BIO 231 CH 14 and 15 GOBER

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Which adjective best describes reflex responses?

automatic

The cell bodies of ganglionic neurons are located in ____________ outside the CNS.

autonomic ganglia

Which of the following characteristics of the SNS is also true of the ANS?

conducts motor impulses to peripheral effectors

The tapered inferior end of the spinal cord is called the

conus medullaris.

innervates the tongue muscles

hypoglossal

During a crisis, the rapid stimulation of many sympathetic neurons produces the phenomenon called

mass activation

The ____________ division's conservation of energy and promotion of sedentary activities, such as digestion, are reflected in its common nickname.

parasympathetic

Preganglionic axons enter the nearby sympathetic trunk ganglia by way of

white rami

Which spinal nerves carry parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

Sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4) carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers

Although extending from the end of the spinal cord, the ____________ contains no neural fibers, only fibrous connective tissue.

filum terminale

Within the cauda equina is a thin strand of pia mater called the

filum terminale

White matter of the spinal cord is partitioned into ____________, each containing both ascending and descending ____________.

funiculi; tracts

Which of the following is not generally involved in a reflex?

inhibition of an effector by a stimulus from a motor neuron

The white matter of the spinal cord is composed primarily of

myelinated axons.

Which spinal cord components contain cell bodies of interneurons and axons of sensory neurons?

posterior horns

Which structure provides motor innervation to the deep back muscles and receives sensory information from the skin of the back?

posterior ramus

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are housed in each

posterior root ganglion

The axon of a ganglionic neuron is called a

postganglionic axon

Organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and lungs, are innervated by

postganglionic sympathetic nerves

Sympathetic division splanchnic nerves end in the ________ ganglia, which are anterior to the vertebral column and aorta.

prevertebral

Some parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed within the

sacral region of the spinal cord.

All of the following are effectors innervated by the ANS except

skeletal muscle fibers

All of the following are effectors innervated by the ANS except 15

skeletal muscle fibers

Within each intervertebral foramen, an anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite to form a

spinal nerve

Sympathetic preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion form

splanchnic nerves

The various ____________ are composed mostly of ____________ axons, although from different divisions of the ANS.

splanchnic nerves; preganglionic

A familiar type of monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates the length of skeletal muscle is the

stretch reflex

The adrenal medulla pathway is very unusual in that ____________ axons directly innervate the effector organ.

sympathetic preganglionic

What are the two types of sympathetic ganglia?

sympathetic trunk and prevertebral

The ____________ division innervates visceral organs and tissues throughout the body, while the ____________ division innervates only visceral structures served by cranial nerves or lying in the abdominopelvic cavity.

sympathetic, parasympathetic

Thoracolumbar is to ____________ as craniosacral is to ____________.

sympathetic; parasympathetic

In the sympathetic division, the ____________ ganglia are paired, but the ____________ ganglia are not.

terminal; intramural

The roots of the brachial plexus are actually

the anterior rami of spinal nerves

Because of the location of its preganglionic neuron cell bodies, the sympathetic division is also called the ____________ division.

thoracolumbar

Because of the location of its preganglionic neuron cell bodies, the sympathetic division is also called the ____________ division. CHAPTER 15

thoracolumbar

Which cranial nerve has three divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular)?

trigeminal

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication and provides sensory information from the face, mouth, and anterior scalp?

trigeminal

allows chewing of food

trigeminal

is anesthetized during dental work

trigeminal

is the major sensory nerve of the face

trigeminal

Nearly 80% of all parasympathetic preganglionic axons are transmitted through which cranial nerve?

vagus

Which cranial nerve plays the largest role in the autonomic control of visceral functions?

vagus

helps to regulate heart activity

vagus

The ____________ nerve monitors sensations of balance and equilibrium as well as hearing.

vestibulocochlear

sensory innervation for hearing and equilibrium

vestibulocochlear

The anterior funiculi are interconnected by the

white commissure

The outer region of the spinal cord, composed primarily of myelinated axons, is called the

white matter

Which one of the following contains only motor fibers? (a) dorsal root, (b) dorsal ramus, (c) ventral root, (d) ventral ramus

C ventral root

The subarachnoid space contains ________, and the epidural space contains ________.

