bio 270
A strand of mRNA is constructed in the to direction.
5, 3
If STR marker A is found in 1 person out of 100 and STR marker B is found in 1 person out of 500, the probability that a single person would match the pattern for both alleles is 1 out of ______.
500000
How is the order of bases determined in the Sanger method?
A gel is read by detecting the colors of the fluorescent dyes corresponding to DNA fragments of differing sizes.
The most common animal used in genetic engineering is the
mouse
Which molecule contains the codons for the polypeptide?
mrna
A ______ mutation results in early termination of the protein.
nonsense
A mutation changes an amino-acid-producing codon into a stop codon, leading to premature termination of a protein.
nonsense
The ______ DNA strand is the strand that is not directly used for transcription into mRNA during protein synthesis.
nontemplate
The basic unit of DNA structure is a(n):
nucleotide
At random points throughout the chromosomes, each person has about 10 million single base differences called single .
nucleotide polymorphism
Throughout the genome, short tandem repeats can vary in the number of ______.
nucleotides in a sequence repeats in a sequence
In a protozoal or fungal cell, chromosomes are located in the
nucleus
In replication of DNA, the lagging strand is replicated in a discontinuous manner forming fragments.
okazaki
fragments are formed during DNA replication of the lagging strand.
okazoki
Several DNA viruses are known to be initiators of cancers and are thus termed .
oncogenic
The mechanisms of ___ transformation involve genes that can regulate cellular genomes and control the onset of cell division.
oncogenic
The section of the control locus acts as an on/off switch for transcription.
operator
Two components of an operon include the ___ that acts as an on/off switch, and the ___ gene sequences.
operator, structural
Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA?
operator, structural genes
Gene expression in prokaryotes is regulated through _______.
operons
Prokaryotic DNA is arranged into systems called .
operons
The place where DNA replication is initiated is called the ______.
orgin of replication
In bacterial conjugation, a donor cell with a F (fertility) __ located in the cytoplasm is considered F+.
plasmid
--- and bacteriophage make good cloning vectors.
plasmids
Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of one or a few bases are referred to as _______ mutations.
point
An enzyme that is named for its ability to build strands of DNA is DNA ________.
polymerase
DNA ___ synthesizes DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction.
polymerase
DNA _______ is the enzyme responsible for building strands of DNA.
polymerase
The enzymes responsible for building the DNA strand, proofreading newly produced DNA strands, and removing the RNA primer are DNA I and III.
polymerase
When their DNA is exposed to a restriction endonuclease, each member of a species will produce restriction fragments of differing lengths due to variations in DNA sequences. This is referred to as restriction fragment length .
polymorphisms
Gram- cells conjugate and transfer genetic material through proteins activated during cell adhesion instead of forming sex pili.
positive
Alterations to a protein made after translation, such as removal of f-met, addition of cofactors and joining with other proteins for quaternary structure, are referred to as modifications.
posttranslational
The specific order of amino acids bound to each other by peptide bonds represents the structure of a protein.
primary
During replication initiation, the enzyme synthesizes primer sequences.
primase
Which type of organisms have their DNA arranged into operons?
prokaryotes
RNA polymerase binds to the region to initiate transcription.
promoter
RNA polymerase binds to which region of DNA to begin transcription?
promoter
The initiation of transcription occurs when RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to a region of DNA called the region.
promoter
The ________ of an operon is the location where RNA polymerase binds, whereas the _________ acts as the on/off switch for transcription of the structural genes.
promoter, operator
DNA polymerases are responsible for
proofreading/repair. building the DNA chain.
During protein synthesis, many copies of a specific ___ can be synthesized from a single mRNA transcript.
protein
Which organic molecule is formed from chains of amino acids?
protein
The DNA blueprint specifies how to make what type of macromolecule?
proteins
______ are functional biomolecules in cells formed from one or more long chains of amino acids.
proteins
In DNA, a purine always combines with
pyrimidine
Which type of plasmids confer the ability of an organism to survive treatment by antibiotics?
r factors
A plasmid vector carrying a gene of interest is called a(n)
recombinant
Large scale production and safer products are two of the advantages of using -- products instead of natural products.
recombinant
The plasmid is not taken up by all cells in the culture when conducting cloning, or -- DNA technology.
recombinant
The primary intent of -- DNA technology is to combine the genetic material from two organisms.
recombinant
What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?
replication
The protein is capable of repressing an operon.
repressor
The protein product of a repressor gene is the ___ which binds the operator to stop transcription.
repressor
What type of gene is found in most good cloning vectors?
resistance gene
Each type of ___ enzyme has a specific target DNA sequence for cutting.
restriction
The pieces of DNA produced by restriction endonucleases are called fragments.
restriction
Retroviruses contain the enzyme .
reverse transcriptase
The enzyme synthesizes a single strand DNA from the viral RNA template.
reverse transcriptase
is the enzyme that can convert RNA into DNA.
reverse transcriptase
Which pentose sugar is found in RNA?
ribose
Two subunits of the come together to perform protein synthesis.
ribosomes
Complementary DNA may be used to analyze the nucleotide sequence of .
rna
Converting ______ into cDNA is a powerful tool for sequencing, analyzing ribosomes and identifying RNA viruses.
rna
The use of regulatory ______ is being explored to treat diseases that result from expression of abnormal mutated genes, such as Alzheimer's disease or cancer.
