bio 224 metabolism
True or false: This chemical process that removes an amine group is transamination.
False
Which of the following is not a component of all amino acids?
Fatty acid tail
Which of these vitamins is considered an antioxidant because it prevents the oxidation of DNA and plasma membranes?
Vitamin E
All of the following are trace minerals EXCEPT ______.
calcium
The body will store excess energy as triglycerides when ______.
caloric input is greater than energy output
The processes that may be involved in the breakdown of lipids are ______. Select all that apply.
citric acid cycle ketogenesis beta-oxidation
The overall products of glycolysis are ______. Select all that apply.
four ATPs two pyruvic acid molecules two NADHs
Triglycerides that are released in the blood and used by the skeletal muscles and liver for energy are referred to as ______ fatty acids.
free
When the liver cannot maintain blood glucose levels between meals, glucose can be made from non-carbohydrate sources by a process called ______.
gluconeogenesis
The most important monosaccharide for cellular metabolism is
glucose
Glycogenolysis involves the breaking down of glycogen into ______.
glucose-6-phosphate
The chains of glucose molecules that serve as short-term energy storage in muscle and liver are called ______ molecules.
glycogen
The synthesis of glycogen, which occurs in conditions of excess glucose is a process called ______.
glycogenesis
When glucose levels are high, glucose is converted into glycogen. This process is called
glycogenesis
Glycogen releases glucose when it is broken down by the process of ______.
glycogenolysis
The conversion of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid is ______.
glycolysis
The splitting of a glucose molecule into two pyruvic acid molecules is a process called
glycolysis
Identify examples of catabolism.
glycolysis digestion
Proteins classified as ______ proteins lack one or more essential amino acids.
incomplete
Leafy green vegetables are good sources of ______.
incomplete proteins
After the NH2 group is removed from an amino acid, the remainder of the molecule is called a _______ acid.
keto
The end product of anaerobic fermentation is (one word) acid.
lactic
Essential fatty acids include ______. Select all that apply.
linoleic acid alpha-linolenic acid
Which molecules serve as the body's main energy storage?
lipids
The synthesis of fats is ______.
lipogenesis
The transformation of acetyl-CoA to free fatty acids is a process called _______.
lipogenesis
When excess proteins and carbohydrates are consumed the body will produce triglycerides via ______.
lipogenesis
Lactic acid is converted back into pyruvate in the ______.
liver
Which tissue can convert glucose-6-phosphate into glucose from release into the blood?
liver
The term ___________________ refers to a single carbohydrate unit, for example a simple sugar such as glucose or fructose.
monosaccharide
Based on their structure, glucose, galactose and fructose are from the group of carbohydrates called ______.
monosaccharides
Amino acids that are required for protein synthesis but that do not need to be ingested are categorized as _______.
nonessential
In the first step of the citric acid cycle, ______ acid combines with acetyl-CoA to produce citric acid.
oxaloacetic
Chemical reactions that involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another are ______.
oxidation-reduction reactions
An amine group is removed from an amino acid in ______.
oxidative deamination
The liver oxidizes lactic acid back to pyruvic acid when _____________ becomes available again.
oxygen
The adding of a phosphate group to a molecule is ______.
phosphorylation
During the steps of glycolysis seen here, ______ is occurring? Select all that apply.
phosphorylation of sugar use of ATP
Lipogenesis can be defined as ______.
producing fats from other types of molecules
In the last four steps of glycolysis, ______ occurs. Select all that apply.
production of ATP production of pyruvic acid
Examples of anabolism are ______. Select all that apply.
production of enzymes synthesis of ATP maintenance of cell structure
Gluconeogenesis can be defined as the ______.
production of glucose from non-carbohydrates
Functions of vitamin C include ______. Select all that apply.
promotes collagen synthesis participates in protein metabolism
In the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are moved from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix by ______.
proton pumps
In this figure, the purple structures marked I, III and IV act as ______.
proton pumps
Average cholesterol intake should not exceed ______ mg/day.
