed dispersal c. attract insects and birds to spread seeds and fruits d. defend the plant against nitrogen-fixing bacteria

a. defend the plant against herbivores

Broad-spectrum antibiotics inhibit the growth of most intestinal bacteria. Consequently, assuming that nothing is done to counter the reduction of intestinal bacteria, a hospital patient who is receiving broad-spectrum antibiotics is most likely to become ________. a. deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients b. unable to fix carbon dioxide c. antibiotic-resistant d. unable to fix nitrogen

a. deficient in certain vitamins and nutrients

Bacteria and Archaea play a prominent role in the nitrogen cycle in which of the following processes? Check all that apply. a. fixation of gaseous N2 into biologically available forms b. decomposition of dead organic matter c. Conversion of ammonium into nitrate by chemolithoautotrophs d. conversion of nitrate into gaseous atmospheric dinitrogen (N2)

a. fixation of gaseous N2 into biologically available forms b. decomposition of dead organic matter c. Conversion of ammonium into nitrate by chemolithoautotrophs d. conversion of nitrate into gaseous atmospheric dinitrogen (N2)

Carl Woese and collaborators identified two major branches of prokaryotic evolution. What was the basis for dividing prokaryotes into two domains? a. genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences b. microscopic examination of staining characteristics of the cell wall c. metabolic characteristics such as the production of methane gas d. metabolic characteristics such as chemoautotrophy and photosynthesis e. ecological characteristics such as the ability to survive in extreme environments

a. genetic characteristics such as ribosomal RNA sequences

which phases of the life cycle is dominant (has the greatest size and metabolic activity) in fungi? a. haploid b. tetraploid c. diploid d. all the above are equal in the fungi life cycle

a. haploid

Most causes of speciation are relatively slow, in that they may take many generations to see changes, with the exception of ________. a. colonization b. natural selection c. reinforcement d. polyploidy

d. polyploidy

Protists and bacteria are grouped into different domains because ________. a. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack b. protists are photosynthetic, but no bacteria are c. protists are photosynthetic, but no bacteria are d. bacteria decompose protists e. protists eat bacteria f. bacteria are not made of cells

a. protists have a membrane-bounded nucleus, which bacterial cells lack

Imagine that you are given some chemoorganotrophic bacteria to grow. What should you use as a source of energy for this type of bacteria? a. sugar b. hydrogen sulfide c. ammonia d. light

a. sugar

Your professor wants you to construct a phylogenetic tree of orchids. She gives you tissue from seven orchid species and one lily. What is the most likely reason she gave you the lily? a. to serve as an outgroup b. to see if the lily and the orchids show all the same shared derived characters (synapomorphies) c. to demonstrate likely homoplasies d. to see if the lily is a cryptic orchid species

a. to serve as an outgroup

Fungi form mycorrhizal asocial with plant roots... a. which can result in much greater access to soil-derived nutrients for the plant b. however, this is a relatively rare phenomenon c. which typically results in parasitic interactions of the fungus with the plant

a. which can result in much greater access to soil-derived nutrients for the plant

A water sample from a hot thermal vent contained a single-celled organism that had a cell wall but lacked a nucleus. What is its most likely classification? a. Eukarya b. Archaea c. Animalia d. Protista e. Fungi

b. Archaea

Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life. III. All members of a species can potentially interbreed. a. I, II, and III b. I and III c. II and III d. I and II

b. I and III

What must be TRUE of any organ described as vestigial? a. It must be both homologous and homoplasic to some feature in an ancestor. b. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor. c. It must be homoplasic to some feature in an ancestor. d. It need be neither homologous nor homoplasic to some feature in an ancestor.

b. It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.

The antifreeze proteins found in fish that live in very cold waters of the Arctic and Antarctic have evolved independently, not because of shared ancestry. Based on this information, which of the following statements is true? a. The Arctic and Antarctic fish form a clade b. The antifreeze proteins in Arctic and Antarctic fish are homoplasies c. The antifreeze proteins in Arctic and Antarctic fish are homologous d. The antifreeze proteins evolved by evolutionary reversals. e. Convergent evolution does not occur for antifreeze proteins.

b. The antifreeze proteins in Arctic and Antarctic fish are homoplasies

Which of the following statements is consistent with the assertion that protists are not monophyletic? a. Protists all share a common set of synapomorphies. b. There is no common set of synapomorphies that define a protist c. Protists are all more primitive than land plants and animals. d. Protists do not share a single common ancestor.