rna
Reverse transcriptase is the enzyme that can convert into .
rna to dna
The prokaryotic ribosome is composed of ______ and protein.
rrna
Which type of RNA comprises ribosomal subunits?
rrna
The __ method of DNA sequencing is based on the synthesis and analysis of a complementary strand of DNA.
sanger
Each type of restriction enzyme can cut at multiple locations having a specific target sequence, leaving either ___ or blunt ends.
sticky
genes code for proteins
structural
genes code for proteins.
structural
The region of DNA that signals the end of an RNA transcript is the ___ sequence.
terminator
DNA technology can be used to differentiate between members of ________ species.
the same
In DNA, adenine pairs with , whereas cytosine pairs with .
thymine, guanine
Which vector can be used to integrate foreign genes into the chromosomes of crop plants such as potatoes, tomatoes, cotton, and grapes?
ti plasmid
Which of the following types of RNA delivers the amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation?
trna
True or false: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides.
true
True or false: DNA fingerprinting (also called DNA profiling) is a forensic science tool that allows for the comparison of genomic patterns between individuals.
true
True or false: During DNA replication, both the leading and lagging strands are synthesized in the 5' to 3' direction.
true
True or false: During protein synthesis, many copies of a specific protein can be synthesized from a single mRNA transcript.
true
True or false: R-factors or "resistance factors" can be shared between bacteria through conjugation to help them survive the effects of antibiotics.
true
True or false: Several codons code for the same amino acid, which is called the redundancy of the code.
true
True or false: The organism that receives and replicates a foreign piece of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment is referred to as the cloning host.
true
True or false: The polymerase chain reaction is a technique that makes numerous copies of DNA segments.
true
True or false: The promoter of an operon is the location where RNA polymerase binds, whereas the operator acts as the on/off switch for transcription of the structural genes.
true
What is the function of tRNA?
Brings amino acids to the ribosome
Which best describes the flow of genetic information in a cell?
DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein
Genomic analysis can be helpful in which of the following situations?
Determining the paternity of a child Detecting genes that indicate risk of disease Identifying the perpetrator of a crime
are nucleotides that do not have a hydroxyl group bound to the 3'--carbon of deoxyribose.
Dideoxynucleotides
What creates the series of different size DNA fragments that are spread out by the gel in the Sanger method?
Dideoxynucleotides terminate the synthesis process at different locations based on the sequence.
Which viruses insert their DNA into the host genome increasing the risk of cancer?
Hepatitis B virus Herpesvirus
The creation of a DNA fingerprint involves which techniques?
Hybridization with probes Southern blot Gel electrophoresis Digestion with endonucleases PCR amplification
What are the main disadvantages of using E. coli as a cloning host?
It cannot chemically modify proteins as would normally occur in eukaryotic cells. It cannot process mRNA transcripts from eukaryotes.
The genome of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell includes DNA found in which sites?
Mitochondria Plasmids Chromosomes Chloroplasts
Which of the following are parts of a nucleotide in DNA?
Phosphate Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogenous base
(genus name) bacteria have been engineered to prevent frost damage on crops.
Pseudomonas
Which of the following describes the primary structure of a protein?
The chain of amino acids bound by peptide bonds
Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase?
Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template
Which of the following are true of RNA viruses compared to DNA viruses?
Virus cycle occurs in cytoplasm Enter host cell in RNA form Smaller genomes
What techniques are part of the Southern blot process?
Visualization of hybridization DNA cutting by enzymes Gel electrophoresis Incubation with gene probes
Genetic transfer of ______ to a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain produces vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE).
a transposon containing the vanA operon
Any nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous .
base
The size of nucleic acids are denoted by the number of they contain.
base pairs
What determines the size of nucleic acids?
base pairs
The human genome contains approximately 6.4 __ base pairs.
billion
Initiation of transcription involves ______.
binding of RNA polymerase to promoter region
Restriction enzymes create breaks in which part of a DNA molecule?
bonds of backbone
Which is true regarding adenine and guanine?
both are purines
DNA polymerase III is responsible for:
building the dna chain
Gene probes are commonly used for ______.
diagnosing causative agents of infection identifying bacteria or viruses in an unknown culture
Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of _____.
dna
Genes are made up of ______, a macromolecule made up of nucleotides.
dna
Restriction enzymes create breaks in the backbone of a ___ molecule.
dna
When an endonuclease makes staggered cuts through the two strands of __ the fragments have tails known as sticky ends.
dna
Gel electrophoresis is a laboratory technique for separating DNA fragments according to length by employing to cause the DNA to move through a gel-like matrix.
electricity
Transcription involves initiation, , and termination.
elongation
The creation of a DNA fingerprint involves digestion with -- , PCR amplification, gel --, with probes, using Southern blotting.
endonucleases electrophoresis hybridization
Genetic is a field involving the deliberate alterations of the genomes of microbes, plants, and animals through special technological processes.
engineering
In eukaryotes, which DNA sequences encode functional protein?
exons
Which step of PCR involves the building of complete complementary strands of DNA?
extension
What is the name of the specialized plasmid that directs conjugation in gram-negative cells?
f factor
In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a donor cell with a fertility plasmid located in the cytoplasm?
f+
In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a recipient cell that does not have a fertility plasmid?
