BIO 220 Exam 2

The following are important steps in the process of endochondral ossification. What is the correct order for these events? 1. Enlarged chondrocytes die 2. Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with spongy bone. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and the surrounding matrix begins to calcify. 4. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartilage. 5. Perichondrial cells become osteoblasts and produce a superficial layer of bone. A) 3,1,4,5,2 B) 3.15.42 C) 2,3,1.5,4 D) 1,3,5.4,2

A) 3,1,4,5,2

The sacrum consists of how many fused bones? A) 5 B) 3 C) 6

A) 5

___________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. A) Articular cartilage B) A serous membrane C) A synovial membrane D) Elastic cartilage E) Serous fluid

A) Articular cartilage

All of the following are true of the sacrum except that it A) articulates with the second and third lumbar vertebrae. B) articulates with the pelvic bones. C) articulates with the coccyx. D) provides a point of attachment for leg muscles. E) provides protection for reproductive. digestive, and excretory organs.

A) articulates with the second and third lumbar vertebrae

The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as A) calcification. B) osteogenesis. C) ossification. D) hardening. E) remodeling.

A) calcification

The most abundant mineral in the human body is A) calcium. B) potassium. C) hydrogen. D) sodium. E) phosphorus.

A) calcium

The ______ in the bony chamber that protects and supports the brain, A) cranium B) skull C) cortex D) centrum E) cophalum

A) cranium

Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of A) facets for the articulation of ribs. B) transverse foramina. C) costal cartilages. D) notched spinous processes. E) transverse processes.

A) facet for the articulation of ribs

Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways except A) inhibiting calcitonin secretion. B) stimulating osteoclast activity. C) increasing the rate of calcium absorption. D) decreasing the rate of calcium excretion E) raising the level of calcium ion in the blood.

A) inhibiting calcitonin secretion

The widest Intervertebral discs are found in the ________ region A) Lumbar B) thoracic C) sacral D) coccygeal E) cervical

A) lumbar

The role(s) of the sinuses Include(s) A) making the skull lighter and production of mucus that moistens and cleans the air. B) extra source of air and increasing surface area for gas exchange. C) production of mucus that moistens and cleans the air. D) Increasing surface area for gas exchange. E) making the skull lighter.

A) making the skull lighter and production of mucus that moistens and cleans the air.

The foramen magnum is found in the _________ bone A) occipital B) temporal C) frontal D) parietal E) ethmoid

A) occipital

During the process of _______, an existing tissue is replaced by bone A) ossification B) osteopropagation C) phosphorylation D) remodeling E) resorption

A) ossification

A lack of exercise could A) result in porous and weak bones. B) cause bones to lose their medullary cavity. C) cause bones to store more calcium. D) cause bones to become longer. E) cause bones to become thicker.

A) result in porous and weak bones

A chamber within a bone normally filled with air is a A) sinus. B) meatus. C) canal. D) foramen. E) fossa.

A) sinus

Identify the sphenoid bone. A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

B) 2

Which structure is called an osteon? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

B) 2

The four curves of the adult spinal column are not all present at birth. Which of the following are the secondary curves, which do not appear until several months later? A) thoracic, and lumbar B) cervical and lumbar C) cervical and sacral D) sacral and lumbar E) thoracic and sacral

B) cervical and lumbar

The _____ allows for a wide range of head movements. A) Intervertebral discs B) cervical vertebrae C) Ayold borses D) occipital condyles E) temporomandibular joints

B) cervical vertebrae

The suture that forms the articulation of the parietal bones with the frontal bone is the _____ suture A) rostral B) coronal C) lambdoid D) sagittal E) squamous

B) coronal

Ribs 8 to 12 are called ________ because they do not attach directly to the sternum A) fibrous B) false C) tree D) floating E) filamentous

B) false

In __________ a fracture one side of the shaft is split and the other side is bent. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression

B) greenstick

The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is called a A) crown. B) head. C) capitulum. D) bulb. E) corona

B) head

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are A) diagonal. B) parallel. C) proximal. D) radial. E) anterior.

