The real chapter 16-19 study guide

Mongol rule in persia

Made concessions to locals Mongols occupy highest admin positions Persians are Ministers, governors, officials - deliver taxes and maintain order, get to govern

Norse Merchant-Mariners

linked world with Islam, followed viking routes

Early Christianity in NA

- christianity reached egypt and NA as it attracted converts in med basin

Kublai Khan

(1215-1294) Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.

slaves

- most slaves were captives or war, debtors, sus witches, criminals, and served as ag laborers - personal wealth symbol bc no land ownership

Turkish convert to islam military org

- came when seljuqs converted to imperove relations with persians - all ppl subject to a khan , difficult for ppl to overcome

devoution of political authority

- carlingians had no navy/ way to protect cities so they came victums of naval attacks - regional kingdoms emerged in germany and england and - WE became a society of competing states

Genghis Khan

- Also known as Temujin; he united the Mongol tribes into an unstoppable fighting force; created largest single land empire in history. - conquest of N china and Persia - destroy ag in persia

Ethiopian Christianity

- Ethiopian C reflected believed a host of evil spirits populated - islam appealed to ruling elites bc of merchants -- built mosques,

During the high middle ages, Europeans expanded their use of water mills and heavy plows, as well as introduced new tools and technologies.

- Ex. of the new technologies: horseshoe and the horse collar These made it possibly to increase significantly the amount of land cultivators could work

Expansion of land under cultivation, improved methods of cultivation, and the use of new tools and technologies combined to increase the quantity and quality of food supplies.

- From roughly 1000 to 1300, meat and dairy products, fish, vegetables, and legumes (beans and peas) became much more prominent in the European diet, though grains were still a staple food.

Turkish Empires in Persia, Anatolia, and India - seljuq turks in the abbasid empire

- caliph a figurehead to seljuqs

Chapter 17 Tukish Migrations and Imperial Expansions

- Never a homogeneous group but split into factions and tribes -Different languages and cultures between tribes -Economy and society of Nomadic peoples

Investiture Contest: controversy over the appointment of church officials in the late to early 11th and 12th centuries.

- Pope Gregory VII ordered an end to lay investiture, Emperor Henry IV said "nope!" and then the Pope excommunicated him and tod his subjects they didn't need to listen to him anymore, so of course the German princes took the opportunity and rebelled. -Henry got control back in the end, but only after begging Grefory while Henry stood outside, barefoot in the snow.

Islam in East Africa

- Ruling elites and wealthy merchants of east Africa converted to Islam, while still maintaining some religious and cultural traditions in order to preserve cultural leadership in their societies. -Converting to Islam laid a cultural foundaation for cooperation with Muslim merchants trading in the Indian Ocean Basin.

St. Basil and St. Benedict

- St. Basil in Byzantium (330-380 around about) - St. Benedict in Italy (480-550 around about) - Provided regulations that had mild asceticism combined with meditation and work on behalf of church - Poverty, chastity, and obedience became prime virtues for Basilian and Benedictine monks

Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa

- While trans-Saharan caravaan traffic linked west Africa to the larger trading world of the eastern hemisphere.

Seljuk Turks and the Byzantine empire Ghanavic turks and the sultante of delhi

- defeated B at battle of manzicrete - peasants saw them as liberators, and seljuks trandformed Anatolia - sak hindu sites and control N India - M of Ghanzi sak hindu sites, and spread islam

The rise of the franks

- germanic kingdoms --gradually a series of germanic kingdoms ostrogoths, lombards emerged as successors to the roman empire -- tribes were influenced by rome and converted to christianity and adopted roman law - franks -- most successful german tribe -- gained support after converting to christianity

slave trade

- high demand of slaves caused war

Diviners

- individuals who mediated between humanity and supernatural beings

Islam in Africa

- islam supplimented tradational relgions and ppl converted for economic reasons

kingdom of axum

- king converted to christianty in hopes of improving relations with egypt - with expansion of islam C became more islotated

peasants and population

- lords and retainers supported themselves on the basis of a surplus of agriculture - had to provide labor and rent to military elites - men worked in fields while women were in the home - during 5th and 6th century epidemic disease and turmoil took a hit on population - byantine/ western E political stab provided productive ag and increased pop

silk byantine trade

- major part of econ - C= where all of the trade happened - wealthy, had own currency