f-
In bacterial conjugation, a recipient cell having no F (fertility) DNA is considered F-.
factor
True or false: A DNA copy that is made from RNA is called recombinant DNA.
false
True or false: A cell with an integrated F factor transmits its genes at lower frequency than does a cell with a free plasmid in the cytoplasm.
false
True or false: A point mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides, and always leads to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.
false
True or false: Bacterial conjugation is a sexual process.
false
True or false: DNA polymerase converts DNA into the various types of RNA during transcription.
false
True or false: In bacterial conjugation, all F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells.
false
True or false: In the Southern blot technique, probes are applied to intact cells and observed microscopically for presence and location of genes.
false
True or false: Larger DNA fragments move farther than smaller fragments in the gel when electrophoresis is used.
false
True or false: Viral genomes are always composed of either single or double stranded DNA.
false
Conjugation in gram-negative cells is directed by a plasmid called the factor.
fertility
dyes are used to visualize probes that have hybridized with the test sample.
fluerescent
In the in ____ situ ____ technique, or FISH technique, probes are applied to intact cells and observed microscopically for presence and location of genes.
fluorescent, hybridization
DNA fingerprinting was developed in -- the 1980s as as tool in investigations.
forensic
In what area was DNA fingerprinting first used?
forensics
The replication is the Y-shaped point on a replicating DNA molecule where the DNA polymerase is synthesizing new strands of DNA.
fork
Which occurs during translation elongation?
formation of peptide bond between amino acids in A and P sites tRNA delivers amino acid to empty A site translocation of ribosome
Which DOES NOT occur during translation elongation?
formyl methionine is delivered to the ribosome enzymatic breaking of bond between tRNA and polypeptide chain
Restriction endonucleases produce pieces of DNA that are called restriction .
fragments
The ______ is the genetic makeup of an organism that is ultimately responsible for an organism's expressed characteristics.
genotype
is another term for genetics--the study of inheritance in living things.
heredity
In bacterial conjugation, which type of donor has the fertility factor integrated into the chromosome?
hfr
Commercially available kits based on of gene probes with unknown test samples are available for the rapid diagnosis of many infections.
hybridization
is a process in which single strands of nucleic acids bind to one another by uniting at their complementary sites.
hybridization
A gene probe is a short sequence of nucleotides that can with a specific DNA or RNA that may be found in only one particular organism.
hybridize
Gene probes are short strands of single-stranded nucleic acid that specifically with complementary areas of test nucleic acid and thereby serve as a tagging and identification device.
hybridize
Where are the chromosomes of yeast cells located?
in the nucleus
During the polymerase chain reaction, the amount of DNA in a sample is is _____.
increased
PCR __ the amount of DNA in a sample over a short period of time.
increases
DNA -- is a technique that has allowed scientists to view the expression of genes in a given cell.
microarray analysis
A mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, with varying results.
missense
Plasmids can be found in both __ and __ .
bacteria, fungi
-- are two examples of good cloning hosts.
bacteria, yeast
Transduction occurs through
bacteriophage
A genetically engineered adenovirus has been developed to specifically attack and destroy cells.
cancer
Viral DNA inserted into the host genome may cause the transformation of the host cell into a ___ cell.
cancer
Viral DNA inserted into the host genome may cause the transformation of the host cell into a cell.
cancer
The initial challenges in gene ,-- or recombinant DNA technology, are locating and isolating a target gene.
cloning
An organism that receives and replicates a foreign piece of DNA inserted during a genetic engineering experiment is called the .--- ---
cloning host
A national database of STR profiles established by the FBI is called
codis
Each mRNA ______ codes for a particular amino acid which is then bonded with other amino acids during translation to form a protein.
codon
is the specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides, based on a DNA triplet, that encodes a particular amino acid.
codon
Elongated genomes may fit inside the minuscule volumes of a cell because of the complex of the DNA molecule.
coiling
A bacterial cell described as can accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment.
competent
DNA is DNA created by using reverse transcriptase to synthesize DNA from RNA templates.
complementary
Gene probes are short strands of single-stranded DNA or RNA that hybridize specifically with ___ areas of test nucleic acid to serve as a tagging and identification device.
complementary
Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex pilus during .
conjugation
During which method of gene transfer are bacterial cells in direct contact?
conjugation
R factors are specifically associated with which mechanism of recombination?
conjugation
in bacteria refers to horizontal gene transmission via pili.
conjugation
The lactose operon is composed of the regulator, the ______ locus, and the structural locus.
control
In the laboratory what is used to renature DNA into its normal double stranded form?
cooling
A binds to an inactive repressor to make an active repressor.
corepressor
What binds with an inactive repressor to make an active repressor?
corepressor
Gene therapy has the benefit of potentially providing a -- for certain genetic diseases.
cure
Protein synthesis takes place in (on) the _______ of eukaryotic cells.
cytoplasm
Transcription occurs in the ___ of bacteria and the ___ of yeast cells.
cytoplasm, nucleus
The purine guanine pairs with the pyrimidine .
cytosine
In the polymerase chain reaction, --involves separating the two strands of target DNA using heat.
denaturation
Which step of PCR involves separating the two strands of target DNA?
denaturation
Put the three basic steps of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in order. Instructions
dentaturation priming, extension
The pentose sugar found in DNA is .
deoxyribose
Which pentose sugar is found in DNA?
