Bio 212 Practical

Phylum Cnidaria

Jellies. Cnidaria is a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic and mostly marine environments. Their distinguishing feature is cnidocytes, specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey.

tegument

Living external layer of trematodes and cestodes that allows digestion and other functions across a body surface (continuous and Acellular)

Phylum Ctenophora

Look like glowing jellies. Phylum of animals that live in marine waters worldwide. Their most distinctive feature is the "combs", groups of cilia they use for swimming, and they are the largest animals that swim by means of cilia - adults of various species range from a few millimeters to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) in size. Like cnidarians, their bodies consist of a mass of jelly, with one layer of cells on the outside and another lining the internal cavity. In ctenophores, these layers are two cells deep, while those in cnidarians are only one cell deep.

Panarthropoda

Panarthropoda is a taxon combining the phyla Arthropoda, Tardigrada, and Onychophora. Not all studies support it, but most do, including neuroanatomical, mitogenomic and palaeontological studies.

Order Schizomida

Phylum Arthropoda, SubPhylum Chelicerata, Class Arachnida. First walking legs are sensory (long and segmented, less thick than solpugids) .

Class Arachnida

Phylum Arthropoda. Arachnids is a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals in the subphylum Chelicerata. All arachnids have eight legs, although the front pair of legs in some species has converted to a sensory function. Important characteristics: carapace-like shield, spinnerets, pectins, book lungs, tracheae.

Class Pycnogonida

Phylum Arthropoda. SubPhylum Chelicerata. Sea spiders. All marine. Live on inverts. Important characteristics: "proboscis"

Hexapoda

Phylum Arthropoda. This subphylum constitutes the largest grouping of arthropods and includes the insects as well as three much smaller groups of wingless arthropods: Collembola, Protura, and Diplura.

Class diplopoda

millipedes

eutely

predetermined and specific number of cells in a structure or even an entire body

gonochoristic

separate sexes

Phylum Tardigrada

"Water bears" Tardigrades are water-dwelling, segmented micro-animals. Important characteristics: 4 pairs of ventral legs, each ending in 1 to 12 toes w/ adhesive pads or claws, thin cuticle, molting, coelom reduced, gonochoristic.

Phylum Platyhelminthes

(flatworms) Triploblastic, acoelomate, bilaterally symmetrical, simple cephalization, protonephridia, hermaphroditic.

book lungs

(in a spider or other arachnid) each of a pair of respiratory organs composed of many fine leaves. They are situated in the abdomen and have openings on the underside.

Characteristics of Phylum Porifera

Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical, choanocytes, spicules, no true tissues, no nerve, muscle cells

nephridia

Excretory organs that filter fluid in the coelom.

Order Odanata

dragonflies, damselflies

Subphylum Hexapoda

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gonopore

A gonopore, sometimes called a gonadopore, is a genital pore in many invertebrates.

protonephridia

A hollow cell in the excretory system of certain invertebrates, including flatworms and rotifers, containing a tuft of rapidly beating cilia that serve to propel waste products into excretory tubules.

chelicerae

A pair of appendages located near the mouth of Chelicerates that contain fangs and are used to stab and paralyze prey. (Horseshoe crabs, spiders, ticks, and scorpions)

Class Insecta

All Insects

amphids

Amphids are the principal chemosensory organs of nematodes. Each amphid is made up of 12 sensory neurons with ciliated dendrites.

papillae

Bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds, the receptors for taste.

Planaria

Class Turbellaria.

Class Anthozoa

Corals. Anthozoa is a class within the phylum Cnidaria. Unlike other cnidarians, anthozoans do not have a medusa stage in their development. Instead, they release sperm and eggs that form a planula, which attaches to some substrate on which the cnidarian grows. Some anthozoans can also reproduce asexually through budding. More than 6,100 species have been described.[1]

Cycloneuralia

Cycloneuralia is a clade of ecdysozoan animals including the Scalidophora and the Nematoida. It may be paraphyletic, or may be a sister group to Panarthropoda. The name derives from the position of the brain around the pharynx.