African religion the creator god

- many regonized a single god -also regonized lesser dieties and spirits

Two churches religious rivalry

- overtime christian churchses in C and Rome disagreed on points - led to schism- Byzantine Patriachs argued for autonomy of major Christain jurisdictions, while popes asserted primacy in rome - 1054 excomunicate each other and create eastern Orthodox church and roman catholic church

Charlemagne

- reestablished imperial rule in a society disrupted by invasion - traveled to maintain authority - relied on airostotic deputies to maintain who held political and mili power in local places -imperial officers called missi domini to keep them under control - pope leo claimed charlemagn emperor, caused problems

Vikings

- shallow draft boats that allowed them to access europe -- started with easy targets but then, went to big ones like Constantanoplre

The byzatine peasantry Manufacturing

- theme system gave soldiers allotments of land - ag surplus allowed manufacting -- Constananople was home to artisants and crafts ppl

womens roles

- women enjoyed high honor and a few made it into high postions -islam didnt rlly change a womens role excluding some upper class women vieled

Sex and Gender Relations

- workers with special skills were men while women mostly were potters or stayed home

Medieval social commentators often remarked that European society contained three estates and/or classes: "those who pray, those who fight, and those who work."

-"Those who pray": clergy of the Roman Catholic Church -"Those who fight": Noblemen "Those who work": Peasants/the people that worked the land -The "three classes" reflect the strength of the political, social and economic inequality in European society at the time.

Foreign Challenges- West

-11th Century: Norman adventurers carved out a regional state in S. Italy, kicking out Byzantine forces stationed there. -12th and 13th Centuries: Normans and other W. Europeans launched a series of crusades to plunder the Byzantine empire -1204: Crusaders took and then brutally sacked Constantinople -1261: Byzantine empire gets the city back, but they never fully recover from the injury caused by the sack

Population Growth

-400 B.C.E. (before ironworking influence had truly impacted African societies): The population of sub-Saharan Africa was about 3.5 million. -800 C.E. (after banana cultivation took off): 17 million -1000 C.E. (after Bantu migrations, introduction + spread of agriculture and iron metallurgy): 22 million

Kingdom of Kongo: Prosperous Congolese state

-Actively participated in trade networks involving copper, raffia cloth, and nzimbu shells. -The central government of the Congo consisted of the king and officials who oversaw military, judicial, and financial affairs. Under the central government there were six provinces controlled by governors, each of whom supervised various districts led by subordinate officials. In the districts, some villages had chiefs that served as a local government.

Animals Nomads vs settled people Nomadic society

-Animals --Kept animals like horses goats and sheep --Not enough rain for large scale agriculture which contributed to the need to be nomadic --Tents were called yurts --Alcoholic drink from milk called kumiss -Nomads vs settled people --Trade with settled peoples --Participation in long-distance trade networks -Nomadic society --Elites and commoners --Elites did not do much governing --Had absolute authority over forces during war

Foreign Challenges- East

-As Europeans invaded from the west, Turkish invaders came in from the east. -Muslim Seljuqs: starting in the 11th century they sent waves of invaders into Anatolia. -1071: Massive defeat of the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert -This lead to a civil war within the Byzantine forces, leaving Anatolia open for the Seljuqs -Loss of Anatolia sealed the fate of the Byzantine empire

States and Societies of Sub-Saharan Africa Chapter 18 Bantu Migrations

-By 1000 C.E. Bantu peoples had settled in most parts of Africa south of the equator, and Kushite, Sudanese, Mande, and other peoples had also established communities far from where they migrated from. -The immediate result of the migrations of the Bantu, and other peoples was the spread of agriculture and herding all throughout the African continent.

