BIO 231 CH 14 and 15 GOBER
Which adjective best describes reflex responses?
automatic
The cell bodies of ganglionic neurons are located in ____________ outside the CNS.
autonomic ganglia
Which of the following characteristics of the SNS is also true of the ANS?
conducts motor impulses to peripheral effectors
The tapered inferior end of the spinal cord is called the
conus medullaris.
innervates the tongue muscles
hypoglossal
During a crisis, the rapid stimulation of many sympathetic neurons produces the phenomenon called
mass activation
The ____________ division's conservation of energy and promotion of sedentary activities, such as digestion, are reflected in its common nickname.
parasympathetic
Preganglionic axons enter the nearby sympathetic trunk ganglia by way of
white rami
Which spinal nerves carry parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?
Sacral spinal nerves (S2-S4) carry preganglionic parasympathetic fibers
Although extending from the end of the spinal cord, the ____________ contains no neural fibers, only fibrous connective tissue.
filum terminale
Within the cauda equina is a thin strand of pia mater called the
filum terminale
White matter of the spinal cord is partitioned into ____________, each containing both ascending and descending ____________.
funiculi; tracts
Which of the following is not generally involved in a reflex?
inhibition of an effector by a stimulus from a motor neuron
The white matter of the spinal cord is composed primarily of
myelinated axons.
Which spinal cord components contain cell bodies of interneurons and axons of sensory neurons?
posterior horns
Which structure provides motor innervation to the deep back muscles and receives sensory information from the skin of the back?
posterior ramus
Cell bodies of sensory neurons are housed in each
posterior root ganglion
The axon of a ganglionic neuron is called a
postganglionic axon
Organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and lungs, are innervated by
postganglionic sympathetic nerves
Sympathetic division splanchnic nerves end in the ________ ganglia, which are anterior to the vertebral column and aorta.
prevertebral
Some parasympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed within the
sacral region of the spinal cord.
All of the following are effectors innervated by the ANS except
skeletal muscle fibers
All of the following are effectors innervated by the ANS except 15
skeletal muscle fibers
Within each intervertebral foramen, an anterior root and its corresponding posterior root unite to form a
spinal nerve
Sympathetic preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion form
splanchnic nerves
The various ____________ are composed mostly of ____________ axons, although from different divisions of the ANS.
splanchnic nerves; preganglionic
A familiar type of monosynaptic reflex that monitors and regulates the length of skeletal muscle is the
stretch reflex
The adrenal medulla pathway is very unusual in that ____________ axons directly innervate the effector organ.
sympathetic preganglionic
What are the two types of sympathetic ganglia?
sympathetic trunk and prevertebral
The ____________ division innervates visceral organs and tissues throughout the body, while the ____________ division innervates only visceral structures served by cranial nerves or lying in the abdominopelvic cavity.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Thoracolumbar is to ____________ as craniosacral is to ____________.
sympathetic; parasympathetic
In the sympathetic division, the ____________ ganglia are paired, but the ____________ ganglia are not.
terminal; intramural
The roots of the brachial plexus are actually
the anterior rami of spinal nerves
Because of the location of its preganglionic neuron cell bodies, the sympathetic division is also called the ____________ division.
thoracolumbar
Because of the location of its preganglionic neuron cell bodies, the sympathetic division is also called the ____________ division. CHAPTER 15
thoracolumbar
Which cranial nerve has three divisions (ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular)?
trigeminal
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of mastication and provides sensory information from the face, mouth, and anterior scalp?
trigeminal
allows chewing of food
trigeminal
is anesthetized during dental work
trigeminal
is the major sensory nerve of the face
trigeminal
Nearly 80% of all parasympathetic preganglionic axons are transmitted through which cranial nerve?
vagus
Which cranial nerve plays the largest role in the autonomic control of visceral functions?
vagus
helps to regulate heart activity
vagus
The ____________ nerve monitors sensations of balance and equilibrium as well as hearing.
vestibulocochlear
sensory innervation for hearing and equilibrium
vestibulocochlear
The anterior funiculi are interconnected by the
white commissure
The outer region of the spinal cord, composed primarily of myelinated axons, is called the
white matter
Which one of the following contains only motor fibers? (a) dorsal root, (b) dorsal ramus, (c) ventral root, (d) ventral ramus
C ventral root
The subarachnoid space contains ________, and the epidural space contains ________.