Order Milleporina

Fire corals are colonial marine organisms that look rather like real coral. Technically they are not corals, since they are more closely related to Hydra and other hydrozoans. They are members of the phylum Cnidaria, class Hydrozoa, order Capitata, family Milleporidae. --- The very small nematocysts on fire corals contain tentacles that protrude from numerous surface pores (similar to jellyfish stings). In addition, fire corals have a sharp, calcified external skeleton that can scrape the skin.

Aurelia

Genus under Class Scyphozoa. Moon jellies.

gastrotrichs

Hairy, small, platyhelminthes

Order Opiliones

Harvestmen.

Subclass Hexacorallia

Hexacorallia is a subclass of Anthozoa comprising approximately 4,300 species of aquatic organisms formed of colonial polyps generally with 6-fold symmetry. This includes all of the stony corals, which are vital for coral reef formation, as well as all sea anemones, tube anemones, and zoanthids, ranged within six extant orders.[1] The hexacorallia are distinguished from the other subclass of Anthozoa, Octocorallia, in having six or fewer axes of symmetry in their body structure and only single rows of tentacles. These organisms are formed of individual soft polyps which in some species live in colonies and can secrete a calcite skeleton. As with all Cnidarians, these organisms have a complex life cycle including a motile planktonic phase and a later characteristic sessile phase. Hexacorallia also include the significant extinct orders of the rugose corals and tabulate corals

Phylum Nematomorpha

Horsehair worms. Molts only 1 time during lifetime; they are free-living as adults, parasitic as juveniles; juveniles emerge when water is near. They have no lateral lines or excretory system, and in adults the digestive system is degenerate. Differ from nematodes in having no excretory system, no eutely, details of nervous and reproductive system are different.

Class Merostomata

Horseshoe crabs. 4 living species.

Phylum Arthropoda

Important characteristics: segmentation, regional body segmentation, tagmosis, exoskeleton w/ thick scleratorized plates, jointed appendages, protostomes, open circulatory system, gonochoristic, growth by molting.

Subclass Octocorallia

Phylum Cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Octocorallia (also known as Alcyonaria) is a subclass of Anthozoa comprising around 3,000 species of water-based organisms formed of colonial polyps with 8-fold symmetry. It includes the blue coral, soft corals, sea pens, and gorgonians (sea fans and sea whips). These organisms have an internal skeleton secreted by mesoglea and polyps with eight tentacles and eight mesentaries.

Metridium

Phylum Cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Subclass Hexacoralia. Order Actinaria. Members of the genus Metridium, also known as plumose anemones, are sea anemones found mostly in the cooler waters of the northern Pacific and Atlantic oceans. They are characterized by their numerous threadlike tentacles extending from atop a smooth cylindrical column, and can vary from a few centimeters in height up to one meter or more. In larger specimens, the oral disk becomes densely curved and frilly.

Order Scleractinia

Phylum Cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Subclass Hexacoralia. True or stony corals. Scleractinia, also called stony corals, are marine corals that generate a hard skeleton.

Order Gorgonaceae

Phylum Cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Sublcass Octocorallia.Gorgonacea is an order of sessile colonial cnidarian found throughout the oceans of the world, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Gorgonians are also known as sea whips or sea fans and are similar to the sea pen, a soft coral.

Order Siphonophora

Phylum Cnidaria. Class Hydrozoa. Although a siphonophore appears to be a single organism, each specimen is actually a colony composed of many individual animals. Most colonies are long, thin, transparent pelagic floaters. Some siphonophores superficially resemble jellyfish. The best known species is the dangerous Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis). With a body length of 40-50 m (130-160 ft), another species of siphonophore, Praya dubia, is one of the longest animals in the world.

Obelia

Phylum Cnidaria. Class Hydrozoa. Genus Obelia. Marine animals that bear polyps and produce medusae, and that form colonies that attach to rocks or the ocean bottom.

Order Chondrophora

Phylum Cnidaria. Class Hydrozoa. They all live at the surface of the open ocean, and are colonies of carnivorous, free-floating hydroids whose role in the plankton community is similar to that of pelagic jellyfish. The chondrophores look like a single organism but are actually colonial animals, made up of orderly cooperatives of polyps living under specialized sail-structures.