Chapter 19 The Increasing Influence of Europe

-By 1100 C.E., Byzantium experienced social and economic difficulties as well as foreign pressure from the east and west. Even as their influence continued to influence the formation of other states, their empire continued to decline until 1453, when it was taken over by Muslim Turkish invaders. -In the late 10th century, Germanic princes began to form the "Holy Roman Empire", a "Christina revival" of the Roman empire. -Medieval Europe was a mosaic of independent and competing regional states

Muslim Conquests and Byzantine Revival

-By the mid-seventh century, Byzantine, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and North Africa had fallen under Muslim rule. -Byzantine forces resisted invasion with a weapon called "Greek Fire" --Greek Fire: a highly incendiary weapon that was launched at fleets and ground forces Burned even when on water (mega dangerous for wooden ships) --Because of this defensive effort, the Byzantine empire held onto Anatolia, Greece and the Balkan region.

Monks and Missionaries

-Christian monasticism grew out of the efforts of devout individuals to lead extra holy lives. -People heard about what these ascetics were doing with all of the piety and self-restraint and thought it sounded cool. Drawn in by what they were hearing, the disciples formed co-ed communities trying to follow the example of the asectics. -During the early days of monasticism, each community developed its own rules, procedures and priorities. -This lead to wild inconsistency. Some monasteries had intense regimes of self-denial, while others gave little to no guidance.

Collapse of mongols

-Collapse -Difficulties governing persia and china -Paper money used to try to solve the economic issues -Plague -Erupts in south western china Rebellions in china

The Swahili (swahili is an Arabic term meaning "coasters")

-Dominated the east African coast from -Mogadishu in the north to Kilwa, the Comoro Islands, and language supplemented with words and ideas borrowed from Arabic. -Different groups developed different dialects, but they were still able to communicate with one another, thanks to individuals frequently moving between other Swahili communities in their oceangoing activities.

-Gender relations Nomadic religion

-Gender relations --Men dominated society --Most would be off hunting --Women were skilled horsemen and archers, even fought in some wars -Nomadic religion --Revolved around shamans -- with trade adopted C,B,M, led to written script

- The Question of Feudalism

-How did the people of western Christendom reorganize their society after the collapse of the Western Roman empire? -"Fedual System", which was essentially a hierarchy of lords and vassals who collectively took charge of political and military affairs on the basis of personal relationships. -Lords were alledgedly meant to supply land grants to their retainers in exchange for their loyalty and military service.

Chiefdoms

-Ife and Benin: Major city-states where the court and urban residents controlled the nearby countryside with family relationships and political alliances.

The Evolution of Christian Societies in Byzantium and Western Europe

-In both Byzantium and Western Europe, Christianity served as the principal source of religious, cultural and moral authority. -Both societies supported eccelesiastical heiarchies with networks of monasteries, and both also worked to extend the reach of Christianity by sending missionaries to seek converts in Northern territories. ------Though they were each promoting Christianity, the church authorities in Byzantium and Western Europe disagreedon on doctrine, ritual and church authority. By the mid-11th century, the arguments became so extreme that they mutually denounced one another and established two different sects: the Eastern Orthodox church in Byzantium, and the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe.

Byzantine Conquests

-Justinian's most ambitious venture was trying to retake the western Roman empire back from the Germanic peoples and reestablish Roman authoirty throughout the Mediterranean basin. -They didn't have the resources to support the occupation or consolidate the conquests and after Justinian's death, Byzantian forces abandoned Rome, fully giving up on Justinina's dream.

politcal organization

-Kin-Based Societies: Bantu peoples governed themselves mostly through family and kinship groups in lieu of a formal government as seen in other places in the world. -Works well for small societies/populations, but as the population grows this system becomes less and less effective. -Jenne-jeno ("Ancient Jenne"): Located just south of the current city of Jenne in Mali; center of iron production and trade. Merchants participated in an extensive trade network that reached from north Africa and the Mediterranean to the savannas and forests of central Africa.

Swahili City-States

-Local chiefs strengthened their own authority and influence by controlling and taxing trade within their jurisdictions. -By about the 15th century the main Swahili towns could boast impressive stone mosques and public buildings, while the ruling class and wealthy merchants of Swahili trading cities dressed in fine, silk clothing and set their tables with porcelain.

The Early Byzantine Empire

-Maginficent natural harbor named the "Golden Horn" Situated on a defensible peninsula -Posessed the potential to control the Bosporus, the Agean Sea, and the Mediterranean. -Offered convenient access to the rich lands of Anatolia, southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe.