CSF; fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels

Which cranial nerves transmit parasympathetic preganglionic axons?

III, VII, IX, and X

Which fibers in the motor division of the PNS are not myelinated?

Post ganglionic axons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are nonmyelinated

Are proprioceptors part of the somatic or visceral sensory system?

Proprioceptors are part of the somatic sensory system (outer tube)

The anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11

are called intercostal nerves

The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains

axons of motor neurons only.

Which structures would not be found in the anterior horns of the spinal cord?

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

Below which vertebra does each of the following nerves exit: (a) cervical nerve C5 (b) lumbar

(a) Cervical nerve C5 exits below cervical vertebra C4 (b) lumbar nerve L3 exits below lumbar vertebra L3

Collateral sympathetic ganglia are involved with innervation of the (a) abdominal organs, (b) thoracic organs, (c) head, (d) arrector pili, (e) all of these

(a) abdominal organs

1. Short preganglionic axons, long post ganglionic axons are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(a) sympathetic

10. innervates blood vessels are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(a) sympathetic

12. most active when you are running in the Boston Marathon are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(a) sympathetic

13. Grey rami communicantes are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(a) sympathetic

14. synapse in celiac ganglion are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(a) sympathetic

15. relates to fear response induced by amygdaloid body are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(a) sympathetic

4. adrenergic fibers are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(a) sympathetic

5. cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(a) sympathetic

7. more widespread response are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(a) sympathetic

8. increases heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(a) sympathetic

What is the result of vagal stimulation of (a) the heart, (b) the small intestine, (c) the salivary glands?

(a) vegal stimulation of the heart decreases heart rate (b) vegal stimulation of the small intestine increases motility and secretion. (c) Vagal stimulation of the salivary glands stimulates secretion.

The large onion-shaped pressure receptors in deep connective tissues are (a) epithelial tactile complexes, (b) lamellar corpuscles, (c) free nerve endings, (d) bulbous corpusles

(b) lamellar corpuscles

11. most active when you are lolling in a hammock are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(b) parasympathetic

2. Intramural regions are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(b) parasympathetic

3. craniosacral outflow are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(b) parasympathetic

6. otic and ciliary ganglia are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(b) parasympathetic

9. increases motility of stomach and secretion of lacrimal and salivary glands are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic

(b) parasympathetic

Proprioceptors include all of the following except (a) muscle spindles, (b) tendon organs, (c) epithelial tactile complexes, (d) lamellar corpuscles in joint capsules

(c) epithelial tactile complexes

The thoracic splanchnic nerves contain which kind of axons? (a) preganglionic parasympathetic, (b) postganglionic parasympathetic (c) preganglionic sympathetic (d) postganglionic sympathetic

(c) preganglionic sympathetic

The white rami communicantes contain what kind of axons? (a) preganglionic parasympathetic, (b) postganglionic parasympathetic (c) preganglionic sympathetic (d) postganglionic sympathetic

(c) preganglionic sympathetic

Which of the following does not characterize the ANS? (a) two-neuron motor chains,(b) preganglionic cell bodies in the CNS, (c) presence of the postganglionic cell bodies in ganglia, (d) innervation of skeletal muscle.

(d) innervation of skeletal muscle.

Which of the following is the best way to describe how the ANS is controlled? (a) completely under control of voluntary cerebral cortex, (b) entirely controls itself, (c) completely under control of brain stem, (d) little control be cerebrum, major control by hypothalamus and amygdaloid body, and major control by spinal and peripheral reflexes.

(d) little control be cerebrum, major control by hypothalamus and amygdaloid body, and major control by spinal and peripheral reflexes.

The collateral ganglia contain which kind of cell bodies? (a) preganglionic parasympathetic, (b) postganglionic parasympathetic (c) preganglionic sympathetic (d) postganglionic sympathetic

(d) postganglionic sympathetic

Choose all that apply!!! The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system

1. is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS 2. has preganglionic axons synapsing in terminal or intramural ganglia 3. has preganglionic axons originating from the brain and sacral spinal cord

What deficits would result from a lesion that damaged the dorsal root of the spinal nerve T4? What deficits would occur if a lesion damaged the dorsal ramus of T4?