deoxyribose
A nucleotide is oriented 5' or 3' depending on the location of the _______ on the strand of DNA.
deoxyribose carbons
Similar to differentiating organisms based on their phenotypes, technology involving analysis of specific sequences of __ can be used to differentiate between members of the same species.
dna
The "blueprint" information for the production of proteins is permanently encoded in sections of .
dna
The genome of a cell is entirely composed of the macromolecule known as ______.
dna
One disadvantage of using E. coli as a cloning host is the inability of the bacterium to process mRNA transcripts from -- cells
eukaryotic
-- vivo therapy involves tissues removed from a patient being incubated with genetically-modified viruses and then reintroduced to patient.
ex
Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes.
excision
The advantage of synthesized cDNA genes is that they consist only of ______ and can readily be transcribed and translated by bacteria. Multiple choice question.
exons
are DNA sequences which encode for functional proteins.
exons
The final step of PCR known as involves the building of complete complementary strands of DNA.
extension
True or false: Mutations are always harmful to cells.
false
True or false: Sequencing is a process in which complementary single strands of nucleic acids bind to one another.
false
The most effective way to insert genes into animals is using a virus to transfect what type of cell?
fertilized egg
DNA may be used for crime scene investigations.
fingerprinting or profiling
Restriction endonuclease protects a living bacterium from ___ DNA.
foreign
Which is true regarding DNA replication?
Each new DNA helix contains one parent strand and one newly synthesized strand
enzymes cleave specific locations on DNA to produce fragments used to splice genes in genetic engineering.
Endonuclease
Which of the following represents in vivo gene therapy?
Naked DNA or a genetically-modified virus is directly introduced into the patient's tissues without removal
Which processes are used in STR analysis?
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Laser detection of fluorescence Electrophoresis
What is the role of restriction endonucleases in a living bacterium?
Protecting against foreign DNA
Gram-positive cells conjugate and transfer genetic material through which component?
Proteins activated during cell adhesion
How does RNA differ from DNA in bacteria and eukaryotes?
RNA is single-stranded In RNA, uracil replaces thymine
The large enzyme complex involved in synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is called .
RNA polymerase
The large enzyme complex involved in synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is which of the following?
RNA polymerase
Which of the following are used to visualize probes that have hybridized with the test sample?
Radioactive labels Fluorescent dyes
Which are parts of the lactose operon?
Regulator Structural locus Control locus
Pseudomonas bacteria have been engineered to do what?
Release insecticides Prevent frost formation on crops
which occur during posttranslational modification
Removal of formyl-methionine from the start of the polypeptide chain Cofactors are added to proteins destined to become enzymes. Proteins join with other proteins to form quaternary structures.
Gene therapy treatments have been successful for patients with which of the following immune disorders?
Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (X-I-SCID)
Which of the following is the genetic pattern of viral genomes?
Single or double stranded DNA or RNA
Which of the following represents ex vivo gene therapy?
Tissues removed from patient are incubated with genetically-modified viruses and then reintroduced to patient
What is the purpose of the Ames test?
To determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical
The purine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are guanine and
adenine
Uracil, the nitrogenous base unique to RNA molecules, pairs with the nitrogenous base .
adenine
The four nitrogenous bases in DNA are , , , and .
adenineguaninecytosinethymine
A potential cancer treatment is the use of genetically engineered ______ that can specifically infect and destroy cancer cells.
adenovirus
The bacterial genus is involved in the transfection of plants.
agrobacterium
Which bacterial genus is involved in the transfection of plants?
agrobacterium
Which type of RNA is transcribed from a DNA template?
all types
Which type of RNA is transcribed from a DNA template?
all types of rna
The ___ test is used to determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical.
ames
Nucleotide is to nucleic acid as___ is to protein.
amino acids
Primers are short strands of a known sequence of DNA that serve as landmarks to indicate where DNA will -- begin in PCR.
amplification
The _______ of tRNA is complementary to the mRNA codon in translation.
anticodon
The tRNA ___________ is complementary to the mRNA codon.
anticodon
The ___ of a tRNA is complementary to a ___ of mRNA.
anticodon codon
A commercial product called Frostban contains genetically altered --- that prevent frost formation on moist surfaces of strawberry and potato plants.
bacteria
Plasmids are found in which type(s) of organisms?
bacteria and fungi
A(n) ___ mutation results from an insertion or deletion of nucleotides in multiples of 1 or 2, leading to a shift of the triplet sequence from the point of mutation downstream.
frameshift
A commercial product known as contains genetically altered bacteria that prevent frost formation on moist surfaces of strawberry and potato plants.
frostban
In the Sanger method, a is read by a sensing device that detects the color of each band to determine which dideoxynucleotide was used to terminate each fragment.
gel
A(n) ______ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one functional protein or RNA.
gene
What process involves the introduction of normal functional genes into cells of people with genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis?
gene therapy
Random portions of host DNA are transferred by bacteriophage during __ transduction.
generalized
Control mechanisms ensure that _____ are active only when their products are required.
genes
There are approximately 4,200 in the chromosome of Escherichia coli.
genes
The field of involves direct, deliberate modifications of an organism's genome.
genetic engineering
What must be replicated before a cell can divide through binary fission?
genetic material
Recombinant organisms produced through the introduction of foreign genes are referred to as transgenic or -- organisms.
genetically modified
The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the .
genome
Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell?
genome
-- analysis can be helpful in determining the paternity of a child.
genomic
The field of __ focuses on analyzing, comparing, and classifying DNA, determining protein sequences and understanding the functions of specific genes and proteins.
genomics
The field of focuses on analyzing, comparing, and classifying DNA, determining protein sequences and understanding the functions of specific genes and proteins.
genomics
Understanding the functions of specific genes and proteins through the analysis of DNA and protein sequences comes from the field of
genomics
is the sum of all the genes constituting an organism's distinctive genetic makeup.
genotype
The entire genetic makeup of an organism is its _______, but the expression of certain genetic traits are known as its _________.
genotype, phenotype
Most cloning vectors contain a gene that allows bacteria to
grow on drug-containing media.