The mali empire and trade

-Mali benefited from trans-Saharan trade on an even larger scale than the kingdom of Ghana did. -Mali controlled and taxed almost all of the trade that passed through west Africa. The capital of Niani attracted merchants trying enter the gold trade and market cities on the caravan routes (like Timbuktu, Gao and Jenne).

Mansa Musa and Islam: Ruled Mali from 1312 to 1337 (during the high point of the Empire)

-Mansa Musa was the grand-nephew of Sundiata Observed Islamic tradition by making his pilgramage to Mecca. His party formed a huge caravan with thousands of soldiers, attendants, subjects and slaves, in addiiton to hundreds of camels carrying satchels of gold. -Distributed so much gold on his three-month visit to Cairo that the value of gold decreased by as much as 25% on local markets. -After his return from Mecca, he built several mosques, espeically in major trading cities frequented by Muslim merchants. - However, within a centuey of Mansa Musa's rule Mali had severly declined. Factions crippled the central government, provinces split from the empire, and military pressures came from various sides, including enighboring kingdoms and desert nomads.

Golden Horde

-Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde.

Mongols and Buddhism

-Mongols mostly continue to be shamanists -Ruling elite like lamaist school of buddhism - Place for magic and supernatural, recognized the mongols as legit rulers,

Justininian and Theodora

-Most important of the early Byzantine emperors Similar to Constantine, Justinian spent a considerable amount on displays for the capital. -Most notable of which is the Hagia Sophia ("Holy Wisdom") -Justinian's Code -Most significant political contribution was his codification of Roman law -Justinian ordered a systematic review of the old jumble of laws and turned them into the Corpus Iuris Civilis ("Body of the Civil Law") Ultimately influenced civil law codes throughout Europe, Japan and the state of Louisiana in the U.S.

Kilwa

-One of the busiest city-states of the east African coast -By the early 13th century, Kilwans were prosperous enough to construct multistory stone buildings, and used copper coins to facilitate trade. -Residents imported cotton and silk textiles, as well as perfumes and pearls from India, and in recent years archeologists have found enormous amounts of Chinese porcelain. -Kilwan merchants traded for these items using gold, ivory and slaves from the interior regions -Villages in the interior did not enjoy the ostentaious lifestyles of the Swahili elites, but the trade and the wealth that it brought underwrote the establishment of large and powerful kingdoms in east and central Africa.

The Normans

-Origins of the English monarchy -Within Normandy, the dukes (of Normandy) pursued their own interests, with little regard for their lords, and built a tightly centralized state where all authority came from the dukes themselves. =They also retained title to all the land in Normandy and restricted the right of their retainers to grant land to others -Late 10th Century: Norman lords built a series of castles that disciplined armies could use to dominate their territories -11th Century: Emerged as prominent political and military leaders throughout Europe, even beyond too much of the Mediterranean basin.

Regional Monarchies in France and England - 987 C.E.: Last of the Carolingians die; Lords of France elect a minor noble named Hugh Capet to serve as king

-Origins of the French monarchy -In the three centuries following his reign his descendants, called Capeitan kings, slowly but surely added to their resources and expanded their political influence. They absorbed territories of retainers who died withour heirs and established their tight to administer justice throughout the realm. -By the early 14th century, the Capeitan kings had centralized power and authority in France.

With abundant food supplies, European society was able to support a large number of urban residents. (Ex. artisans, merchants, craft workers and professionals)

-Peasants were attracted by the "urban opportunities", they flocked en masse to urban areas, cities grew even more. -The growth of towns and cities brought about increasing specialization of labor, which in turn resulted in a dramatic expansion of manufacturing and trade. -Manufacturing especially concentrated on the production of wool textiles.

The Holy Roman Empire OTTO 1

-Pretty aggressive dude -By the mid-10th century, he had already established himself as king in N. Germany. -Campaigned east of the Elbe river, and went to Italy twice to "quell political disturbances" and protect the church, as well as seek out opportunities in the south. -962 C.E.: Pope John XII pronounced Otto emperor (idea of the "Holy Roman Empire" is born)

The Kingdom of Ghana

-Principal State of west Africa -Developed as a state sometime between the 4th and 5th century C.E. -When Islam reached west Africa, the kingdom of Ghana was a regional state very similar to others that arose throughout sub-Saharan Africa. Koumbi-Saleh was the capital and principal trading site

Camels

-Quickened the pace of transportation across the Sahara Came to north Africa from Arabia, through Egypt and the Sudan (sometime in the first millenium B.C.E.) After about 300 C.E., camels increasingly replaced horses and donkeys as the preferred transportation in the Sahara, as well as the deserts of central Asia.

