Bio 242 Chpt 22 Resp - Learn Mode

Where is the trachea located? Anterior to the esophagus Superior to the larynx Lateral to the mediastinum Posterior to the esophagus

Anterior to the esophagus

Where does systemic gas exchange occur? Across the respiratory membrane In the trachea At the capillary networks of the tissues Mitochondrion

At the capillary networks of the tissues

Which term refers to a deficiency of oxygen in a tissue? Hypocapnia Hypoxemia Cyanosis Hypoxia

Hypoxia

The respiratory system does not do which of the following? Functions in vocalization and speech Plays a role in regulating blood pressure Influences calcium metabolism Assists in the removal of carbon dioxide Supplies the body with oxygen

Influences calcium metabolism

Which locations contain the brainstem respiratory centers? Corpora quadrigemina Pons Medulla oblongata Fornix

Pons and Medulla oblongata

Besides keeping food out of the airway, the larynx is also responsible for which of the following? Absorbing oxygen Detecting odors Filtering the air Producing speech

Producing speech

Which term refers to relaxed, quiet breathing? Eupnea Hyperpnea Tachypnea Apnea

Eupnea

Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange? Bronchitis Pneumonia Asthma Emphysema

Emphysema

Why does air flow into the lungs during inspiration? Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area. Pressure is the same in the atmosphere and in the lungs. Intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure, and air flows toward higher pressure regions. Resistance increases in the lungs during inspiration, and air always takes the pathway with the greatest resistance.

Atmospheric pressure is greater than intrapulmonary pressure, and air flows toward the lower pressure area.

Select two examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease from the list below. Pulmonary edema Dyspnea Emphysema Chronic bronchitis

Emphysema Chronic bronchitis

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange? Exchange of fluid between capillary blood and the surrounding tissue Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane Flow of air into the alveoli of the lungs Movement of air in and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Which term refers to the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2) that occurs in the capillary networks between the blood and the body's cells? Systemic gas exchange Ventilation Cellular respiration Alveolar gas exchange

Systemic gas exchange

Oxygen loading in the lungs decreases hemoglobin's affinity for H+. How does this promote alveolar gas exchange? H+ combines with carbonic anhydrase to form bicarbonate. The released protons are pumped out of the RBC in exchange for bicarbonate ions. The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood. The increased H+ concentration raises the pH of the blood, which promotes oxygen loading.

The released H+ combines with HCO3- to form free CO2, which can diffuse out of the blood.

Which structure conducts air from the larynx to the primary bronchi? Bronchioles Trachea Epiglottis Pharynx

Trachea

Which are functions of the larynx? Multiple select question. To keep food and drink out of the airway To detect odors To produce sound To absorb atmospheric oxygen

To keep food and drink out of the airway and to produce sound

About how much air is in the anatomic dead space? 2500mL 150mL 4800mL 1200mL

150mL

Hemoglobin is composed of how many subunits? 1 4 3 2

4

How many oxygen molecules are bound to a fully loaded hemoglobin molecule? 1 5 4 6 2

4

An average tidal volume is about ______ mL of air. 500 4600 100 1200

500

Originates in the mucous glands of the lamina propria

Adenocarcinoma

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane? Systemic gas exchange Alveolar gas exchange Cellular respiration Ventilation

Alveolar gas exchange

Which term refers to the exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane? Systemic gas exchange Ventilation Alveolar gas exchange Cellular respiration

Alveolar gas exchange

Which term refers to the conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange? Anatomical dead space Physiological dead space Forced expiratory volume Expiratory reserve volume

Anatomical dead space

Which muscle (or muscle group) is the prime mover of respiration, producing about two-thirds of pulmonary airflow? Diaphragm Erector spinae Scalene muscles Intercostal muscles

Diaphragm

True or false: The volume of anatomical dead space cannot be changed and does not vary with circumstances within a given individual.

False

What does this graph illustrate? For a given PO2, hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at lower pH. Acidity shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the left. The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 increases at lower pH. pH has no affect on the percent saturation of hemoglobin.

For a given PO2, hemoglobin unloads more oxygen at lower pH.