A(n) operon, such as the lac operon, is usually in the "off" position, but can be turned on when the appropriate substrate is present.
inducible
The first three events of translation in the correct order are , , followed by protein folding and processing.
initiation, elongation, termination
Which is the correct order of events in transcription? Instructions
initiation, elongation, termination
The smallest transposons, containing only the coding region with transposase and resolvase flanked by terminal inverted repeats, are called ______.
insertion elements
Transposons that carry large blocks of genetic material that transmit drug resistance are called ______.
integrons
After a eukaryotic mRNA has been transcribed, _______ are removed.
introns
The advantage of cDNA in genetic engineering is the synthesis of eukaryotic genes without .
introns
Which DNA sequences are found within a gene but do not encode the protein specified by that gene?
introns
___ are DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene.
introns
Many genetically engineered animals have been created in the -- using embryos.
laboratory
What is the inducer of the lactose operon?
lactose
The newly forming DNA strand that is discontinuously replicated in segments (Okazaki fragments) is called the strand.
lagging
Which strand is replicated discontinuously in segments during DNA replication?
lagging
The ___ subunit of the ribosome holds tRNAs and catalyzes peptide bond formation by means of a ribozyme.
large
What are the advantages of using recombinant products instead of natural products?
large scale production, safer products
Nucleotides can only be added to the ____ end of a growing chain.
leading
Which strand is replicated continuously without segments during DNA replication?
leading
In the laboratory, ___ enzyme splices genes into plasmids and chromosomes.
ligase
The enzyme required to seal the sticky ends of DNA pieces when splicing genes into plasmids or chromosomes is called DNA
ligase
What enzyme splices genes into plasmids and chromosomes?
ligase
Which enzyme seals the sticky ends of DNA pieces when splicing genes into plasmids or chromosomes?
ligase
To curtail transmission of the Zika virus, a(n) ____ gene was introduced into the Aedes aegypti mosquito to reduce the survival of offspring.
limiting
RNAi therapy
lowers the rate of synthesis of a protein responsible for a disease.
The RNA form that contains the transcribed code for a protein from the original DNA strand is __RNA.
m
The three types of RNA are _RNA, _RNA, and _RNA.
m,t,r or messenger, transfer, ribosomal
During eukaryotic protein synthesis, ______ ribosome(s) are used to translate mRNA that contains ______ gene(s).
many, one
The study of all the genomes in a particular ecological niche is called
metagenomics
The technique that has allowed scientists to view the expression of genes in a given cell is called DNA ____ analysis.
microarrays
A ___ mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein, with varying results.
missense
Which type of mutation results in a different amino acid being incorporated into a protein?
missense
Which of the following types of RNA is the transcribed version of a structural gene in DNA, that is later read for translation into protein?
mrna
An agent that induces changes in DNA is a(n) .
mutagen
Which is an agent that induces changes in DNA?
mutagen
A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n) .
mutation
A small number of are considered beneficial in that they provide the cell with a useful change in structure or physiology.
mutations
The ___ bases are either purines or pyrimidines.
nitrogen
Which mutation changes an amino acid producing codon into a stop codon?
nonsense
What is the result of a point mutation that changes a template gene sequence from 3'-TACGCCATATAT-5' to 3'-TACGCCATCTAT-5'?
nonsense mutation
The site on a chromosome where DNA replication begins is called the of replication.
orgin
What is the term for a sequence that is identical both forwards and backwards?
palindrome
DNA fingerprinting is used for
paternity testing. crime scene investigations. detecting genetic diseases. identifying microorganisms. tracing lineage of organisms.
The three steps of _____ are repeated over and over to generate copies of the DNA.
pcr
The main benefit to gene therapy is the ability to
permanently cure a disease.
A ________ serves as the vector for transduction in bacteria.
phage
Animals such as sheep and goats can be engineered to produce useful proteins that are secreted in their milk or semen in a process referred to as "."
pharming
Specifically, -- is the process of engineering animals to secrete useful proteins in their milk.
pharming
The characteristics resulting from the interaction of the particular genetic makeup of an organism and the environment is the of that organism.
phenotype
The expression of the genotype creates traits referred to as the
phenotype
A DNA nucleotide is composed of a(n) ___, a(n) sugar,___ and a(n) ___ base.
phosphate deoxyribose nitrogenous
Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?
photoactivation
Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by ___ the sex during conjugation.
pilus
Examples of genetically modified organisms would include -- with added nutritional value.
plants
A ___ is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes.
plasmid
What is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes?