Sundiata ("lion prince')

-Reigned 1230-1255 -Built the Mali empire throughout the first half of the 13th century after he returned from exile. -The empire included most of the modern state of Mali and also extended to countries now known as Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea and Sierra Leone.

Frederick Barbarossa (Fredrick I or "the red beard")

-Reigned from 1152 to 1190 C.E. as a Medieval Emperor -Sought too absorb the region of Lombardy in northern Italy into his lands in southern Germany -By the end of his reign, the papal coalition forced Fredrick to give up his rights in Lombardy

The Theme System

-Reorganization of Byzantine society -Placed an imperial province (called a theme) under the responsibility of a general, who then took charge of its military defense, as well as its civil administration. -Generals were appointed by the emperor, who carefully monitored their activities and proceedings to present the decentralization of power. -Armies raised under the theme system were effective fighting forces, and enabled Byzantine to greatly expand its influence in between the ninth and twelfth centuries.

City of Constantine

-Roman Emperor Constantine made Byzantion the site of an imperial capital called "Constantinople" -Imperial government moved after 330 C.E., and the capital quickly shot to metropolitan dimensions -Emperor filled the city with libraries, museums, artistic treasures, marble palaces, churches, baths and public buildings. -Kept the name until it fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 C.E. (Changed to Istanbul)

Missionaries

-Some monks expanded from beyond the walls of the monasteries and tried to spread Christianity in the larger world. -Pope Gregory I sent missionaries to England and targeted the pagan Germanic kings who ruled various parts of the island with the hope that if they converted, their subjects would follow. This tactic largely succeeded and by the early 7th century Christianity had a stable foothold, and by 800 England was securley under the boot of the Roman church.

Social Development in the Two Worlds of Christendom

-The Byzantine empire had many large cities, including Alexandria, Antioch and Damascus. (to name a few) Attractions of Constantinople -City of baths (which we good for hygiene and exercise), had many taverns and restaurants and the Hippdrome, where mass entertainment took place. - Western Europe: A Rural Society -The agricultural surplus of western Europe was enough to sustain local political elites, but not nearly enough to support large, urban populations

Popes and Patriarchs

-The Papacy- the pope -Even when the western Roman empire collapsed, the papacy survived and claimed they still had spirtual authority over the formerly-Roman lands -At first the papacy worked closely with the Byzantine emperor, but in the late sixth century, they began to act independently, and then eventually moved support to strenegthening the western christian church based at Rome. -The patriarchs of Constantinople were powerful officials, though they did not possess the same independence seen in the west. -Byzantine emperors treated the church as a department of the state - Pope Gregory I -The person most responsible for the formation of the Roman Catholic Church "Gregory the Great"

Gold Trade

-The kingdom of Ghana became the most important commercial site in west Africa once it became the center for the gold trade, which happened to be in high demand due to the rapid economic development of the eastern hemisphere. -Ghana itself did not produce gold, but it's kings procured nuggets of it from lands to the south- likely around the headwaters of the Niger, Gambia and Senegal rivers. -Kingdom of Ghana controlled and taxed the gold trade, but they also provided ivory and enslaved people to traders from north Africa. In exchange, they received horses, cloth, small manufactured wares and salt.

Iconoclasm

-The most divisive policy enacted by the Byzantine emperors was iconoclasm, started by Emperor Leo III Byzantine had long tradition of producing icons (paintings of religious figures), which were incredible works of art. However, Leo saw them as sinful, and equal to false idol worshipping so in 726 he began iconoclasm, and it carried on until 843. Iconoclasm literally means "the breaking of icons"

Theme System

-Theme System worked well for the Byzantine Empire for three centuries, as it supported a strong military and a successful and independent peasantry. -Around the 11th century, wealthy landowners began to undermine the system more and more by collecting the land of indentured servants and building them up into large estates. This shift changed free peasants into dependent agricultural laborers and reduced incentives for people to join the Byzantine army.