A lesion to the dorsal root of spinal nerve T4 would result in sensory deficits from the muscles and skin of the anterior and posterior trunk in the region of thoracic vertebrae T4 and Rib 4. there would be no motor deficits. A lesion to the dorsal ramus of T4 would result in sensory and motor deficits in the skin and intrinsic back muscles in the vicinity of thoracic vertebrae T4.

The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system

A) has preganglionic axons originating from the brain and sacral spinal cord B) has preganglionic axons synapsing in terminal or intramural ganglia C) is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS D) all of the above

Do all nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers?

All spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers, but some cranial nerves are exclusively sensory or primarily motor in function.

What type of stimulus do encapsulated receptors respond to?

Encapsulated receptors are mechanoreceptors (respond to pressure, discriminative touch, vibration, and stretch).

Name the functional type of the sensory receptors that respond to painful stimuli. What is the structure of these receptors?

Nonciceptors respond to painful stimuli. These sensory receptors are free nerve endings.

Where are the sympathetic ganglia located? Where are most parasympathetic ganglia located?

Sympathetic ganglia are located near the spinal cord and vertebral column (in the sympathetic trunk or collateral ganglia). Most Parasympathetic ganglia are located in or near the target organ.

What is the general effect of sympathetic innervation to the abdominal organs?

Sypathetic innervation to the abdominal organs decreases activity of the glands and muscles of the digestive system.

Would a patient with a spinal injury at C5 be able to breathe independently?

The diaphragm is innervated by spinal segments C3, C4, and C5, Innervation from segments C3 and C4 would not be affected by and injury at C5; therefore, independent breathing is possible with an injury to this location.

Which region of the CNS is the main control center for the ANS?

The hypothalamus is the main control center of the ANS.

As you are driving home from school, a car suddenly swerves towards you, forcing you to hit the brakes quickly. You feel your heart pump, and you being to sweat a but. Which division of the ANS has been activated?

The sympathetic division of the ANS has been activated in the near-miss situation.

Which nerve is the "great sensory nerve of the face"? Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is the "Great sensory nerve of the face."The facial nerve (CN VII) carries motor innervation to the muscle of the face.

Why are white rami communicantes located only on sympathetic trunk gangia between T1 and L2, and gray rami communicates branch off each sympathetic trunk ganglion?

The white rami communicantes carry preganglionic outflow from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the cord into the sympathetic trunk. The gray rami communicantes are postganglionic fibers that exit off the sympathetic trunk onto a spinal nerve at each level of the sympathetic trunk. These post ganglionic fibers are carried on spinal nerves to all regions of the body to innervate bloods vessels, sweat glands, and arrector pili.

List two examples of general somatic sensations. List one example of a special visceral sensation.

Touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception from the somatic organs (skin, body wall, limbs) are general somatic sensations. Taste and smell are special visceral sensations

Any visceral motor neuron found in the CNS must be

a preganglionic neuron

innervates the sternocleidomastiod and trapezius

accessory

All parasympathetic division synapses use ________ as a neurotransmitter.

acetylcholine

Released by all somatic motor and parasympathetic axons as well as preganglionic and even some postganglionic sympathetic axons, the most common neurotransmitter is

acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic axons?

acetylcholine

The first step involved in a typical neural reflex is

activation of a receptor by a stimulus

Which structure secretes hormones that potentiate (prolong) the effects of sympathetic stimulation?

adrenal medulla

Axons that release norepinephrine onto their effectors are called

adrenergic

In organs innervated by postganglionic axons from both ANS divisions, the actions of the two typically have what kind of effects?

antagonistic

Which branches of spinal nerves innervate the limbs and the anterolateral portions of the trunk?

anterior rami

Which structure contains motor axons only?

anterior root

Identify the meningeal layer immediately deep to the subdural space.

