bio 94 practice quiz

a

1. (2 Pts) Darwin's primary contribution to biological theory was the idea that A) an important mechanism of biological evolution is natural selection B) new alleles arise through mutation C) evolution is the change in gene frequencies over time D) genes are the units of inheritance E) characteristics acquired during an individual's lifetime can be passed to its offspring

e

19. Which of the following is an example (or are examples) of intersexual choice? a. female widow birds choosing to mate with males with long tails b. male elephant seals fighting for control of a female harem c. female jungle fowl ejecting the sperm of a subdominant male d. b and c e. a and c

b

2. (2 Pts) Which statement best represents the meaning of the term evolution: A) Changes in species toward greater complexity over time B) Changes in gene frequencies in a population over time C) The strongest individuals survive and produce the most offspring D) Changes in an individual over time in response to natural selection

c

22. All of the following are parts of the allopatric speciation by natural selection model, except: a. Geographically isolated populations evolve or change in response to novel environments b. Reproductive isolation evolves as a by-product of changes in other traits associated with adapting to new resources or environments c. Selection against hybridization leads to exaggeration of signals to facilitate recognizing conspecifics (individuals of the same species) d. Changes among or between populations occur while populations are geographically separated. e. None of the above (in other words, a, b, c and d are all parts of the allopatric speciation by natural selection model)

d

3. (3 Pts) Over the past several decades, natural selection has caused populations of Staphylococcus aureus (an infectious wound bacterium) to evolve resistance to most antibiotics. If antibiotic use were stopped, what would you predict would happen to these S. aureus populations? A) They will go extinct without the antibiotic. B) The frequency of resistant forms will increase in these populations. C) The populations will begin colonizing new environments. D) The frequency of nonresistant forms will increase in these populations.

d

A cladogram or phylogenetic tree a. is an hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships among a group of animal taxa b. is a diagram in which the sequence of branching illustrates the historical chronology of evolutionary event c. reflects the hierarchical classification of taxonomic groups nested within more inclusive groups. d. All of the above

c

All of the following are sources of genetic variation for evolution, except: a. mutation b. recombination c. genetic drift d. gene flow

c

Claytonia virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white to pale pink to bright pink. Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two), and plants experiencing severe herbivory were more likely to die. The bees that pollinate this plant prefer also prefer pink to white flowers, so that Claytonia with pink flowers have greater relative fruit set (reproductive success) than Claytonia with white flowers. A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year. If the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what would you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time? A) The distribution of flower colors should not change. B) The percentage of white flowers should increase over time. C) The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time. D) The distribution of flower colors should randomly fluctuate over time.

a

In the _________________ model, populations expand their range around an inhospitable region and when they finally meet at the end of the expansion, populations have changed so much that new species arise. An example of this is the warbler complex that inhabits forests below the Tibetan plateau. In this example, adjacent populations can interbreed, but those at the end of the range expansion do not. A. ring speciation B. reinforcement C. allopatric speciation by natural selection D. allopatric speciation by sexual selection

a

On the tree of life, the branch leading to animals is closer to fungi than it is to the branch leading to land plants. Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) Animals and land plants are more closely related to each other than either is to fungi. B) Animals and plants have a common ancestor. C) Fungi and animals do have a common ancestor. D) Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than animals are to land plants.

b

Starting from a single wild canine species, humans have developed hundreds of breeds of domestic dogs. Which of the following statements is supported by this observation? A) Natural selection had not occurred very frequently in the wild dog populations. B) There was enough heritable variation in the wild canine species to create a variety of features. C) Heritable variation is low; otherwise the there would be more wild dog species. D) Most of the variation in domestic dog species is a result of variation in nutrition and training.