CSF; fat, connective tissue, and blood vessels
Which cranial nerves transmit parasympathetic preganglionic axons?
III, VII, IX, and X
Which fibers in the motor division of the PNS are not myelinated?
Post ganglionic axons of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are nonmyelinated
Are proprioceptors part of the somatic or visceral sensory system?
Proprioceptors are part of the somatic sensory system (outer tube)
The anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11
are called intercostal nerves
The anterior root of a spinal nerve contains
axons of motor neurons only.
Which structures would not be found in the anterior horns of the spinal cord?
cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
Below which vertebra does each of the following nerves exit: (a) cervical nerve C5 (b) lumbar
(a) Cervical nerve C5 exits below cervical vertebra C4 (b) lumbar nerve L3 exits below lumbar vertebra L3
Collateral sympathetic ganglia are involved with innervation of the (a) abdominal organs, (b) thoracic organs, (c) head, (d) arrector pili, (e) all of these
(a) abdominal organs
1. Short preganglionic axons, long post ganglionic axons are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(a) sympathetic
10. innervates blood vessels are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(a) sympathetic
12. most active when you are running in the Boston Marathon are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(a) sympathetic
13. Grey rami communicantes are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(a) sympathetic
14. synapse in celiac ganglion are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(a) sympathetic
15. relates to fear response induced by amygdaloid body are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(a) sympathetic
4. adrenergic fibers are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(a) sympathetic
5. cervical ganglia of the sympathetic trunk are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(a) sympathetic
7. more widespread response are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(a) sympathetic
8. increases heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(a) sympathetic
What is the result of vagal stimulation of (a) the heart, (b) the small intestine, (c) the salivary glands?
(a) vegal stimulation of the heart decreases heart rate (b) vegal stimulation of the small intestine increases motility and secretion. (c) Vagal stimulation of the salivary glands stimulates secretion.
The large onion-shaped pressure receptors in deep connective tissues are (a) epithelial tactile complexes, (b) lamellar corpuscles, (c) free nerve endings, (d) bulbous corpusles
(b) lamellar corpuscles
11. most active when you are lolling in a hammock are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(b) parasympathetic
2. Intramural regions are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(b) parasympathetic
3. craniosacral outflow are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(b) parasympathetic
6. otic and ciliary ganglia are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(b) parasympathetic
9. increases motility of stomach and secretion of lacrimal and salivary glands are (a) sympathetic (b) parasympathetic
(b) parasympathetic
Proprioceptors include all of the following except (a) muscle spindles, (b) tendon organs, (c) epithelial tactile complexes, (d) lamellar corpuscles in joint capsules
(c) epithelial tactile complexes
The thoracic splanchnic nerves contain which kind of axons? (a) preganglionic parasympathetic, (b) postganglionic parasympathetic (c) preganglionic sympathetic (d) postganglionic sympathetic
(c) preganglionic sympathetic
The white rami communicantes contain what kind of axons? (a) preganglionic parasympathetic, (b) postganglionic parasympathetic (c) preganglionic sympathetic (d) postganglionic sympathetic
(c) preganglionic sympathetic
Which of the following does not characterize the ANS? (a) two-neuron motor chains,(b) preganglionic cell bodies in the CNS, (c) presence of the postganglionic cell bodies in ganglia, (d) innervation of skeletal muscle.
(d) innervation of skeletal muscle.
Which of the following is the best way to describe how the ANS is controlled? (a) completely under control of voluntary cerebral cortex, (b) entirely controls itself, (c) completely under control of brain stem, (d) little control be cerebrum, major control by hypothalamus and amygdaloid body, and major control by spinal and peripheral reflexes.
(d) little control be cerebrum, major control by hypothalamus and amygdaloid body, and major control by spinal and peripheral reflexes.
The collateral ganglia contain which kind of cell bodies? (a) preganglionic parasympathetic, (b) postganglionic parasympathetic (c) preganglionic sympathetic (d) postganglionic sympathetic
(d) postganglionic sympathetic
Choose all that apply!!! The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system
1. is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS 2. has preganglionic axons synapsing in terminal or intramural ganglia 3. has preganglionic axons originating from the brain and sacral spinal cord
What deficits would result from a lesion that damaged the dorsal root of the spinal nerve T4? What deficits would occur if a lesion damaged the dorsal ramus of T4?