arachnoid

The substance that fills the subarachnoid space is

blood fibers

All of the following are innervated by the parasympathetic division except

blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles

Which statement about rami communicantes is false?

both ANS divisions contain rami communicantes

Parasympathetic stimulation is typically

brief and restricted to specific sites

Whereas bronchial refers to the airways in the lungs, brachial refers to the (a) back, (b) pharynx (c) arm, (d) thigh

c arm

Trigeminal nerve contains which class(es) of nerve fibers? (a) somatic sensory only, (b) somatic motor and proprioceptor, (c)general sensory and somatic motor.

c general sensory and somatic motor

The posterior and anterior roots of the ____________ must elongate because the spinal cord stops growing before the vertebral column does.

cauda equina

What is the collective name for all of the axons that project inferiorly from the spinal cord?

cauda equina

The lateral horns found in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord contain

cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons

The substance that fills the subarachnoid space is

cerebrospinal fluid

Branches of which plexuses innervate anterior neck muscles, the skin of the neck, and parts of the head and shoulders?

cervical

The four principal nerve plexuses are the

cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral

Which structures are found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?

cholinergic axons

In both divisions of the ANS, ____________ axons release the neurotransmitter ____________.

cholinergic; acetylcholine

Although there are sympathetic synapses of both types, parasympathetic synapses are always ____________, never ____________.

cholinergic; adrenergic

Which term describes the specific region of skin monitored by a single spinal nerve?

dermatome

Effects of stimulation by the parasympathetic division are more ____________ than those of the sympathetic division.

discrete and localized

Organs with both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply are said to have

dual innervation

The tough, protective ____________ extends between adjacent vertebrae to fuse with the connective tissue surrounding the spinal nerves.

dura mater

The spinal cord meninges, in order from the outermost to the innermost, are the

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater

Between the dura mater and the inner walls of the vertebrae is the

epidural space

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression and several glands, and conducts gustatory impulses from the anterior part of the tongue?

facial

innervates muscles of facial expression

facial

contains parasympathetic motor fibers (four nerves)

facial, glossopharyngeal, oculomotor, vagus

In the spinal cord, a ____________ is to a tract as a horn is to a nucleus.

funiculus

Every spinal nerve receives a ____________ ramus that carries postganglionic axons from a ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.

gray

Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through a gray matter region called the

gray commissure.

Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through a gray matter region called the 15

gray commissure.

The integration and command center for autonomic functions is the

hypothalamus

Which of the following is not a function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?

increases digestive system motility and activity

Parasympathetic ganglia located within the wall of a target organ are called

intramural ganglia

If its receptor and effector are on the same side of the body, a reflex arc is termed ____________; if on opposite sides, it is ____________.

ipsilateral; contralateral

A splanchnic nerve in the sympathetic division of the ANS

is formed by preganglionic axons that travel to prevertebral ganglia.

Which one of the following characterizes the parasympathetic division?

long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons

Which of the following describes a sympathetic postganglionic axon?

long, unmyelinated axon

Which body regions are innervated by the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?

lower limbs

Postganglionic axons from the prevertebral ganglia innervate which of the following?

most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity

One preganglionic axon synapsing on numerous ganglionic neurons is known as

neuronal divergence

Which of the following does not describe the sympathetic division of the ANS?

nicknamed the "rest-and-digest" division

The effects of ____________ from the adrenal medulla last longer than those of the same chemical released by typical sympathetic postganglionic axons.

norepinephrine

Which neurotransmitter is released by most sympathetic postganglionic axons?

norepinephrine

innervates four extrinsic eye muscles

oculomotor

Which cranial nerves innervate the extrinsic eye muscles?

oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens

are primarily or exclusively sensory (three nerves)

olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear

Nerves from the brachial plexuses innervate the

pectoral girdles and upper limbs

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons arising from the spinal cord form

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Of the following, which nerve ranges farthest from its roots in the cervical plexus and is most vital to your health?

phernic

Of the following, which nerve ranges farthest from its roots in the cervical plexus and is most vital to your health?

phrenic

If a reflex arc involves a single interneuron, it is classified as

polysynaptic


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