b. There is no common set of synapomorphies that define a protist

Snakes, which lack limbs, evolved from vertebrates that had legs. The limbs of snakes disappeared by _______ and the backbones of snakes are a _______. a. convergent evolution; homoplastic trait b. an evolutionary reversal; synapomorphy c. convergent evolution; synapomorphy d. an evolutionary reversal; heteroplastic trait

b. an evolutionary reversal; synapomorphy

The presence of which of the following would allow you to place a plant definitively in the Angiosperms rather than the Gymnosperms? a. seeds b. anthers c. pollen d. cones e. microsporangia

b. anthers

Which of the following structures is considered a morphological innovation found only in angiosperms and that contributed to their adaptive radiation? a. fruits b. both flowers and fruits c. leaves d. flowers e. wood

b. both flowers and fruits

Some beetles and flies have antler-like structures on their heads, much like male deer do. The existence of antlers in beetle, fly, and deer species with strong male—male competition is an example of ________. a. a synapomorphy b. convergent evolution c. homology d. parsimony

b. convergent evolution

You might be interested to know how many different types of bacteria live in a small sample of soil. What is the most efficient method for finding out? a. enrichment culture b. direct sequencing c. microscopy d. these are all equally useful

b. direct sequencing

All protists are ________. a. unicellular b. eukaryotic c. monophyletic d. symbionts

b. eukaryotic

While modes of sexual reproduction differ among protists, all life cycles can be split into haploid and diploid parts, with ________ leading from the haploid to the diploid part of the life cycle and ________ leading from the diploid to the haploid part of the life cycle. a. fertilization; mitosis b. fertilization; meiosis c. meiosis; fertilization d. meiosis; meiosis

b. fertilization; meiosis

Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of four of the following five factors. Select the exception. a. colonization of an isolated region that contains suitable habitat and few competitor species b. genetic drift c. an adaptive radiation in a group of organisms (such as plants) that another group uses as food d. evolutionary innovation e. vacant ecological niches

b. genetic drift

Use the following information when answering the next question. Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of an island. Climate differs on these two sides, as does the timing of the insect blooms that provide the birds' main food source. Birds from the two populations commonly come together in the wild, and can produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, though all offspring of these pairings are infertile. What keeps the initial two populations distinct? a. behavioral reproductive isolation b. hybrid breakdown c. spatial reproductive isolation d.temporal reproductive isolation e. prezygotic barriers to reproduction

b. hybrid breakdown

Sexual reproduction evolved in Eukaryotes, and most protists have some type of sexual reproduction even if they also have asexual reproduction. For those protists that reproduce both sexually and asexually, what conditions would favor them undergoing sexual reproduction? i. low food supply ii. low population density iii. high food supply iv. high population density a. ii and iii b. i and iv c. i and ii d. iii and iv

b. i and iv

In which of the following lists are all structures only found in the haploid generation? a. leaves, stems, roots, flowers, cones b. spores, egg, sperm, pollen, archegonium c. egg, sperm, zygote, embryo, seedling d. antheridium, embryo, seed, spores, flower

b. spores, egg, sperm, pollen, archegonium

Which of these is a major trend in land plant evolution? a. the trend toward a gametophyte-dominated life cycle b. the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle c. the trend toward smaller size d. the trend toward larger gametophytes

b. the trend toward a sporophyte-dominated life cycle

A researcher notices that in a certain, wide-ranging moth species, some females prefer to feed and lay eggs on domesticated plants in the family Solanaceae, like potatoes and tomatoes. Other females prefer to feed and lay eggs on wild plants also in the family Solanaceae, such as Datura, which are found in natural vegetation in between farm fields. Both male and female moths primarily use scent to find these plants from afar. While females can fly between neighboring farm fields, they tend to mate where they feed, and the researcher finds a genetic basis for scent preference in these moths. Based on the above information, what might be occurring in this moth species? a. Polyploidization b. Postzygotic isolation c. Divergence in sympatry d. Divergence due to habitat fragmentation

c. Divergence in sympatry

Macroscopic spore producing structures, each of which can produce millions or even billions of meiotically-derived spores, occur in which of the following major fungal groups? i. basidiomycota ii. ascomycota iii. glomeromycota iv. zygomycota a. all the above b. i. ii. iii only c. I and ii only d. none of the above

c. I and ii only

A few hundred types of fungi cause human diseases, but, while serious, fungi have also greatly benefited humanity through which of the following? i. beer production ii. food production iii. wine production iv. medicine production a. i. ii. and iii. b. ii only c. I. ii. iii. and iv.

c. I. ii. iii. and iv.

Which of the following roles do fungi play? I. detritivores II. mutualists with photosynthetic plants and algae III. primary, secondar and tertiary consumers (as parasites) a. I only b. II only c. I., II., and III. d. I and II only

c. I., II., and III.

How do mass extinctions differ from background extinctions? a. Mass extinctions typically result from Hox gene mutations, and background extinctions typically result from changes in weather patterns. b. Mass extinctions, but not background extinctions, are generally caused by competition. c. Mass extinctions cause a larger proportion of organisms to go extinct than background extinctions. d. Mass extinctions occur over a longer period of time than background extinctions.

c. Mass extinctions cause a larger proportion of organisms to go extinct than background extinctions.