Order Hydroida

Phylum Cnidaria. Class Hydrozoa. an order of Hydrozoa comprising forms alternating a well-developed asexual polyp generation with a generation of free medusae or of abortive medusoid reproductive structures on the polyps — see leptomedusae

Class Hydrozoa

Phylum Cnidaria. Hydrozoans or "water animals". They are very small predatory animals that can be either marine or freshwater, but mostly saltwater. There are about 3200 species belonging to the taxonomic class, which is fairly large. Some examples of hydrozoans are the freshwater jelly (Craspedacusta sowerbyi), freshwater polyps (Hydra), Obelia, Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis), chondrophores (Porpitidae), "air fern" (Sertularia argenta), and pink-hearted hydroids (Tubularia).

Class Turbellaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes. Includes all the sub-groups that are not exclusively parasitic. Stomodeal pharynx, ciliated epidermmis, rhabdoids.

Class Trematoda

Phylum Platyhelminthes. Includes flukes. Internal parasites, with mouth at anterior end; often have complex life cycle with alternation of hosts; cause disease in humans and other animals. Important characteristics: tegument, suckers (oral sucker and acetabulum).

Class Cestoda

Phylum Platyhelminthes. Tapeworms. Lack mouths and digestive tract. Attach via suckers and or hooks. Nutrients absorbed through body walls. Has scolex. Important characteristics: strobila (series of proglottids); digestive tract absent.

Class Hexactinellida

Phylum Porifera. Hexactinellid sponges are sponges with a skeleton made of four- and/or six-pointed siliceous spicules, often referred to as glass sponges, they are notable for their long life of 1000s of years.

Order Pennatulaceae

Phylum cnidaria. Class Anthozoa. Subclass Octocorallia. Sea pens and sea pansies.

Order pseudoscorpiones

Pseudoscorpiones.

rhabdoids

Referring to a structure with striated muscle-like appearance

Phylum Nemertea

Ribbon worms. Diecious, complete digestive tract, beginning of blood vascular system, eversible pharynx, autonomy (self destruction) and regeneration.

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms. Unsegmented, pseudoceolomates. Important characteristics: body round in cross section, amphids, gut complete, six lips bearing sense organs, only logitudinal muscles.

Order Scorpiones

Scorpions. Important characteristics: carapace, mesosoma, metasoma, pedipalps, gonopore, genital operculum, pectins, book lungs.

Order Actinaria

Sea anemones are a group of water-dwelling, predatory animals of the order Actiniaria. They are named for the anemone, a terrestrial flower. Sea anemones are classified in the phylum Cnidaria, class Anthozoa, subclass Hexacorallia.[1] Anthozoa often have large polyps that allow for digestion of larger prey and also lack a medusa stage.[2] As cnidarians, sea anemones are related to corals, jellyfish, tube-dwelling anemones, and Hydra.

Order Araneae

Spiders (order Araneae) are air-breathing arthropods that have eight legs and chelicerae with fangs that inject venom. They are the largest order of arachnids and rank seventh in total species diversity among all other orders of organisms. Important characteristics: carapace, pedicel, fangs (usually with venom glands), book lungs, tracheae, spinnerets, silk producing glands, usually 8 eyes.

Order Aranae

Spiders.

Phylum Porifera

Sponges are animals of the phylum Porifera. They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them, consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells

Striated muscle

Striated muscle tissue is muscle tissue that has repeating sarcomeres, in contrast with smooth muscle tissue.

Order Solpugida

Sun spiders.

Ecdysozoa

Supergroup of protostomes; characterized by periodic molting of their exoskeleton. Include the roundworms and arthropods.

Order Amblypygi

Tailless whip scorpions

Phylum Onycophora

The velvet worms are a minor ecdysozoan phylum. Important characteristics: fleshy antennae, jaws, oral papillae, appendages unjointed, paired-segmented nephridia, trachae-spiracular system, reduced coelom, slim glands.