e

The Dunkers are a religious group that moved from Germany to Pennsylvania in the mid-1700s. They do not marry with members outside their own immediate community. Today, the Dunkers are genetically unique and differ in gene frequencies, at many loci, from all other populations including their original homeland. Which of the following likely explains the genetic uniqueness of this population? A) sexual selection and inbreeding depression B) heterozygote advantage and stabilizing selection C) population bottleneck and Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium D) mutation and natural selection E) founder effect and genetic drift

a

The HOX genes in fruit flies, annelid worms, clams, and humans show a high degree of sequence similarity. This is an example of: A) genetic homology B) developmental homology C) structural homology D) analogy/convergent evolution

c

The ability to taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) is a trait controlled by 2 alleles (PTC taster and PTC non-taster). Suppose 36% of a remote mountain village cannot taste PTC and must, therefore, be homozygous recessive (aa) for the PTC non-taster allele. If this population conforms to Hardy-Weinberg expectations for this gene, what percentage of the population must be homozygous (AA) for the PTC taster allele? A) 48% B) 40% C) 16% D) 32% E) 60%

b

The two key factors responsible for speciation among populations are: A) mutation and heterozygote disadvantage B) reproductive isolation and genetic divergence C) postzygotic isolation and morphological change D) mutation and genetic drift

d

Which of the following does NOT tend to promote speciation? A) founder effect B) reproductive isolation C) natural selection D) gene flow

e

Which of the following is an example (or are examples) of prezygotic reproductive barrier? a. Zygote inviability b. Hybrid disadvantage c. Hybrid sterility d. a, b and c e. None of the Above

pre

Which of the following isolating mechanisms are prezygotic and which are postzygotic? + In closely related bird species, males sing different courtship songs PRE or POST

pre

Which of the following isolating mechanisms are prezygotic and which are postzygotic? + Land iguana eggs can't be fertilized by marine iguana sperm. PRE or POST

post

Which of the following isolating mechanisms are prezygotic and which are postzygotic? + Mules-horse-donkey hybrids-are sterile. PRE or POST

pre

Which of the following isolating mechanisms are prezygotic and which are postzygotic? In a forest, one beetle species lives on oaks and another beetle species lives on pines. PRE or POST

c

Which of the following statements explains why animals are less likely than plants to speciate by polyploidy? A) Animals have behavioral rituals that result in mate recognition. B) Animal movement patterns insure gene flow. C) Animals rarely self-fertilize, so diploid gametes are much less likely to fuse. D) Animals chromosomes are less likely to replicate incorrectly than plants.

d

Which of the following would best be described as a case of speciation in sympatry? A) A population of lizards is subdivided by a natural barrier and subsequently diverges to form two species that cannot interbreed. B) Speciation cannot take place in sympatry - only in allopatry, where geography poses a barrier to gene flow. C) A new, isolated population of fruit flies is founded by a small group of colonists, which then diverge from the ancestral source population. D) An individual hermaphroditic plant undergoes meiotic failure, producing diploid pollen and ovules; these self-fertilize, germinate, and grow into several fully fertile tetraploid plants.

b

Which of these does NOT describe one way in which the fossil record is biased? A) Certain habitats are more likely to produce fossils than others B) Soft-bodied organisms are more likely to be preserved C) Recent fossils are more likely to be found than older ones D) Organisms that lived above ground are more likely to be found than underground E) Abundant species are more likely to appear in the fossil record than rare species

b

Which of these is NOT true about the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology? A) DNA codes for RNA, which codes for Protein B) It is a two-way flow of information C) It is a one-way flow of information D) DNA sequences define the genotype, which then produce the proteins that create the phenotype

c

Woese used SSU RNA to build the 3-Domain Tree of Life. When choosing to study that molecule, which of the following was NOT one of the characteristics of RNA that made it a good molecule to use for such a study: A) It is a necessary part of the cellular machinery for reproduction and other purposes. B) It is found in every species. C) It mutates more frequently than expected by chance. D) It is passed on through evolutionary history with only minor modifications.

c

____________ states that each sex can maximize its reproductive success in different ways. Male reproductive success increases as males mate with multiple different females. Females, in contrast, gain less (or not at all) by mating with multiple, different males. a. Haldane's Rule b. Natural selection c. Bateman's Rule d. Anisogamy