300
Choose the number of net ATP yielded during each phase of aerobic respiration. Select all that apply.
32 ATP from the electron transport chain 2 ATP from glycolysis 2 ATP from citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle produces ______ ATP, ______ NADH, and ______ FADH2 per "turn" of the cycle.
1; 3; 1
During glycolysis, four molecules of ATP are produced, but ____ molecules of ATP are used in the process.
2
How many ATP molecules are used in glycolysis?
2
The net gain is ___ ATP per glucose during glycolysis
2
What is the net gain of ATP per glucose molecule during glycolysis.
2
Which person would likely demonstrate negative nitrogen balance?
A starving person
What is produced in chemiosmosis?
ATP
The steps of glycolysis seen here result in the production of ______ and two molecules of ______.
ATP, pyruvic acid
Describe the reaction called phosphorylation.
Addition of inorganic phosphate to an organic molecule
Carbon dioxide, ATP, and water are the end-products of which process?
Aerobic respiration
When is NAD+ reduced to form NADH in glycolysis?
After cleavage of sugar
Collagen synthesis is a function associated with vitamin
C
Which of the following are end-products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose? Select all that apply.
Carbon dioxide ATP Water
The production of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 occurs in what phase of aerobic respiration?
Citric acid cycle
Which of the following are part of carbohydrate metabolism? Select all that apply.
Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain Glycolysis
What happens right after the phosphorylation steps of glycolysis?
Cleavage of the sugar
Name the location within the cell where glycolysis occurs.
Cytoplasm
Which type of molecule is involved in blood clotting and smooth muscle contraction?
Eicosanoid
Identify the phases of the aerobic respiration pathway. Select all that apply.
Electron transport chain Production of acetyl CoA Citric acid cycle Glycolysis
Seeds, nuts, legumes, and leafy greens provide an excellent source of what nutrients?
Essential fatty acids
Which are produced in the citric acid cycle (per glucose molecule)? Select all that apply.
Four CO2 Two ATP Two FADH2
Which arrow(s) in this figure represent(s) lipogenesis? Select all that apply.
From acetyl CoA to free fatty acids From glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to glycerol
Which of the following is NOT a fate of glucose-6-phosphate under high blood glucose conditions?
Gluconeogenesis
What molecule serves as a short-term storage molecule for glucose?
Glycogen
Identify the phases of the aerobic respiration pathway. Select all that apply.
Glycolysis Citric acid cycle Production of acetyl CoA Electron transport chain
Rank the events of aerobic respiration in the correct order.
Glycolysis Formation of acetyl-CoA Citric acid cycle Electron transport chain
What are three examples of proteins in the body?
Hemoglobin Enzymes Keratin
Identify the activities eicosanoids may be involved in. Select all that apply.
Inflammation Blood clotting Tissue repair
Put these four general phases of glycolysis in order.
Input of ATP Cleavage of sugar NADH production ATP/pyruvic acid production
What is a name for the cyclic pathway in aerobic respiration?
Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle)
After glycolysis is complete, which of the following are possible fates for the two molecules of pyruvic acid in humans? Select all that apply.
Lactate fermentation Aerobic respiration
During anaerobic fermentation, pyruvic acid is converted into which of the following?
Lactic acid
What happens in the Cori cycle?
Lactic acid is converted to glucose.
Identify the major roles for minerals in the body. Select all that apply.
Metabolism Muscle contraction Nerve impulse transmission Bone structure
After the sugar is cleaved in glycolysis, what molecule is reduced by gaining two electrons?
NAD+
Identify the activities that are part of glycolysis. Select all that apply.
NADH production Production of ATP Use of ATP molecules
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron-transport chain?
Oxygen
Identify the minerals involved in bone and teeth formation. Select all that apply.
Phosphorus Calcium
Which of the following does NOT occur in the transition steps between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
Production of ATP
Which of the following does NOT occur during the citric acid cycle?
Reduction of oxygen
Identify functions of cholesterol. Select all that apply.