A lesion to the dorsal root of spinal nerve T4 would result in sensory deficits from the muscles and skin of the anterior and posterior trunk in the region of thoracic vertebrae T4 and Rib 4. there would be no motor deficits. A lesion to the dorsal ramus of T4 would result in sensory and motor deficits in the skin and intrinsic back muscles in the vicinity of thoracic vertebrae T4.
The craniosacral division of the autonomic nervous system
A) has preganglionic axons originating from the brain and sacral spinal cord B) has preganglionic axons synapsing in terminal or intramural ganglia C) is also called the parasympathetic division of the ANS D) all of the above
Do all nerves contain both sensory and motor fibers?
All spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor fibers, but some cranial nerves are exclusively sensory or primarily motor in function.
What type of stimulus do encapsulated receptors respond to?
Encapsulated receptors are mechanoreceptors (respond to pressure, discriminative touch, vibration, and stretch).
Name the functional type of the sensory receptors that respond to painful stimuli. What is the structure of these receptors?
Nonciceptors respond to painful stimuli. These sensory receptors are free nerve endings.
Where are the sympathetic ganglia located? Where are most parasympathetic ganglia located?
Sympathetic ganglia are located near the spinal cord and vertebral column (in the sympathetic trunk or collateral ganglia). Most Parasympathetic ganglia are located in or near the target organ.
What is the general effect of sympathetic innervation to the abdominal organs?
Sypathetic innervation to the abdominal organs decreases activity of the glands and muscles of the digestive system.
Would a patient with a spinal injury at C5 be able to breathe independently?
The diaphragm is innervated by spinal segments C3, C4, and C5, Innervation from segments C3 and C4 would not be affected by and injury at C5; therefore, independent breathing is possible with an injury to this location.
Which region of the CNS is the main control center for the ANS?
The hypothalamus is the main control center of the ANS.
As you are driving home from school, a car suddenly swerves towards you, forcing you to hit the brakes quickly. You feel your heart pump, and you being to sweat a but. Which division of the ANS has been activated?
The sympathetic division of the ANS has been activated in the near-miss situation.
Which nerve is the "great sensory nerve of the face"? Which nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?
The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is the "Great sensory nerve of the face."The facial nerve (CN VII) carries motor innervation to the muscle of the face.
Why are white rami communicantes located only on sympathetic trunk gangia between T1 and L2, and gray rami communicates branch off each sympathetic trunk ganglion?
The white rami communicantes carry preganglionic outflow from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the cord into the sympathetic trunk. The gray rami communicantes are postganglionic fibers that exit off the sympathetic trunk onto a spinal nerve at each level of the sympathetic trunk. These post ganglionic fibers are carried on spinal nerves to all regions of the body to innervate bloods vessels, sweat glands, and arrector pili.
List two examples of general somatic sensations. List one example of a special visceral sensation.
Touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temperature, and proprioception from the somatic organs (skin, body wall, limbs) are general somatic sensations. Taste and smell are special visceral sensations
Any visceral motor neuron found in the CNS must be
a preganglionic neuron
innervates the sternocleidomastiod and trapezius
accessory
All parasympathetic division synapses use ________ as a neurotransmitter.
acetylcholine
Released by all somatic motor and parasympathetic axons as well as preganglionic and even some postganglionic sympathetic axons, the most common neurotransmitter is
acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is released by all preganglionic axons?
acetylcholine
The first step involved in a typical neural reflex is
activation of a receptor by a stimulus
Which structure secretes hormones that potentiate (prolong) the effects of sympathetic stimulation?
adrenal medulla
Axons that release norepinephrine onto their effectors are called
adrenergic
In organs innervated by postganglionic axons from both ANS divisions, the actions of the two typically have what kind of effects?
antagonistic
Which branches of spinal nerves innervate the limbs and the anterolateral portions of the trunk?
anterior rami
Which structure contains motor axons only?
anterior root
Identify the meningeal layer immediately deep to the subdural space.
arachnoid
The substance that fills the subarachnoid space is
blood fibers
All of the following are innervated by the parasympathetic division except
blood vessels, sweat glands, and arrector pili muscles
Which statement about rami communicantes is false?