plasmid
are good cloning vectors because they may be transferred into appropriate host cells through transformation.
plasmids
During semiconservative the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.
replication
Dideoxynucleotides terminate the synthesis process at different locations based on the sequence to create the different sized fragments of DNA in the method.
sanger
Who developed the most common technique used to sequence DNA?
sanger
is the scientist who developed the most common technique used to sequence DNA.
sanger
Which strategy is not used to isolate a target gene for use in recombinant DNA technology?
sanger method dna sequencing
During ____ DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand.
semiconservative
DNA involves determining the exact order of nucleotides in a fragment of DNA.
sequencing
What process involves determining the exact order of nucleotides in a fragment of DNA?
sequencing
Examples of genetically modified organisms would include -- that excrete clot-dissolving proteins in their milk.
sheep
Segments of DNA that consist of 2 to 8 nucleotides repeated in series multiple times are called ______.
short tandem repeats
CODIS is a national database established by the FBI to store profiles analyzing 13 common ______.
short tandem repeats (STRs)
One advantage of using transgenic animals is the -- between animals and humans.
similarities
Single base differences found at random sites throughout the chromosomes in both genes and noncoding DNA are called ______.
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)
The most reliable methods of DNA profiling involve analysis of ______.
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) short tandem repeats (STRs) mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
During translation initiation, the ____ ribosomal subunit binds to a specific site on the mRNA and places the start codon in correct alignment with the P site.
small
Which size of DNA fragments move farther in the gel when electrophoresis is used?
small
Mitochondrial DNA contains a ______ number of genes that show a ______ amount of variation between individuals.
small, large
RNA virus genomes are usually ___ than DNA virus genomes.
smaller
The plasmid is taken up by _____ cells in the culture when conducting recombinant DNA technology.
some
The blot technique separates DNA fragments using electrophoresis and identifies them by hybridization.
southern
The important uses for the blot include identifying bacterial and viral pathogens and detecting human genetic markers, including those for cancer.
southern
Which technique separates DNA fragments using electrophoresis and identifies them by hybridization?
southern blot
Due to the separation of prophage DNA from the bacterial chromosome, a specific, adjacent part of the host genome is transferred during transduction.
specialized
A special type of RNA called _______ remove introns from eukaryotic mRNA sequences.
spliceosomes
mutations in DNA are caused by random mistakes in replication and not known to be influenced by any mutagenic agent.
spontaneous
Which type of mutation is due to random mistakes in replication?
spontaneous mutation
The ___ codon AUG of mRNA is associated with the tRNA anticodon UAC and the amino acid methionine.
start
The mRNA sequence AUG, specifying the first amino acid in protein sequences, is called the ___ codon.
start
Staggered cuts through the two strands of DNA by an endonuclease leave tails known as ends.
sticky
Which kind of gene encodes a protein?
structural
The RNA type that transfers amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation is___ rna
t
Heat-denatured DNA is the term used to describe DNA that has been separated into two strands when the is increased.
temperature
The ________ strand of DNA contains the order of nucleotides that are transcribed into RNA.
template
Translation of an mRNA sequence into a protein is terminated when the ___ribosome reaches a codon.
termination
The region of DNA that signals the end of an RNA transcript is the sequence.
terminator
What region of DNA signals the end of a RNA transcript?
terminator
Gene __ involves the introduction of normal functional genes into cells of people with genetic diseases such as sickle cell anemia and cystic fibrosis.
therapy
A codon contains how many nucleotides?
three
The pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are cytosine and .
thymine
Which vector is delivered by Agrobacterium to transfer new genes to plant cells?
ti plasmid
The ribosome, composed of rRNA and protein, is involved in the process of .
translation
What are the two stages needed for protein synthesis?
translation, transcription
"Jumping genes" are known as .
transposons
___ are able to shift from one part of the genome to another.
transposons
The term , or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid.
triplet
Which term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in DNA?
triplet
A DNA triplet encodes ______ mRNA codon(s) and ______ amino acid(s).
1,1
What is the primary intent of recombinant DNA technology?
Combine genetic material from two organisms
The main enzyme responsible for transcription is
RNA polymerase.
Cloning hosts commonly used in recombinant DNA technology include:
Several bacterial species Live animals and plants Animal cell cultures Yeasts
If a codon of mRNA reads 5'-UUG-3', the tRNA that delivers the amino acid to this location during translation will have an anticodon of 3'-_____-5'.
aac
Transcription elongation involves ______.
adding of nucleotides to the growing mRNA chain
Guanine and ______ are purine bases found in DNA.
adenine
Before a bacterial cell can undergo binary fission, the ___ must be duplicated.
chromosome
is a discrete cellular structure composed of a neatly packaged DNA molecule.
chromosome
___and ___ are the two stages involved in protein synthesis.
transcription, translation
Which are parts of the lactose operon?
Control locus Regulator Structural locus
Thymine and _______ are pyrimidines found in DNA.
Cytosine
During which process is mRNA converted into a protein?
translation
Place the following in order to indicate the naming process for restriction enzymes. Instructions
1. combine first letter of bacterial genus2. the first two letters of the species3. the nuclease number
How many replication forks are formed from opening a section of a circular DNA molecule during replication?
2
In a chromosome, the DNA is composed of ______ strands.
2
DNA polymerase is the enzyme responsible for building the DNA strand.