B) parallel

The structure labeled "3" is the result of which process? A) surface growth of bone B) remodeling of compact bone C) remodeling of spongy bone D) osteoporosis E) bone cells adding matrix between existing osteons

B) remodeling of compact bone

Small bones that fill gaps between bones of the skull are called bones A) sesamoid B) sagittal C) irregular D) tendon E) sutural

B) sagittal

The vertebral column contains _______ thoracic vertebrae A) 5 B) 4 C) 12 D) 7 E) 31

C) 12

Where does growth in length occur? A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5

C) 3

Which of the following is true of osteoclasts? A) Osteoclasts are responsible for laying down osteoid. B) Osteoclasts are located within lacunae. C) Osteoclasts secretes protein digesting enzymes and acids that dissolve matrix. D) Osteoclasts form cytoplasmic extensions within canaliculi. E) Osteoclasts maintain protein and mineral content of matrix.

C) Osteoclasts secretes protein digesting enzymes and acids that dissolve matrix

When the production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates A) are hardly affected. B) increase slowly. C) become narrower. D) accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness. E) widen.

C) become narrower

The narrow passageways that contain cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes are called A) foramina B) central canals. C) canaliculi. D) lacunae. E) medullary cavities.

C) canaliculi

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) A) membranous model. B) calcified model. C) cartilage model. D) osteoid model. E) fibrous connective-tissue model.

C) cartilage model

The smooth, rounded articular process of a bone is termed a A) head. B) crest. C) condyle. D) trochlea. E) ridge.

C) condyle

The hormone calcitonin functions to A) decrease the rate of calcium absorption. B) decrease the rate of calcium excretion. C) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. D) stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts. E) stimulate osteoclast activity.

C) decrease the level of calcium ion in blood

A _______ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves. A) cavernosa B) meatus C) foramen D) fossa E) sinus

C) foramen

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a A) line. B) facet. C) fossa. D) fissure. E) sulcus.

C) fossa

The vertebral arch is formed by the pedicles and the A) dorsal spinous processes. B) costal facets. C) laminae. D) transverse spinous processes. E) Intervertebral disc.

C) laminae

The clavicles articulate with which portion of the sternum? A) sternal angle B) xiphoid process C) manubrium D) jugular notch E) body

C) manubrium

The spinous processes of the sacral vertebrae fuse to form the A) lateral sacral crest. B) sacral hiatus. C) median sacral crest. D) sacral canal. E) sacral tuberosity.

C) median sacral crest

Cells that secrete the organic components of the bone matrix are called A) osteocytes. B) osteoprogenitor cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteoclasts. E) osteoid cells.

C) osteoblasts

___________ cells are located in the inner cellular layer of the periosteum. A) Osteocyte B) Osteoid C) Osteogenic D) Osteolytic E) Osteoclast

C) osteogenic

Air-filled chambers found in several bones of the skull are called A) fossa. B) fontanelles. C) sinuses. D) sutures. E) conchae.

C) sinuses

Identify the mismatched pair. A) skull bones: 8 cranial and 14 facial banes B) vertebral column: 24 vertebrae and 1 sacrum and 1 coccyx C) thoracic cage: sternum and 24 ribs and 2 clavicles D) bones associated with the skull:-6 auditory ossicles and 1 hyoid bone E) There is no mismatched pair.

C) thoracic cage: sternum and 24 ribs and 2 clavicles

Which structure encloses the pituitary gland? A) 7 B) 5 C) 8 D) 6

D) 6

A fracture that affects the malleolus on both lower leg bones is called a A carpal B) complex C) double-split D) Pott's E) colles

D) Pott's

The process by which osteoblasts add layers to circumferential lamellae is A) interstitial growth. B) endochondral ossification. C) intramembranous growth. D) appositional growth. E) epiphyseal ossification.

D) appositional growth

The four spinal curves include all but one of the following. Identify the exception. A thoracic B) cervical C) lumbar D) axial E) sacrum

D) axial

A tubercle of a rib articulates with the thoracic vertebrae. A) hyoid. B) manubrium. C) cervical and thoracic vertebrae. D) costal facets of thoracic vertebrae. E) xiphoid process.

D) costal facets of thoracic vertebrae

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the A) distal epiphysis. B) proximal epiphysis. C) periosteum. D) diaphysis. E metaphysis.

D) diaphysis

The proximal and distal ends of a lone bone are called the A) metaphyses. B) periphyses. C) diaphyses. D) epiphyses. E) epiphyseal plates.

