Bio 2100 exam 2
Which of the following is a characteristic of fungi that makes attacking organs a special concern?
Fungi are eukaryotic
Pinworms
Primary symptom is scratcing the anus; common in children
Hospitals throw away used items, such as surgical tools. 20 years ago they autoclaved (boiled) or exposed these items to radiation and then re-used them. By throwing these items away, they are preventing the spread of what type of pathogen?
Prions
Order of smallest to largest
Prions Viruses Bacteria Protozoans (Yeast) Most fungi (molds) Helminths
Which of the following would require a microscope but not require oil immersion in order to see it with some amount of detail?
Protozoans
Dermatophytes
cause multiple diseases (athletes foot, jock itch, ringworm), feed off keratin found in hair and nails, treated by topical antifungal medicines
Dermatophytes
cause skin infections like athletes foot
Giardia
caused by a flagellate found in cold mountain streams
Filariases
causes by filarial worms (round worms), spread by mosquitos and biting flies, infects 140 million people, causes river blindness and elephantiasis treatment- antihelminths, antibiotics kill bacteria that womrs cant live without
Filariasis
causes river blindness
How are sexual spores produced?
combine nuclei from 2 individuals, spores help reproduce
Characteristics of flu
comes in 3 varieties, envelope has 2 viral proteins, has RNA, flu infects multiple species, every flu type drift
Pinworms
common roundworm, infection of the colon, found in 10-50% of children at any given time, symptoms is scratching of the anus
Avian influenza
currently not passed from human to human, just bird to bird and bird to human, caused by H5N1 strain, high death rate, not spread
Valley fever
disease of the respiratory tract, found in the US southwest & Mex, caused by spores found in soil, inhaled spores carried by wind, infectious but not contagious Symptoms: flu like symptoms can lead to pneumonia, meningitis and death treatment: antifungal treatments very hard on patient
How viruses cause disease?
enter host organism, find susceptible cells and replicates, destroy cells in process
Virus enevelope
evolutionary membrane from host cell w/ viral proteins added,helps aid in entry into host cells
Guinea worm
extremely long roundworms found under surface of skin, clean water has decreased number of infection, may be eradicated in 2017
Kuru
first identified in the fore people
How are asexual spores produced?
from a single hyphae
Sick Building syndrome
illnesses associated w/ living conditions, causes can be diverse (improper ventilation, volatile organic compounds, & mold) Mold causes asthma and allergies, may cause hemorrhaging, memory loss and lethargy
HIV
infections of the immune system
West nile virus
inflammation of the brain, spread by mosquitos
How do protozoans cause disease?
invade and destroy tissue, cause inflammation
Schistosomiasis
kills by damaging the liver, kidneys, lungs and bladder
Virus reproduce
lands on host cell, injects genetic material into host, genetic material inserts into hosts DNA (genome) and causes mutation
Hookworm
latches on, found in US, southeastern, multiple infections can have side effects, penetrates bottom of foot and moves through blood stream to intestine where it sucks nutrients, 1 billion affected worldwide, multiple infections can cause retardation
Protozoans
living, single celled, eukaryotic DNA, classified by movement, can reproduce sexually or asexually, exchange DNA through conjugation, live in aquatic habitats, some produce cysts to help them survive in harsh conditions
Bacteria
living, single celled, prokaryotic DNA
Fungi
living, single celled/multicells, eukaryotic, DNA
Hyphae are...
long chains of cells found in molds
Guinea worms
long roundworms found under the surface of the skin
Molds
multicellular, contain hypae, long filament of cells joined together
Influenza
named in 1400's "influence of the stars" 412 BC recorded epidemic by Hippocrates major spanish flu in 1918-1919
Virus
non-living, non-cellular, extremely small, have genetic material, invade the cells
Virus
not living, no cells, DNA/RNA
Prions
not living, no cells, no DNA/RNA
Valley fever
primarily located in the american southwest
Malaria
reported in Chinese writing as early as 2700 BC, early treatment was bark of Cinohona tree,now known as quinine drug, caused by 4 sporozoan species of plamodium, extremely complex life cycle, requires humans and mosquitos, makes creating a vaccine difficult
Yeast
reproduce using budding
Yeast infection
skin infections caused by Candida albicans, favor moist places (mouth, vaginal/penis) diapered areas, take advantage of disruptions of the body's equilibrium and immunity Symptoms: burning, itching, side effects of antibodies Treatment: antifungal creams and oral medication
Heartland virus
tick-borne disease got its start in MO a few years ago
Yeasts
unicellular, usually circular
N Fowleri
water borne ameoba that travels up the nose and into the brain, extremely rare and usually fatal, first symptoms are altered taste & smell, acquired from swimming in lakes or pools. Found in US
Antigenetic drift
when a virus mutates, causing small changes in the proteins
Which of the following is false about the zika virus
zika virus causes severe symptoms in adults who contract it
Giardiasis
1st discovered by Leeuwenhoek, caused by the flagellate Giardia Lamblia, found in feces and moutain streams, ressitant to chlorine Symptoms: explosive diarrhea, lingering abdominal pain, nausea most common protozoan infection in US
Spanish Flu (1918)
20 million people died in 120 days, originated in Kansas, affected healthy as well as sick/elderly, healthy more likely to die than elderly, started in birds and mutated to jump to humans H1N1 strain
How many people does the Flu kill annually?