both ANS divisions contain rami communicantes
Parasympathetic stimulation is typically
brief and restricted to specific sites
Whereas bronchial refers to the airways in the lungs, brachial refers to the (a) back, (b) pharynx (c) arm, (d) thigh
c arm
Trigeminal nerve contains which class(es) of nerve fibers? (a) somatic sensory only, (b) somatic motor and proprioceptor, (c)general sensory and somatic motor.
c general sensory and somatic motor
The posterior and anterior roots of the ____________ must elongate because the spinal cord stops growing before the vertebral column does.
cauda equina
What is the collective name for all of the axons that project inferiorly from the spinal cord?
cauda equina
The lateral horns found in the T1-L2 regions of the spinal cord contain
cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons
The substance that fills the subarachnoid space is
cerebrospinal fluid
Branches of which plexuses innervate anterior neck muscles, the skin of the neck, and parts of the head and shoulders?
cervical
The four principal nerve plexuses are the
cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral
Which structures are found in both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
cholinergic axons
In both divisions of the ANS, ____________ axons release the neurotransmitter ____________.
cholinergic; acetylcholine
Although there are sympathetic synapses of both types, parasympathetic synapses are always ____________, never ____________.
cholinergic; adrenergic
Which term describes the specific region of skin monitored by a single spinal nerve?
dermatome
Effects of stimulation by the parasympathetic division are more ____________ than those of the sympathetic division.
discrete and localized
Organs with both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve supply are said to have
dual innervation
The tough, protective ____________ extends between adjacent vertebrae to fuse with the connective tissue surrounding the spinal nerves.
dura mater
The spinal cord meninges, in order from the outermost to the innermost, are the
dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
Between the dura mater and the inner walls of the vertebrae is the
epidural space
Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression and several glands, and conducts gustatory impulses from the anterior part of the tongue?
facial
innervates muscles of facial expression
facial
contains parasympathetic motor fibers (four nerves)
facial, glossopharyngeal, oculomotor, vagus
In the spinal cord, a ____________ is to a tract as a horn is to a nucleus.
funiculus
Every spinal nerve receives a ____________ ramus that carries postganglionic axons from a ganglion of the sympathetic trunk.
gray
Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through a gray matter region called the
gray commissure.
Axons cross from one side of the spinal cord to the other through a gray matter region called the 15
gray commissure.
The integration and command center for autonomic functions is the
hypothalamus
Which of the following is not a function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
increases digestive system motility and activity
Parasympathetic ganglia located within the wall of a target organ are called
intramural ganglia
If its receptor and effector are on the same side of the body, a reflex arc is termed ____________; if on opposite sides, it is ____________.
ipsilateral; contralateral
A splanchnic nerve in the sympathetic division of the ANS
is formed by preganglionic axons that travel to prevertebral ganglia.
Which one of the following characterizes the parasympathetic division?
long preganglionic axons and short postganglionic axons
Which of the following describes a sympathetic postganglionic axon?
long, unmyelinated axon
Which body regions are innervated by the lumbar enlargement of the spinal cord?
lower limbs
Postganglionic axons from the prevertebral ganglia innervate which of the following?
most of the organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
One preganglionic axon synapsing on numerous ganglionic neurons is known as
neuronal divergence
Which of the following does not describe the sympathetic division of the ANS?
nicknamed the "rest-and-digest" division
The effects of ____________ from the adrenal medulla last longer than those of the same chemical released by typical sympathetic postganglionic axons.
norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter is released by most sympathetic postganglionic axons?
norepinephrine
innervates four extrinsic eye muscles
oculomotor
Which cranial nerves innervate the extrinsic eye muscles?
oculomotor, trochlear, and abducens
are primarily or exclusively sensory (three nerves)
olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear
Nerves from the brachial plexuses innervate the
pectoral girdles and upper limbs
Parasympathetic preganglionic axons arising from the spinal cord form
pelvic splanchnic nerves
Of the following, which nerve ranges farthest from its roots in the cervical plexus and is most vital to your health?
phernic
Of the following, which nerve ranges farthest from its roots in the cervical plexus and is most vital to your health?
phrenic
If a reflex arc involves a single interneuron, it is classified as
polysynaptic
