BIO 31 Exam II Study Set Cuellar

Why do we care about plants?

- we are dependent on plants - they produce the oxygen we breathe - plants are producers - plants are a food source - about 95% of our food is derived from plants - we use plant extracts for products, such as textiles, soap, plastic paint, dyes, spices, and medicine - beverages, such as teas, coffee, wine - horticultural important

Leaf Structure names 1) Outer "red" cells 2) Inner Cells 3) Cells that open the stoma 4) The Guard cells open what?

1) Cuticle 2) Mesofil 3) Guard Cells 4) Stoma

5 stages of Embryogenesis

1). Start with fertilized egg 2). Axis is established through asymmetrical cell division 3). Elongation 4). Radial axis is established in the globular stage 5). Cotyledons are meristems begin to form.

Are products of the Calvin cycle? (mark all that apply)

2 molecules of 3PGA

Which of the following are among the first carbohydrates formed by algae and green plants when exposed to light?

3PGA

What is unusual about the green, leafy part of bryophytes? (video)

A Haploid

Etiolation response is?

A plant's growth pattern when in the dark

Ribulose Biphosphate

AKA Rubisco helps create food Used in Calvin Cycle Isolated in the Bundle Sheath Cell in C4 Pathway plants Forms glucose

What does the Calvin Cycle use as fuel, and what is it's end produt?

ATP + NADPH Creates 5 carbon mole; RuBP (Rubisco)

Which one of the basic groups of tissues is/are present in the embryo

All the basic tissues of a plant are located in the embryo

The inhibition of lateral buds by the apical bud is called

Apical Dominance

Which wavelengths of light are most responsible for photosynthesis? (Select all correct answers).

Blue and Red

Photosystem 1

Can function alone Uses light energy to create ATP and NADPH

What is acclimation

Change in phenotype in response to enviroment

In regards to the balance between rubisco and Chlorophyll, what would under forest plants have more of?

Chlorophyll

Which of the following pigments forms the center of the reaction center?

Chlorophyll a

The force of attraction between water molecules is called __________. (video)

Cohesion

Which of the following are important for preventing water loss from leaves of land plants? (video) (Select all possible answers) cuticle xylem phloem ground tissue stomata

Cuticle Stomata

Which of the following have the vascular bundles in their stems arranged in a ring? (video)

Dicots / eudicots

What did photo respiration derived from

Early earth conditions

What is indeterminate growth

Enables plants to adjust to changing environment while remaining sessile (fixed in one spot)

The triple response is triggered by which hormone?

Ethylene

(T/F) Once induced, stress genes transcribe at a steady level until the stress passes .

False

The receptor that binds to epinephrine in the cell membrane is

G protein

How is rubisco/chlorophyll balance determined?

Genetically

From what organism did the first bryophytes likely evolve?

Green Algae

Plants capture the energy in light and produce what form of potential energy that will be used to produce ATP?

H+ Accumulation in the thylakoid space

Why does the thylakoid space become more acidic during the light reactions? Select all that apply.

H+ ions are added when water is split as well as during electron transport.

Where does Cellular respiration occur in humans?

In every cell

How does photorespiration affect the Calvin cycle?

It hinders it ;Plants remove rubisco from the Calvin Cycle when using photorespiration

How does a severe water deficiency affect electron tranpsort?

It stops the e- transport

Which of the following is NOT true about photorespiration? (online video) It is reduced in low oxygen environments. Its how plants acquire energy. It occurs only in the presence of light. It is detrimental to plants.

Its how plants acquire energy

Difference between land and green plants

Land plants have complex multicellular eukaryotes with specialized reproductive organs.

Phloem cells are _________ and xylem cells are ___________. (video)

Living; dead

C4 Plants

Makes up 3% of plants Contributes 25% of primary productivity on the planet More efficient in ~40 celcius Photorespiration is not a problem even w/ increasing temp. Uses more energy than C3 plants

Undifferentiated cells in plants are called __________________.

Meristem cells

Where does electron transport in a plant occur

Mitochondrial membrane

How is photosynthesis connected to the ice of Greenland? Select all that apply.

Plants consume CO2, but increased atmospheric CO2 is accelerating the melting of ice.

Why do atmospheric CO2 levels fall in the summer and rise in the winter?

Plants fix more CO2 in the summer

Function of Dermal tissue

Prevents water loss

What are the three primary meristems

Procambium (Vascular) Protoderm (Epidermis) Ground meristems (Ground tissue)

If there is no net CO2 uptake, that meas the plant is not building biomass, which of the following is true?

Rate of photosynthesis = resperation

What increases absorptive surface area of roots. (article)

Root hairs

What does morphology involve

Shade and sun leaves

Select organs that can be found in the embryo (mark all that apply)

Shoot apical meristem (SAM) Cotyledon Radicle and RAM (root apical meristem) Hypocotyl

Auxin is produce in the _______

Shoot tip

Gibberellins are involved in? (mark all that apply) Stem elongation Germination regulation Root elongation Fruit growth

Stem elongation Germination regulation Fruit growth

Calvin Cycle 3 steps

Step 1) Carbon fixation Fixes 3 CO2 moles Step 2) Reduction phase Yields a single 3 C mole Step 3) Regen phase Requires 9ATP and 6 NADPH Occurs in the bundle sheath cell in C4 pathway plants

Where is Rubisco located?

