BIO 290 Week 1 Quiz, CHAPTER 1 - AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMAN BODY

urinary system

-controls water balance in the body. -removes wastes from blood and excretes them.

endocrine system

-delivers oxygen and nutrients to tissues. -equalizes temperature in the body.

nervous system

-detects and processes sensory. -activates bodily responses

Muscular System

-enables movement (with skeletal system) -Helps maintain body temperature

integumentary system

-encloses internal body structures. -site of many sensory receptors.

digestive system

-processes food for use by the body. -removes wastes from undigested food.

male reporductive system

-produces sex hormones and gametes. -delivers gametes to female

female reproductive system

-produces sex hormones and gametes. -supports embryo/fetus until birth. -produces milk for infant

respiratory system

-removes carbon from the body -delivers oxygen to the blood.

lymphatic system

-returns fluid to blood. -defends against pathogens.

Skeletal system

-supports the body. -enables movement (with muscular system)

organelles

A human cell typically consists of flexible membranes that enclose cytoplasm, a water-based cellular fluid together with a variety of tiny functioning units called.

d. any of the above

A mutation in the gene for a cyclin protein might result in which of the following? a. A cell with additional genetic material than normal b. cancer c. a cell with less genetic material than normal d. any of the above

sensor control center effector

A negative feedback system has what three basic components?

a. has both polar and nonpolar regions

A phospholipid ________. a. has both polar and nonpolar regions b. is made up of a triglyceride bonded to a phosphate group c. is a building block of ATP d. can donate both cations and anions in solution

c. salt

A substance dissociates into K+ and Cl- in solution. The substance is a(n) ________. a. acid b. base c. salt d. buffer

c. hexose monosaccharide

C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for a ________. a. polymer of carbohydrate b. pentose monosaccharide c. hexose monosaccharide d. all of the above

a. differentiation

Cancer cells can be characterized as "generic" cells that perform no specialized body function. Thus, cancer cells lack ________. a. differentiation b. reproduction c. responsiveness d. both reproduction and responsiveness

d. saliva contains enzymes

Chewing a bite of bread mixes it with saliva and facilitates its chemical breakdown. This is most likely due to the fact that ________. a. the inside of the mouth maintains a very high temperature b. chewing stores potential energy c. chewing facilitates synthesis reactions d. saliva contains enzymes

b. osmosis; pinocytosis

Choose the answer that best completes the following analogy: Diffusion is to ________ as endocytosis is to ________. a. filtration; phagocytosis b. osmosis; pinocytosis c. solutes; fluid d. gradient; chemical energy

differentiation

Development includes the process of _______________, in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body

d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

Metabolism can be defined as the ________. a. adjustment by an organism to external or internal changes b. process whereby all unspecialized cells become specialized to perform distinct functions c. process whereby new cells are formed to replace worn-out cells d. sum of all chemical reactions in an organism

b. synthesis

The bonding of calcium, phosphorus, and other elements produces mineral crystals that are found in bone. This is an example of a(n) ________ reaction. a. catabolic b. synthesis c. decomposition d. exchange

d. down; concentration

The diffusion of substances within a solution tends to move those substances ________ their ________ gradient. a. up; electrical b. up; electrochemical c. down; pressure d. down; concentration

b. mediastinum

The heart is within the ________. a. cranial cavity b. mediastinum c. posterior (dorsal) cavity d. All of the above

b. a double cell membrane

The nucleus and mitochondria share which of the following features? a. protein-lined membrane pores b. a double cell membrane c. the synthesis of ribosomes d. the production of cellular energy

a. coronal plane

To make a banana split, you halve a banana into two long, thin, right and left sides along the ________. a. coronal plane b. longitudinal plane c. midsagittal plane d. transverse plane

molecule

Two or more atoms combine to form a ________

c. They are all polymers of protein subunits.

Which of the following is a feature common to all three components of the cytoskeleton? a. they all serve to scaffold the organelles within the cell. b. They are all characterized by roughly the same diameter. c. They are all polymers of protein subunits. d. They all help the cell resist compression and tension.

c. H2

Which of the following is a molecule, but not a compound? a. H20 b. 2H c. H2 d. H+

b. childbirth

Which of the following is an example of a normal physiologic process that uses a positive feedback loop? a. blood pressure regulation b. childbirth c. regulation of fluid balance d. temperature regulation

b. attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand

Which of the following is part of the elongation step of DNA synthesis? a. pulling apart the two DNA strands b. attaching complementary nucleotides to the template strand c. untwisting the DNA helix d. none of the above

c. CGAATATA

Which of the following sequences on a DNA molecule would be complementary to GCTTATAT? a. TAGGCGCG b. ATCCGCGC c. CGAATATA d. TGCCTCTC

a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds.

Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? a. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. b. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. c. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. d. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion

a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival.

Which of the following statements about nutrients is true? a. All classes of nutrients are essential to human survival. b. Because the body cannot store any micronutrients, they need to be consumed nearly every day. c. Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are micronutrients. d. Macronutrients are vitamins and minerals.

tissue level

a community of similar cells form a body tissue

cellular level

a variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell

sensor

also referred to a receptor, is a component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value

anabolic reaction

are building reactions, and they consume energy.

atoms

are made up of subatomic particles such as the proton, electron and neutron

chemical level

atoms bond to form molecules with three dimensional structures.

catabolic reactions

break materials down and release energy

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

every cell in your body makes use of this chemical compound, to store and release energy.

positive feedback

intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition rather than reversing it

pressure

is a force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance.

tissue

is a group of many similar cells (though sometimes composed of a few related types) that work together to performa specific function.

organ system

is a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.

organism

is a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life.

Negative feedback

is a mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point, and maintains body parameters within their normal range

nutrient

is a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival.

development

is all of the changes the body goes through in life.

organ

is an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types.

anatomical position

is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward.

responsiveness

is the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments.

effector

is the component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range

control center

is the component in a feedback system that compares the value to the normal range

reproduction

is the formation of a new organism from parent organisms

set point

is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

Catabolism

is the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules.Catabolism releases energy. The complex molecules found in foods are broken down so the body can use their parts to assemble the structures and substances needed for life

Anabolism

is the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances.Your body can assemble, by utilizing energy, the complex chemicals it needs by combining small molecules derived from the foods you eat

normal range

is the restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable.

Anatomy

is the scientific study of the body's structures

physiology

is the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life.

cell

is the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism.

Homeostasis

is the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.

microscopic anatomy

is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices

Regional anatomy

is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen

gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)

is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification

systemic anatomy

is the study of the structures thatmake up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function.

Metabolism

is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body

organism level

many organ systems work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism

growth

the increase in body size

hair skin nails

the integumentary system is made up of what?

protein

this nutrient mainly supplies the amino acids that are the building blocks of the body itself

organ level

two or more different tissues combine to form an organ

organ system level

two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system

water energy yielding and body building nutrients micronutrients (vitamins/minerals)

what are the three basic classes of nutrients

Carbohydrates lipids

what are the two energy yielding nutrients

water

what is the most critical nutrient?

metabolism

what is this process called?