3
Which template DNA sequence encodes the peptide sequence phenylalanine-leucine-aspartic acid-valine? (Look up the genetic code figure in your textbook)
3'-AAAAACCTACAT-5'
DNA polymerase ____ is the main enzyme involved in the building of the new DNA chain, whereas DNA polymerase ____ is involved mostly with removing the primers and repairing damaged DNA.
3, 1
The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand is DNA polymerase _____, and DNA polymerase _____ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases.
3,1 Reason: DNA polymerase III constructs the new strand whereas DNA polymerase I is involved in repair.
If STR marker C is found in 1 person out of 50 and STR marker B is found in 1 person out of 600, the probability that a single person would match the pattern for both alleles is 1 out of ______.
30000
All new DNA strands are synthesized from
5 to 3
When selecting a cloning vector for a specific project, which three attributes should be considered?
Ability to carry desired piece of DNA Possesses drug resistance gene Contains an origin of replication
A good recombinant vector must have which two qualities?
Ability to carry significant piece of donor DNA Be readily accepted by cloning host
Which of the following describe the advantages of creating transgenic animals?
Animals that can make products useful to humans Similarity between animals and humans Animal models to study human diseases Animal models to test new therapies
are effective cloning vectors because they can transfer donated DNA through transduction.
Bacteriophage
Which diseases have been successfully treated with gene therapy?
Blindness (Leber Congenital Amaurosis) Severe Combined Immune Deficiency (X-I-SCID)
Which one can be guided to a specific location in the genome and edit the DNA found there?
CRISPR -Cas9
Which component of DNA determines the 3' and 5' ends of the strands?
Carbons in the deoxyribose sugar
Which strategy or strategies can be used to isolate a target gene for use in recombinant DNA technology?
Chemical synthesis of DNA Synthesis of cDNA Amplification by PCR
Which of the following are chemicals that can cause mutations?
Ethidium bromide Nitrous acid Acridine dyes
Which genetically-engineered crop prevents blindness?
Golden Rice which supplies Vitamin A
Which is a purine?
Guanine
The nitrogenous bases found in DNA include:
Guanine Adenine Cytosine Thymine
What are the important uses for the Southern blot and similar hybridization techniques?
Identifying viral pathogens Detecting human genetic markers, including those for cancer Identifying intestinal pathogens
Which are advantages of genetically-modified plants for both farmers and consumers?
Improved nutritional value Higher yields Lower use of pesticides
Which type of operon is typically in the "off" position until the appropriate substrate is present?
Inducible operon
Which statements are true of mitochondrial DNA?
It is highly conserved in evolution. It is inherited only from the mother's egg. It does not break down as easily as chromosomal DNA of nuclei.
What is the first challenge in the recombinant DNA process in cloning a target gene?
Locating and isolating a target gene
___ RNA contains the codons for the polypeptide.
M
What amino acid sequence is encoded by the DNA template sequence 3'-TACCGCGCTCTACCG-5'? (Look up the genetic code figure in your textbook.)
Methionine-Alanine-Arginine-Aspartic Acid-Glycine
Which of the following are involved in the naming process for restriction enzymes?
Species name Number showing order of discovery Genus name
If one strand of DNA reads 5'-AAGCGTTA-3', the complementary sequence would be 3'--5'.
TTCGCAAT
How do an Hfr cell and an F+ cell differ?
The plasmid is integrated into the chromosome of an Hfr cell but not in an F+ cell.
Why are plasmids effective vectors in recombinant DNA technology?
They are well characterized. They can be transferred through transformation. They can be manipulated easily.
What is the advantage of using transgenic animals to produce human proteins?
They can properly transcribe/translate eukaryotic genes.
Why are bacteriophages effective vectors in recombinant DNA technology?
They can transfer donated DNA through transduction.
Rank the steps of the southern blot test starting with the first step and ending with the last step. Instructions
dna cutting by enzyme gel electrophoresis dna transfer to filter filter is incubated with probe hybridization of probe to specific bands photographic image of dna bands
Put the following descriptions of the Sanger method process in order. Instructions
dna is denatured to produce single template strand primers are added to begin synthesis replication occurs in reaction tube gel electrophoresis separates fragments automated sensing device detects colors
RNA can hybridize with or .
dna or rna
PCR the amount of DNA in a sample over a short period of time.
dna polymerase
The enzyme responsible for synthesizing the new strands of DNA in PCR is called .--
dna polymerase
What determines the order of amino acids in the primary structure of a protein?
dna sequence of a gene
The flow of genetic information in a cell is a process starting with which encodes which encodes protein.
dna, rna
The DNA of a chromosome is -stranded.
double
A single PCR cycle -- the number of copies of target DNA.
doubles
Each PCR cycle ______ the number of copies of target DNA.
doubles
In recombinant DNA technology, which is the traditional cloning host, for which standardized protocols and hundreds of cloning vectors are available?
e coli
The bacterium -- is the most common cloning host used in recombinant DNA technology.
e. coli
The main use of CRISPR-Cas9 technology is to
edit genes in their locations on the chromosome.