Stroma

What time of day will plant pH in a CAM plant be the lowest?

Sunrise

What is gametogenesis

The formation of gametes

Where does light absorption occur

The leaf, thykaloid membrane

Plant embryos are located in

The seed

Which of the following is NOT a way in which the electron transport of respiration and photosynthesis are similar? both produce ATP both require water both utilize cytochromes both lead to the formation of a pH gradient

They both require water

How does CO2 diffuse into the leaf

Through the stomata

Where does ATP synthesis in a plant occur

Thykaloid membrane, chloroplast

Where does H+ gradient in a plant occur

Thykaloid space

Where is chlorophyll located in the chloroplast?

Thylakoid

Which of the following are types of xylem cells? (select all possible answers) (article) Aquaporins Tracheids Vessels Casparian

Tracheids Vessels

What creates the tension that pulls water up the plant? (video)

Transpiration

(T/F) In plants C3 growing in optimal conditions stomata are open during the day and close during the night

True

(T/F) Plants are in the diploid stage for majority of its life

True

(T/F) Plants utilize it in place of the mitochondrial respiration animals use

True

(T/f) Carbon fixation requires CO2

True

Which plants better utilize short flashes of light?

Under story plants

CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism)

Used by succulents in dry, arid environments Seperates gas exchange and carbon fixation temporally (Time) Pineapple is a user of CAM Stomata opens at night Stomata closes in the day, no gas exchange or transpiration Has higher water use efficiency than C3 plants Occurs in 7% of plants Probably evolved > 40 times

What does photosynthesis use, then create?

Uses: RuBP + CO2 Creates: PGA

What does photorespiration use, then create? When does it occur?

Uses: RuBP + O2 + ATP Creates: CO2 Occurs due to low levels of CO2 or High levels of O2

Looking at figure 28.6, early vascular plants (club mosses, whisk ferns, ferns and horsetails) are part of which monophyletic group? Green plants Seed plants Vascular plants Land plants

Vascular Plants

What tissue aids woody land plants to grow tall? (video)

Vascular Tissues (Xylem)

What produces the secondary xylem?

Vascular cambium

Photosystem 2

Water donates electron

What is embryogenesis

When a zygote becomes multi cellular embryo Occurs in the flower

C3 Plants

When temp. goes up, photorespiration increases More efficient than C4 plants in lower temps (10-30 celsius)

What is secondary growth

Widening of shoots and roots from two lateral meristems (Cambium), forming continuous cylinders throughout plant

Which cell type makes up wood?

Xylem

Function of Auxin

a plant hormone which causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth.

Function of Abscisic acid

a plant hormone which promotes leaf detachment, induces seed and bud dormancy, and inhibits germination.

antenna complex

an array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of plants and cyanobacteria, which transfer light energy to one chlorophyll a molecule at the reaction center of a photosystem.

Function of Rubisco

an enzyme present in plant chloroplasts, involved in fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis and in oxygenation of the resulting compound during photorespiration.

The second messenger of the epinephrine signal transduction pathway is

cAMP produced by adenylyl cyclase

What is determinate growth

growth that ceases once an organ has formed

When the first land plant colonized land from an aquatic environment, which of the following was an advantage in this new environment? Select all possible answers. increased water availability increased CO2 availability few herbivores increased light availability

increased CO2 availability few herbivores increased light availability

Why is the pH in the thylakoid space so much lower than in the stroma in the light, but not so much in the dark?

light provides the energy to transport H+ ions into the thylakoid space

Function of Vascular tissue

long distance transport, transports water and nutrients

By what process are gametes (sperm and eggs) formed in plants? (video)

mitosis

Looking at figure 28.6, nonvascular plants are a mono- or paraphyletic group?

paraphyletic

In absence of light plants develop ethiolation response. When light is present plants undergo____________

photomorphogenesis

Function of Cytokinin

plant growth substances (phytohormones) that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots

Function of gibberellins

plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development, and leaf and fruit senescence.

Response of epinephrine signal transduction pathway

post-transcriptional modifications leading to stop the synthesis of glycogen and to activate its degradation

C4 is a modification to Photosynthesis that reduces photorespiration in hot temperatures and uses (mark all that apply) rubisco PEP carboxylase Bundle-sheath cells 4-carbon organic acid Crasulacean acid

rubisco PEP carboxylase Bundle-sheath cells 4-carbon organic acid

What Is TRUE about CAM metabolism uses a enzyme differnt than rubisco to fix C separates C fixation and light reactions in space separate C fixation and light reactions in time

separate C fixation and light reactions in time

Function of leaves

source of carbs

Which of the following is a characteristic of the first land plants? seeds sporopollenin covering spores vascular tissue large stature

sporopollenin covering spores

Function of Ground tissue

storage, photosynthesis, support

What is Endosymbiosis

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.

Primary growth is ______________________

the elongation from the apical meristems

Function of roots

to anchor a plant into the ground, absorb water and nutrients from soil

Function of stem

transport water and nutrients, carries bud and leaves. Made of nodes and internodes