10th Century: Europe begins to experience "population pressure"

-To solve the issue, serfs and monks cleared forests, drained swaps and increased the amount of land devoted to agriculture. Gradually, lords that had originally opposed this process began to support it, as they realized that expanded agricultural production would yield higher taxes and add to their own wealth.

Tamerlane and the Timurids

-Turkish-mongol conqueror takes over china -Ruled like Gengis Khan -Conquests through eastern europe and afghani

Mongols in china/Yuan dynasty

-Used foreign administrators instead of locals, as Ilkhanate of Persia -Dismantle Confuscian education and civil service exam

Islamic Kingdoms and Empires

-While Bantu peoples organized societies on the basis of African traditions, merchants from north Africa and southwest Asia introduced Islam to sub-Saharan Africa. -Arrived by two routes: trans-Saharan camel caravans and sea lanes of the Indian Ocean in the ships of merchant-mariners.

Zimbabwe ("dwelling of a chief")

-Zimbabwe is a prime example of one of the kingdoms mentioned above -5th and 6th centuries C.E.: wooden residences known throughout the land as "zimbabwe" -9th century: chiefs began building their dwellinsg with stone instead of wood, and indication of an increasingly complex and well-organized society -13th century: major stone complex known as Great Zimbabwe began to arise near Nyanda At its peak (during the last 15th century) around 18,000 people likely lived in the vicinity of the stone complex, and the kingdom stretched from the outskirts of Swahili city of Sofala deep into the interior of south-central Africa.

1066: Duke William ("William the Conqueror")

-of Normandy invaded England, and then ruled by descendents of the Germanic peoples who had migrated there during the 5th and 6th centuries. -Introduced Norman principles of government and land tenure to England -While retaining many institutions of the Anglo-Saxon predecessors, the Norman kings of England ruled over a tightly centralized realm.

Ceasaropapism

-policy instituted by Constantine whereby the emepror not only ruled as a secular lord but also played an active and prominent role in ecclesiastical affairs -Following his example, Byzantine emperors presented themselves as exalted, absolute rulers.

Heavy Plow

Device of the sixth century permitting the turning of heavy northern soils, rotating crops, and increased agricultural production.

Bananas

Encouraged a fresh migratory surge Provided a nutritious supplement to Bantu diets and enabled them to spread into heavy forested regions far more rapidly than before.

Ilkhanate of Persia

Il-Khan means "subordinate khan," Mongol state which replaced the former Abbaside Empire

Economic Growth and Social Development

Increased agricultural production, urbanization, manufacturing, and trade transformed Europe into a powerful society and allowed them to reestablish commercial ties with distant lands.

Ottoman empire Mongols and Eurasian Integration

Osman creates empire in northern anatolia Gained advantages over other turkish kingdoms Captures constantinople Courier and postal service Political administration Collapse and vacuums

Mongol Rule in China

Outlawed intermarriage between Mongols and Chinese, forbade Chinese from learning Mongol language, -brought foreign and Mongol government adminstrators into China and put them in charge, dismissed Confucian scholars, tolerated all cultural and relgious traditions in China

Early 12th Century: Lords were encouraging the expansion of cultivation, and the process gained momentum.

Reliance on improved methods of cultivation and better agricultural technology lead to considerably higher productivity.

Kinship groups

a family, clan, or other group based on kinship. - male heads

Troubadours:

a class of travelling poets, minstrels, and entertainers who aristocratic women enthusiastically patronized. -Eleanor of Aquitaine Liberally supported romantic poets and entertainers At different points Eleanor was the wife of two kings, became the mother of three and used her power to advocate for the cultivation of good manners, refinement and romantic love.

Zanj Revolt

definition: led by Ali ibn-Muhamad; 15,000 slaves revolt for 14 years until it it ceased by Abbasids in 883 significance: demonstrated the influence of slaves

Chivalry

informal but widely recognized code of ethics and behavior considered appropriate for nobles Church officials origin - ally promoted chivalry as a means of breaking up fights within Christendom.