Gel ___ provides a distinctive pattern that can be used to compare genetic similarities between individuals.
electrophoresis
Gel__ is a laboratory technique for separating DNA fragments according to length by employing electricity to force the DNA through a gel-like matrix.
electrophoresis
What process provides a distinctive pattern that can be used to compare genetic similarities between individuals?
electrophoresis
During transcription _______, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand, adding complementary nucleotides to the mRNA strand.
elongation
In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated in response ___ to stimuli such as nutrient and toxin levels, and also during growth and ___ .
environmental, development
Which of the following occurs during translation termination?
enzymatic breaking of bond between tRNA and polypeptide chain
What is most often used in the laboratory to unwind and separate strands of DNA?
heat
is most often used in the laboratory to separate strands of DNA.
heat
DNA that has been separated into its two strands when the temperature is increased is called - DNA.
heat denatured
The enzyme unzips the DNA helix prior to the start of replication.
helicase
Which enzyme unzips the DNA helix prior to the start of replication?
helicase
is the enzyme responsible for unwinding DNA.
helicase
Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term?
heredity
What are dideoxynucleotides missing?
hydroxyl group
-- vivo gene therapy involves the direct introduction of naked DNA or a genetically-modified viral vector into a patient's tissues within the body.
in
vivo gene therapy involves the direct introduction of naked DNA or a genetically-modified viral vector into a patient's tissues within the body.
in
List the steps of STR analysis in the correct order with the first step on top. Instructions
incubate dna with known str primers amplify sequences with pcr separate dna fragments by electrophoresis use laser to detect fluorescent pattern
Any alteration in DNA that occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical mutagens is a(n) mutation.
induced
What type of DNA mutation occurs as a consequence of exposure to chemical or physical mutagens?
induced
Lactose acts as an in the lactose operon.
inducer
Which enzyme synthesizes primer sequences during replication initiation?
primase
-- are short strands of a known sequence of 15 to 30 bases of DNA that serve as landmarks to indicate where DNA amplification will begin in PCR.
primers
, the second step of PCR, involves preparing the strands of DNA by adding short complementary sequences in order to start the synthesis process.
priming
What is the second step of PCR which involves preparing the strands of DNA by adding short complementary sequences in order to start the synthesis process?
priming
Commercially available kits that depend on hybridization of gene with unknown test samples are available for the rapid diagnosis of many infections.
probes
In gene cloning, the combination of a DNA sequence with a potential gene of interest with a plasmid vector is called a .
recombinant
Which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms?
recombination
refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.
recombination
The ___ of the genetic code results in several codons encoding the same amino acid.
redundancy
The ____ is the gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing the operon.
regulator
What is the term for the gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing the operon?
regulator
__ RNA may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
regulatory
Effective DNA profiling methods include analysis of short tandem -- , single nucleotide --- , and -- DNA.
repeats, polymorphisms, mitochondrial
PCR requires cyclic -- of denaturation, priming, and extension in order to amplify the DNA.
repetition
-- and - of the foreign gene to make the protein product will occur if a cloning host receives the recombinant plasmid.
transcription, translation
An analysis of all RNA molecules in a specific cell type is called
transcriptomics
Which recombination method involves transfer of DNA via bacteriophages?
transduction
involves the transfer of DNA via bacteriophages.
transduction
_______ RNA brings the amino acids to the ribosome.
transfer
A recombinant plasmid is introduced to the cloning host by which process?
transformation
During the process of a competent bacterial cell may accept soluble DNA from the surrounding environment.
transformation
The process of -- is used to introduce a recombinant plasmid to the cloning host.
transformation
Which gene transfer method involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells?
transformation
involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells.
transformation
-- animals will automatically transcribe and translate foreign genes inserted into their DNA.
transgenic
The main concern regarding -- plants is the creation of weeds that are resistant to herbicides and disease.
transgenic
Through genetic engineering, thousands of -- animal strains have been created.
transgenic
A recombinant organism that carries foreign genes is called a ______ organism.
transgenic genetically modified
During , the information in mRNA is used to produce a protein.
translation
True or false: When their DNA is exposed to a restriction endonuclease, each member of a species will experience different DNA cutting patterns due to different sequences. This is referred to as restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
true
The complementary sequence to 5'-AAGTC-3' is 3'-______-5'.
ttcag
Which of the following are physical, as opposed to chemical, agents that can cause mutations?
ultraviolet light, xrays
The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while is only found in RNA.
uracil
Unlike DNA, RNA contains the nitrogenous base .
uracil
In protein synthesis, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells show similarities in all of the following EXCEPT the
use of formyl-methionine as the first amino acid. number of proteins encoded on a single mRNA.
Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) arise when, through genetic transfer, a MRSA strain acquires the operon located within a .
vanA transposon
A genetic element such as a plasmid or virus that is used to introduce genetic material into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments is called a(n) .
vector
A good recombinant -- must have the ability to carry significant piece of donor DNA and be readily accepted by the cloning host.
vector
The ability to carry a piece of DNA of a desired size, and inclusion of both an origin of replication and a drug resistance gene, are three attributes needed when selecting a cloning .---
vector
Which one is a genetic element such as a plasmid or virus used to introduce DNA into a cloning host during recombinant DNA experiments?
vector
The most effective way to insert genes into animals is using a -- to transfect a fertilized egg or early embryo.
virus
The main concern regarding transgenic plants is the creation of --that are resistant to disease and herbicides.
weeds
The native or ___ type strain describes cells that carry nonmutated DNA.
wild
The native or _____ type strain exhibits nonmutated characteristics.
wild