D) epiphyses

The skullcap is formed by the bones. A) temporal, parietal, and occipital B) frontal, temporal, and occipital C) frontal, temporal, and parital D) frontal, parietal, and occipital E) frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital

D) frontal, parietal, and occipital

Which connective tissue is found between the ribs and the sternum? A) fibrocartilage B) dense irregular connective tissue C) elastic cartilage D) hyaline cartilage E) dense regular connective tissue

D) hyaline cartilage

The _____ bone Is unusual because it doesn't contact another bone. A) lacrimal B) vomer C) atlas D) hyoid E) ethmoid

D) hyoid

Which of the following is not true regarding the vertebral canal? A) The posterior border is the vertebral arch. B) It encloses the spinal cord. C) it is formed by vertebral foramina of successive vertebrae. D) it is found only in cervical and thoracic vertebrae. E) The anterior border is the vertebral body.

D) it is found only in cervical and thoracic vertebrae

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, A) the bone becomes more brittle. B) interstitial bone growth begins. C) puberty begins. D) long bones have reached their adult length. E) appositional bone growth begins.

D) long bones have reached their adult length

The prominent bulge just posterior and inferior to the external auditory meatus is the A) temporal process. B) styloid process. C) occipital condvle. D) mastoid process. E) conduloid process.

D) mastoid process

The floor of the orbital complex is formed mainly by the A) zygomatic. B) sphenoid. C) frontal. D) maxilla. E) ethmoid.

D) maxilla

The most abundant cell type in bone is A) osteoclasts. B) osteoblasts. C) osteoprogenitor cells D) osteocytes.

D) osteocytes

The organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone is called A) mesenchymal tissue. B) hydroxyapatite. C) calcium phosphate. D) osteoid. E) osteon.

D) osteoid

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? A) bones B) cartilage C) ligaments D) other tissues that connect bones E) tendons

D) other tissues that connect bones

Which of the following is not a cranial bone? A) frontal B) parietal C) occipital D) palatine E) temporal

D) palatine

Which paired bones form the lateral, posterior portions of the cranium? A) frontal B) zygomatic C) maxilla D) parietal E) sphenoid

D) parietal

Connective tissue fibers Incorporated into bone tissue from ligaments are called A) reticular fibers. B) calcified fibers. C) elastic fibers. D) perforating fibers. E) superficial fibers.

D) perforating fibers

The layer of bone that is interwoven with tendons is the A) perichondrium. B) endosteum. C) concentric lamellae. D) periosteum. E) circumferential lamellae.

D) periosteum

The _______ Interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering. A mineral-crystal B) collagen-fiber Q protein-protein D) protein-crystal E) hydroxyanatite-crystal

D) protein-crystal

The on going process of tearing down and remodeling bone matrix is called A) ossification. B) restoration. C) osteolysis. D) remodeling. E) resorption.

D) remodeling

Where in the body does the production of precursors for the synthesis of calcitriol occur? A) bone B) kidneys C) small intestine D) skin

D) skin

A skull bane that could be described as looking like a bat with wings extended is the A) ethmoid. B) temporal. C) crista gall. D) sphenoid. E) maxilla.

D) sphenoid

The auditory ossicles are housed in which cranial bone? A) zygomatic B) ethmoid C) lacrimal D) temporal E) sphenoid

D) temporal

The internal acoustic meatus is located in which bone? A) sphenoid B) parietal C) occipital D) temporal E) ethmoid

D) temporal

A fracture of the bone across its long axis is called a _______ fracture. A) comminuted B) greenstick C) compression D) transverse E) spiral

D) transverse

The part of the vertebrae that transfers weight along the axis of the vertebral column is the A) vertebral arch. B) intervertebral space. C) transverse process. D) vertebral body. E) articular processes.

D) vertebral body

Which of following is a function of tho skeletal system? A) protection of internal organs B) body support C) calcium homeostasis D) blood cell production E) All of the answers are correct.

E) All of the answers are correct

____________ are stem cells that develop into osteoblasts. A) Osteocytes B) Osteoclasts C) Osteoid celle D) Osteomedullary cells E) Osteogenic cells

E) Osteogenic cells

How do sex hormones affect bone growth? A) Estrogen causes slower epiphyseal closure B) They cause osteoporosis. C) They stimulate the cleavage of hydroxyapatite D) Testosterone stimulates osteoclast activity. E) They cause ossification to be faster than cartilage replacement.