Immature seed cones of conifers are usually green before pollination, and flowers of grasses are inconspicuously colored. Both produce large amounts of pollen. What does this indicate about their pollination? a. They probably attract pollinators using strong fragrance b. They self-fertilize and do not need pollen carried from one plant to another. c. They are wind pollinated. d. Their pollinating insects are color blind.

c. They are wind pollinated.

Which structure is most likely to be lacking in a protist that feeds by engulfing food particles? a. mitochondria b. nuclear membrane c. cell wall d. cytoskeleton

c. cell wall

Use the following information when answering the next question. Two populations of birds with somewhat different coloration live on opposite sides of an island. Climate differs on these two sides, as does the timing of the insect blooms that provide the birds' main food source. Birds from the two populations commonly come together in the wild, and can produce young whose appearance is intermediate between the two parents. These offspring will breed with each other or with birds from either parent population, though all offspring of these pairings are infertile. The two populations of birds are _____. a.different subspecies, under the morphospecies concept b. different species, under the phylogenetic species concept c. different species, under the biological species concept d. the same species, under the biological species concept

c. different species, under the biological species concept

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? a. molecular similarity (for DNA, RNA, or proteins) b. geographic isolation c. gene flow d. morphological similarity e. niche differences

c. gene flow

how is a zygosorangium different from an asexual sporangium? a. the asexual sporangium makes haploid spores and the zygosporium makes diploid spores b. the zygosporium makes haploid spores and the asexual sporangium makes diploid spores c. the asexual sporangium contains the products of mitosis and the zyogsporangium contains the products of meiosis d. the zygosporangium contains products of mitosis and the asexual sporangium contains products of meiosis

c. the asexual sporangium contains the products of mitosis and the zyogsporangium contains the products of meiosis

Which of the following statements best describes the rationale for applying the principle of parsimony in constructing phylogenetic trees? a. The molecular clock validates the principle of parsimony b. The outgroup roots the tree, allowing the principle of parsimony to be applied. c. Parsimony allows the researcher to "root" the tree d. Similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution.

d. Similarity due to common ancestry should be more common than similarity due to convergent evolution.

Which of the following is a correct element of alternation of generations? a. The gametophyte is diploid and produces gametes. b. The gametophyte is haploid and produces spores. c. The sporophyte is haploid and produces gametes. d. The sporophyte is diploid and produces spores. e. Two spores unite to form a zygote.

d. The sporophyte is diploid and produces spores.

Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if TRUE, would be cause for this reclassification? a. The two forms have many genes in common b. The two forms have similar food requirements. c. The two forms are very similar in coloration. d. The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction. e. The two forms live in similar habitats.

d. The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction.

In the plant phylogeny below, which groups are monophyletic? MARK ALL THAT ARE CORRECT. (quiz3fig.jpg on your desktop) a. Magnoliids b.All dicots c. Paleoherbs d. Typical dicots

d. Typical dicots c. Paleoherbs

It makes sense that the multicellular fungal body (mycelium) has large surface area, because fungi... a. have extensive vascular tissue b. are photosynthetic c. are colonial prokaryotes d. are absorptive heterotrophs

d. are absorptive heterotrophs

According to endosymbiotic theory, which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium? a. flagella b. mitochondrion c. spindle fibers d. chloroplast

d. chloroplast

All protists ________. a. have a cell wall b. are photosynthetic c. are smaller than animal cells d. contain a nucleus e. are unicellular

d. contain a nucleus

A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via secondary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts ________. a. are exceptionally small b. have only a single pigment c. have nuclear and cyanobacterial genes d. have three or four membranes

d. have three or four membranes

which of the following is the next major step in the life cycle following karyogamy for must fungal groups? a. spore dispersal b. growth of the microscopic spore-producing structure c. hyphen growth d. meiosis

d. meiosis

Which of the following best describes Bacteria as a group? a. pathogenic, omnipresent, morphologically diverse b. extremophiles, tiny, abundant c. small, harmful, fast-growing d. tiny, found in all environments, metabolically diverse e. morphologically diverse, metabolically diverse, extremophile

d. tiny, found in all environments, metabolically diverse

The retaining of the embryo on the living gametophyte of land plants _____. a. is a common trait in most red and green algae as well b. is found only in seed plants c. helps in dispersal of the embryo d. evolved concurrently with pollen e. allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

e. allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation? a. natural selection b. disruptive selection c. polyploidization events d. polyploidization events e. high rates of gene flow

e. high rates of gene flow

True or false: Spores and pollen perform similar functions, except spores are produced by seedless plants and pollen is produced by seed plants.

false