Structural component of the plasma membrane Precursor for steroid hormones Precursor for bile salts
How does the body synthesize nonessential amino acids?
Transamination
When do muscle cells use anaerobic respiration?
When no oxygen is available
When is pyruvate used in aerobic respiration?
When oxygen is available
Proteins are composed of ______.
amino acids
The production of ATP, cell division, and the manufacture of hormones are all examples of _____ reactions.
anabolic
The reaction represented by A on the left side of this figure represents the ______ of ATP.
anabolism
The term used for all energy-requiring chemical reactions that build large molecules from smaller ones is ______.
anabolism
If oxygen is present, pyruvic acid will be used to produce ATP, whereas if oxygen is absent, pyruvic acid will be used in ______.
anaerobic glycolysis
In the absence of oxygen, a human cell may resort to an anaerobic reaction to produce energy. This process is called ______.
anaerobic respiration
Important roles for vitamins are ______. Select all that apply.
blood clotting growth of different body tissues synthesis of DNA and RNA ATP production pathways
Phrases that represent catabolism are ______. Select all that apply.
breakdown of large molecules energy-releasing
The first phase of glycolysis involves ______.
breaking glucose into two separate molecules
Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and the electron transport chain are part of the metabolism of ______.
carbohydrates
Digestion of foods and glycolysis are both good examples of _____ reactions.
catabolic
The process of converting lactic acid to glucose is called the
cori cycle
An organic molecule that combines with an enzyme to make it functional is called a
coenzyme
Minerals are components of ______. Select all that apply.
coenzymes hemoglobin
Proteins described as being ____________ proteins are those that provide all of the essential amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance
complete
The yield of ATP in aerobic respiration is usually lower than the theoretical 36 molecules due to ______. Select all that apply.
cost to shuttle NADH into mitochondrion different yields per NADH molecule getting ATP out of the mitochondrion
Descriptions that represent anabolism are ______. Select all that apply.
energy-requiring synthesis of large molecules
Amino acids that the body cannot synthesize are categorized as _______.
essential
______ fatty acids cannot be be synthesized by the human body and must be ingested.
essential
Cholesterol is a precursor for ______. Select all that apply.
estrogen testosterone bile salts
True or false: Lipids should not be consumed in the diet because they are associated with heart disease.
false
True or false: Nonessential fatty acids are those that must be consumed in the diet because the liver cannot synthesize them.
false
Anabolism and catabolism are parts of ______.
metabolism
The term for the sum of all chemical reactions in the body is .
metabolism
Complete protein sources are ______. Select all that apply.
milk fish meat eggs
After glycolysis, pyruvic acid moves from the cytosol into ______ to complete the remaining phases of aerobic respiration.
mitochondria
A molecule is _____ when it gains electrons, and a molecule is _____ when it loses electrons.
reduced, oxidized
Minerals can be obtained from all of the following sources except _______.
refined grains
As a group, ______ minerals are the minerals that are required in very small amounts in the diet.
trace
The primary process by which nonessential amino acids are formed involves transferring an amine group from an amino acid to the keto acid in a reaction called
transamination
The type of lipid stored within adipose tissue is ______.
triglyceride
Provitamins include ______. Select all that apply.
7-dehydrocholesterol beta carotene tryptophan
The theoretical amount of ATP generated per glucose is ______ ATP molecules.
36
During the steps of glycolysis, ______ ATPs, ______ NADHs, and ______ molecules of pyruvate are produced.
4, 2, 2
In aerobic respiration, 12 water molecules are produced, but _____ are used in the process.
6
What is directly produced during the conversion of pyruvic acid to acetyl-CoA? Select all that apply.
CO2 NADH
Which type of fats would be most important to avoid in protecting the body against heart disease?
Fats that are solid at room temperature
Where does pyruvic acid go to continue aerobic respiration?
Mitochondrion
Glucose is classified as which of the following?
Monosaccharide
Identify functions of proteins in the body.
Transport Muscle contraction Structural strength