250-500K
Schistosomiasis
2nd most deadly parasite, infects 200 m and kill 750k, flatworm completes life cycle in snails, penetrates through skin Symptoms: rash, flu like symptoms within months, kills by damaging liver, lungs, kidneys and bladder
1976 Swine Flue
A private in NJ died, same strain as 1918 Flu, President Ford wanted everyone vaccinated, many died from getting vaccine
What treatment is most effective for ringworm?
A topical antifungal cream
Flu types
A- most severe, most common, mutates, causes epidemics (cough, body aches) sore throat) B- slow to mutate, usually milder than A C- symptoms similar to a cold. Sometimes no symptoms
If flagellates use flagella and ciliates use cilia, what uses psuedopods?
Ameoboids
An emerging disease is most likely to be
An RNA virus spread via animals
Why are prions considered infectious?
Because they can multiply inside the host
How do yeasts reproduce?
By budding and fussion
What genetic material is inside a virus?
DNA/RNA, small genome
What question will help you know if a pathogen is a protozoan or a yeast?
Does it have a cell wall?
Fungi
Eukaryotic w/ cell walls, classes are based on shape (mold or yeasts),digest materials externally and bring in the nutrients, reproduce sexually and asexually (molds produce spores)
How do fungi cause disease?
Fungi produce mycotoxins that cause disease
flu envelope has what 2 viral proteins?
H & N H= haemagglutinin N= neuraminidase
Ebola
Hemorrhaging fever transmitted by bats
Helminths
Living, mutlicellular, eukaryotic DNA
Caused by Plasmodium, this disease has an extremely complex life cycle and is the most common parasitic infection on earth, although it is very uncommon in the United States.
Malaria
How to treat viruses?
New process, block getting into host cell, getting out of host cell, depositing DNA into host cells DNA, also prone to resistance
What are the 2 types of Helminths?
Roundworms: cylindrical body, simplest animal w? digestive system, worms are either male or female, infection happens through ingestion of the eggs Flatworms: flattened body, no digestive system, extensive reproductive system (both sex organs), still exchange genetic info w/ others
How do helminths cause disease?
Sapping hosts nutrients, inducing inflammatory response, blocking or perforating organs, infections get into blood and lead to brain, leading cause of seizures worldwide (tapeworms)
How do helminthes cause disease?
Sapping nutrients from host, blocking organs, causing inflammation, perforating organs
Malaria is the most deadly parasite in the world. The second most deadly parasite, with 200 million infected and 750,000 deaths each year, is a helminth called...
Schistomiasis
Helminths diseases
Schistosomiasis Filariases Hookworm Guinea worm Pinworms
Which of the following about mold spores is false?
They are as resistant to environmental stress as bacterial spores
Prion diseases are 100% fatal because the immune system cannot detect them. What about prions makes them invisible to the immune system?
They are seen as "human" because the human body makes the same protein, but in a different shape
What about prions separate them from other pathogens we have discussed?
They lack genetic material
How do mycoses cause disease in humans?
They secrete toxins that digest human tissue
MERS
This respiratory virus most likely spread by bats
Sin Nombre/Hantavirus
This virus is carried by rats and fleas started in Southwest US
Check this out! Scientists have found a pathogen that reproduces inside cats and also infects mice and humans. When infected, it alters the mouse's brain so the mouse will be attracted to the smell of cats - not so healthy for the mouse, but beneficial for both the pathogen and the cat! It also causes behavior changes in humans, including reckless driving habits. It is a single-celled, eukaryotic organism without a cell wall. What pathogen is it?
Toxoplasma, a protozoan
How to treat Flu?
Vaccine (must be made new each year depending on strain, usually suggested for children, elderly, and health professionals), antiviral drug (tamiflu, N inhibitors block release of virus from host cell, must be taken within 24h, resistance forms quickly), rest and fluids
What is a virus particle called?
Virion
Which characteristic differs between 1918 influence pandemic and the bird flu?
Virulence
Dengue
a virus carried by mosquito recently found in MO
Mycoses
another name for fungal infections
Sydney wants to view living, mobile microbes in the microscope to research their movements. What technique will she need to use to make the slide?
hanging drop
What do H&N do for the flu?
help virus gain entry into host cell, they come in multiple forms
Protein coat (capsid) of a virus
helps with entry into host, protects genetic material, determines shape
H1N1 flu
highly contagious, low death rate, vaccine is now included in the seasonal flu vaccine, a unique mix of swine, bird and human flu strains from several continents, made a comeback in 2013-2014
What parasite do we find in the US
hookworm
Virus reproduction RNA
host makes viral genetic material and proteins, new virions assemble, host cell ruptures, releasing new virions and killing host cell, new virions go infect other host cells
What species does the flu affect?
humans, birds, pig different strains exchange genetic info creating new combinations