Superfamily Araneomorphae

The Araneomorphae are a suborder of spiders. They are distinguished by having fangs that oppose each other and cross in a pinching action, in contrast to the Mygalomorphae, which have fangs that are nearly parallel in alignment.

Class Desmospongea

The Demospongiae are the largest class in the phylum Porifera. Their "skeletons" are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both.

Superfamily Mygalomorphae

The Mygalomorphae are an infraorder of spiders. The scientific name comes from the orientation of the fangs which point straight down and do not cross each other.

Class Scyphozoa

The Scyphozoa are a class within the phylum Cnidaria, sometimes referred to as the "true jellyfish". The class name Scyphozoa comes from the Greek word skyphos (σκύφος), denoting a kind of drinking cup and alluding to the cup shape of the organism.

mesosoma

The mesosoma is the middle part of the body, or tagma, of arthropods whose body is composed of three parts, the other two being the prosoma and the metasoma. It bears the legs, and, in the case of winged insects, the wings.

metasoma

The metasoma is the posterior part of the body, or tagma, of arthropods whose body is composed of three parts, the other two being the prosoma and the mesosoma.

pinacoderm

The pinacoderm is the outer most layer of cells (pinacocytes) surrounding the body of organisms belonging to the phylum Porifera (sponges), equivalent to the epidermis in other organisms.

genital operculum

The plate derived from the sixth legs that close off the genital aperture(s) or gonopore(s)

Stomodeam

The stomodeum, also called stomatodeum or stomatodaeum, is a depression between the brain and the pericardium in an embryo, and is the precursor of the mouth and the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

SubPhylum Chelicerata

The subphylum Chelicerata, constitutes one of the major subdivisions of the phylum Arthropoda, and includes horseshoe crabs, and arachnids. Important characteristics: Prosoma (or cephalothorax) and opisthosoma (for abdomen), telson, chelicerae, gonochorisitc, growth by molting.

Order Acari

Ticks, mites.

Order Uropygi

Whip scorpiones

Choanocytes

a flagellated cell with a collar of protoplasm at the base of the flagellum, numbers of which line the internal chambers of sponges.

SubPhylum Trilobitomorpha

all marine and lived from the Cambrian to the Permian; bodies are divided into three longitudinal lobes, caused by a pair of longitudinal grooves; a pair of antennae and biramous appendages.

Order Hymenoptera

bees, wasps, ants

Order Coleoptera

beetles

Order Lepidoptera

butterflies

Class Chilopoda

centipedes

SubPhylum Myriapoda

centipedes and millipedes

Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria

cnidae, mouth surrounded by tentacles, diploblastic, radially symmetrical, alternation of generations, typically have planular larvae. No circulatory system, no CNS, nerve system is simple nerve net, gut (coelenteron) is saclike or branched, has single opening which serves as mouth and anus.

proglottid

each segment in the strobila of a tapeworm, containing a complete sexually mature reproductive system.

Order Dermaptera

earwigs

malphigian tubules

excretory system for insects, allows wastes to be excreted and H₂0 to be reabsorbed. Independently evolved in Arthropoda, Tardigrada, and more.

Order Siphonoptera

fleas

Order diptera

flies

tagmosis

fusion of segments into functional units

Order Orthoptera

grasshoppers, crickets

Lophotorochozoa

have a feeding structure called a lophophore. Example: Carribean reaf squid

trachae

in insects, myriapods and spiders one of a network of air tubes; in vertebrates, the tube that connects the larynx to the lungs

Order Neuroptera

lacewings, antlions, etc

Order Mantoidea

mantids

Order Collembola

springtails

Cephalization

the concentration of sense organs, nervous control, etc., at the anterior end of the body, forming a head and brain, both during evolution and in the course of an embryo's development

carapace

the hard upper shell of a turtle, crustacean, or arachnid.

pharynx

the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus.

strobila

the segmented part of the body of a tapeworm that consists of a long chain of proglottids.

Chelicerates

the subphylum that includes arachnids

telson

the unpaired, terminal abdominal segment of crustaceans, part of the tail of a crustacean used for propulsion (in the middle of the tail)

Order Hemiptera

true bugs (aphids, leafhoppers, cicadeas