E) They cause ossification to be faster than cartilage replacement.

How is vitamin D (vitamin D3) related to calcium homeostasis in bone? A) Vitamin D is produced by osteoblasts during endochondral ossification. B) Vitamin D provides a framework for calcium in the matrix. C) Vitamin D is regulated by osteoclast activity. D) Vitamin D replaces calcium in the skeleton. E) Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract.

E) Vitamin D is involved in calcium absorption by the digestive tract.

The first cervical vertebra is called the A) primum. B) apex. C) axis. D) cervix. E) atlas.

E) atlas

The dens process is found on the A) coccyx. B) sacrum. C) ribs. D) atlas. E) axis.

E) axis

The second cervical vertebra is called the A) atlas. B) primum. C) cervix. D) apex. E) axis.

E) axis

The central canal of an osteon contains A) osteocytes. B) lacunae. C) bone marrow. D) concentric lamellae. E) blood vessels.

E) blood vessels

During appositional growth, A) compact bone replaces spongy bone. B) cartilage replaces bone. C) the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. D) bones grow longer. E) bones grow wider.

E) bones grow wider

Through the action of osteoclasts, A) new bone is formed. B) osteoid is calcified. C) an organic framework is formed. D) fractured bones regenerate. E) bony matrix is dissolved.

E) bony matrix is dissolved

Which hormone increases calcium and phosphate ion absorption by the intestines? A) calcitonin B) estrogen C) parathyroid hormone D) thyroxine E) calcitriol

E) calcitriol

Layers of bony matrix at the outer and inner surfaces of bone and covered by the periosteum and the endosteum are A) Haversian systems. B) concentric lamellae. C) osteons. D) interstitial lamellae. E) circumferential lamellae.

E) circumferential lamellae

Which of the following articulate in the mandibular fossa® A) acromion process B) coronoid process C) mastoid process D) zygomatic process E) condylar process

E) condylar precess

Each of the following structures is associated with the sphenoid bone except the A) sella turcica. B) pterygoid processes. C) foramen ovale. D) optic canals. E) cribriform plate.

E) cribriform plate

The shaft of long bones is called the A) epiphysis. B) endophysis. C) paraphysis. D) metaphysis. E) diaphysis.

E) diaphysis

The nasal complex consists of all of the bones except the A) maxillary. B) zygomatic. C) sphenoid. D) frontal. E) ethmoid.

E) ethmoid

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage? A) elastic cartilage B) synovial cartilage C) osseous cartilage D) fibrocartilage E) hyaline cartilage

E) hyaline cartilage

Cells that secrete protein fibers in bone are called A) osteogenic cells. B) osteocytes. C) osteoclasts. D) osteolytic cells. E) osteoblasts.

E) osteoblasts

Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the A) osteocytes. B) osteolytic cells. C) osteoblasts. D) osteogenic cells. E) osteoclasts.

E) osteoclasts

A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes making them brittle and compromises normal function is called A) osteomyelitis. B) osteitis. C) osteomalacia. D) osteopenia. E) osteoporosis.

E) osteoporosis

The hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica contaíns the A) lacrimal B) nasal C) sellar D) olfactory E) pituitary

E) pituitary

A(n) _______ or closed, fracture does not break the skin. A) plain B) common C) internal D) contained E) simple

E) simple

Delicate projections that form from the ethmoidal labyrinths are A) sphenoidal sinuses. B) auditory ossicles. C) olfactory foramina. D) pterygold processes. E) superior and middle nasal conchae.

E) superior and middle nasal conchae

Successive vertebrae articulate at facets on the inferior adjacent inferior vertebrae A) transverse procossas B) pedicles C) dens D) lamellae E) superior articular processes

E) superior articular processes

The ribs articulate with the of the vertebrae. A) auric arches B) spinous processes C) pedicles D) laminae E) transverse processes

E) transverse processes

Of the following bones, which is unpaired? A) maxillae B) lacrimal C) palatine E) vomer

E) vomer

Canaliculi are

narrow passageways in the matrix connecting lacunae to blood supply.

What are the functions of the parathyroid hormone

stimulates osteoclast activity, increases the rate of calcium absorption, decreases the rate of calcium excretion, raises the level of calcium ion in the blood.