Which type of hypoxia can be caused by decreased oxygen availability at high altitudes or by drowning? Histotoxic Ischemic Anemic Hypoxemic

Hypoxemic

Which two muscles (or muscle groups) are primarily responsible for resting (non-forced) inspiration? Choose two answers from the list below. Scalenes Intercostals Diaphragm Rectus abdominis Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis major and minor

Intercostals and Diaphragm

The Bohr effect occurs because CO2 lowers the pH of the blood, which (as this graph illustrates) facilitates the unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin. Given this, what is the physiological significance of the Bohr effect? More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates. Airflow and blood flow are matched to maximize the efficiency of gas exchange in the lungs. More oxygen is unloaded in the alveoli. Less oxygen dissolves in the blood at high altitude.

More oxygen is released to tissues that have higher metabolic rates.

Which best defines alveolar gas exchange? Flow of air into the alveoli of the lungs Exchange of fluid between capillary blood and the surrounding tissue Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane Movement of air in and out of the lungs via inhalation and exhalation

Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide across the respiratory membrane

Which gas has the greatest partial pressure in inspired air? Carbon monoxide Carbon dioxide Oxygen Water vapor Nitrogen

Nitrogen

What are the four predominant components of inspired air? Select four options from the list below. Sulfur Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Water vapor

Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water vapor

The pleurae are which type of membrane? Synovial Mucous Cutaneous Serous

Serous

Originates in the main bronchi but invades the mediastinum and metastasizes quickly

Small-cell carcinoma

Which form of lung cancer is most likely to become metastatic? Adenocarcinoma Small-cell carcinoma Squamous-cell carcinoma

Small-cell carcinoma

Originates in the basal cells of the bronchial epithelium

Squamous-cell carcinoma

Which is the most common form of lung cancer? Squamous-cell carcinoma Small-cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma

Squamous-cell carcinoma

What does oxygen bind to in the hemoglobin molecule? The heme group The globin group Lipid side chains on the globin group Both the heme and the globin

The heme group

Which best summarizes the Bohr effect? The rate of CO2 loading into the blood is increased in metabolically active tissues. The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity. Excessive inflation of the lungs will temporarily inhibit the I neurons and stop inspiration. More O2 will dissolve in the blood at higher pressures.

The rate of O2 unloading is increased in metabolically active tissues due to increased acidity.

Which term refers to the amount of air inhaled and exhaled during one cycle of quiet breathing? Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume

Tidal volume

True or false: When the diaphragm contracts and lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure drops.

True

A blood pH of 7.1 would be called ______. acidosis alkalosis

acidosis

___________ is a general term for a drop in the pH of blood below 7.35.

acidosis

The ______ of the lung is the rounded superior peak of the lung. base apex

apex

The ______ of the lung is the broad concave surface of the lung that rests on the diaphragm. apex base

base

The posterior nasal apertures are also called the ______. nostrils choanae conchae nares

choanae

Movement of air out of the lungs is called ______. apnea reflexive coughing inspiration

expiration

Insufficient oxygen levels in a tissue is called ___________.

hypoxia

Which two terms describe the anterior openings of the nasal cavity? Vestibule Choanae Nares Nostrils

nares and nostrils

The ______ is the portion of the pharynx found superior to the soft palate at the back of the oral cavity.

nasopharynx

The auditory tubes open in the ______. laryngopharynx nasopharynx oropharynx

nasopharynx

According to this figure, most of the carbon dioxide you exhale comes from which of the following? Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2. CO2 released from carbamino compounds in the plasma CO2 carried in the plasma as dissolved gas CO2 released from carbaminohemoglobin in the erythrocytes

Bicarbonate ions transported into the RBCs and used to generate free CO2.

Where are the respiratory control centers located? Cerebellum Cerebrum Brainstem Corpus callosum

Brainstem

______ are a group of lung diseases (asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema) that result in long-term obstruction of airflow and substantially reduced pulmonary ventilation. Anemias COPDs Hypoxias STDs

COPDs

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following? Gagging Laughing Coughing Hiccuping Yawning

Coughing

Long term inhalation of cigarette smoke often leads to __________, a COPD that is characterized by a loss of alveolar surface area.

Emphysema

Which is a degenerative lung disease characterized by a breakdown of alveoli and diminishing surface area available for gas exchange? Asthma Emphysema Bronchitis Pneumonia

Emphysema

During the respiratory cycle, the intake of air is called ______. expiration inspiration

inspiration

More than half of the body's blood platelets are made by megakaryocytes in the ______. Multiple choice question. spleen pancreas liver lungs

lungs

What is the serous membrane that encloses each lung? Pericardium Peritoneum Meninx Pleura

Pleura