Bio-Chapter 15-Darwin and Evolution

Which of the following are biochemicals that function similarly in all living organisms?

-DNA -ATP -RNA

Which of these individuals supported the concept of descent with modification prior to Charles Darwin?

-Erasmus Darwin -Buffon

Which of the following are components of natural selection?

-adaptation to the environment -heritable variation -differential reproductive success

Select the examples of homologous structures

-arms of monkeys and forelimbs of seals -forelimbs of birds, bats, and horses

Select the observations that were made by Darwin with respect to changes over time

-bones of extinct animals -raised beaches along coastlines -marine shells high up on cliffs

Select the choices that provide observable evidence for natural selection.

-galapagos finches -scarlet honeycreeper -peppered moths

Prior to his voyage on the HMS Beagle, Charles Darwin studied to become a:

-medical doctor -clergyman

The post Darwinian view of the world included the age of the Earth is billions of years old. species are related by descent. an interaction of random variations and environmental conditions produced environmental adaptation. All of the choices are correct. only two of the above are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

When he arrived at the Galápagos Islands, Darwin did not observe the amazing tool-using "woodpecker finch" that can modify twigs to pry out grubs. Because there are no true woodpeckers on the Galápagos Islands, this behavior allows this finch to exploit an untapped food source. However, not all members of this species exhibit this behavior, which is probably learned from watching other finches. Therefore, young isolated at hatching will not know how to do this. it is probably not "hardwired" in the brain as a behavior passed on genetically. there must be a great advantage to reaching this food source for this learned behavior to be repeated by most descendants of each generation. as an acquired characteristic, in a strict sense this is not part of the adaptive radiation of finches on the Galápagos. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Two fossilized remains are found and scientists assume the two organisms are different but related. Which of the following would determine the relatedness of these two organisms? A. homologous structures B. vestigial structures C. biogeography D. All of the choices could be examined to determine relatedness.

All of the choices could be examined to determine relatedness.

Most of Darwin's observations about changes in species over time and in different environments took place in and near North America. Africa. Greenland. Asia. South America.

South America.

Which of the following is NOT involved in natural selection? There are inheritable variations in populations. Organisms differ in reproductive success. There is competition for resources. The desired traits are chosen by a breeder.

The desired traits are chosen by a breeder.

Each of the present-day species of Galapagos finches has a(n) ___ adapted to a particular way of life.

beak

Differential reproduction over many generations will cause adaptations to _____

become more common

Darwin's observation that there were Patagonian hares but no rabbits in South America would be considered ______________ evidence. anatomical fossil biochemical biogeographical

biogeographical

The study of geographical distribution of organisms is called ___.

biogeography

Select the example of analogous structures

bird wings and insect wings

Hutton's theory of geological change included all EXCEPT slow cycles of erosion and uplift. catastrophic extinction of species. extreme geological change occurring over a long period of time. production of layers of sediment through slow deposition.

catastrophic extinction of species.

Darwin's theory of natural selection to explain evolution is also known as descent with modification. uniformitarianism. catastrophism. inheritance of acquired characteristics.

catastrophism

Which of the following was offered as an explanation for worldwide disaster occurring which wiped out many species and then god created new species to repopulate the world

catastrophism

A line of evidence NOT considered by Darwin in his development of the theory of natural selection is comparative anatomy. the fossil record. biogeography. comparative biochemistry.

comparative biochemistry.

___ is the reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population.

fitness

People who believed in the fixity of species believed that each species ___.

had an ideal structure

Many animals, including humans, share a set of genes that regulate the development of the body plan of the animal. These genes are known as ___ genes.

homeobox

A structure that is similar in different types of organisms because these organisms are derived from a common ancestor but that may perform different functions in these organisms is called a(n) ___ structure.

homologous

Darwin concluded that south america lacked rabbits because

the ancestors of rabbits did not occur in south america

Lamarck's inheritance of acquired characteristics included the idea that local catastrophes cause mass extinctions of species. species are only produced through special creation. there is a natural force in all living things that pushes them toward perfection. species are fixed and unchanging over time.

there is a natural force in all living things that pushes them toward perfection.

A fossil of a common ancestor for two groups of organisms that demonstrates the relationship between the two groups is called a ___ fossil.

transitional

The belief that geological change is a slow and continuous process is called:

uniformitarianism

Where as ___ described a past in which geological change is slow and continuous, ___ describes the change in the makeup of communities of organisms as the result of discontinuous, monumental events.

uniformitarianism; catastrophism

An idea that could be traced back to Plato is that hybrids showed that species could be changed with time. variation is due to imperfections in copies of some perfect ideal form. worldwide catastrophes caused extinction, followed by creation of new species. artificial selection of animals by humans proves that evolution can occur. acquired characteristics could be passed from parents to offspring.

variation is due to imperfections in copies of some perfect ideal form.

A trait that helps an organism be more suited to its environment is called a(n):

adaptation

Homologous structures such as the bones in wings, flippers, and arms would be studied in the field of biogeography. comparative embryology. comparative biochemistry. the fossil record. comparative anatomy.

comparative anatomy

The pharyngeal pouches that develop into jaws, ear structures, and glands in humans, develop into ____ in fish

gills

The study of fossils is called:

paleontology

Lamarck proposed that offspring inherit ___ that their parents had acquired during their lifetime.

physical characteristics

Which type of mammal was last to evolve and diversify?

placental

According to Lamarck, if a dog has its tail removed and this serves to to improve its hunting ability, it should:

produce offspring without tails

All of the following are examples of natural selection EXCEPT the distribution of dark and light colored peppered moths in Britain. a rise in bacterial resistance to antibiotics. the reduction in beak length of scarlet honeycreepers when they changed food sources. the 150 breeds of dogs developed from ancestral wolves. two of the above are not examples of natural selection.

the 150 breeds of dogs developed from ancestral wolves.

Which of the following ideas was most commonly held in the eighteenth century? genetic change through mutation evolution by natural selection over time the fixity of species changes in a species through adaptation to the environment

the fixity of species

The distribution of species can help provide information about all of the following except _________. formation of volcanic islands. ecological change. past geological events. the time period in which a species was present on Earth. the movement of continents.

the time period in which a species was present on Earth

The Galapagos Islands were formed as a result of ___ activity.

volcanic

In recent years it has been demonstrated that beak size in the Galapagos Island medium ground finch varies with:

-food availability -weather

Which of the following provide evidence for evolutionary change

-fossil record -biogeography -vestigial structures -homologous structures

During embryonic development in vertebrates, which of the following characteristics are shared by all vertebrate animals

-pharyngeal pouches -postanal tail

The scala naturae viewed species as occupying rungs on a ladder which represented ____

-spirituality -complexity

Which are bird-like characteristics to modern-day birds?

-wings -feathers -breast bone with flight muscles attached

Which of the following piece of fossil evidence was not observed during Darwin's journey aboard the Beagle? fossilized remains of the Glyptodont fossilized marine shells in the cliffs of the Andes Mountains fossilized remains of a giant ground sloth 13 different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands

13 different species of finches on the Galapagos Islands

Cutting off the tails of mice over several generations should cause the tails of their offspring to become shorter, according to the ideas of which of these scientists? Lyell Darwin Cuvier Lamarck

Lamarck

Lamarck's ideas on evolution were adopted by some Russian scientists, including Michurin and Lysenko in Stalinist Russia. Their textbooks printed Lysenko's assertions that a wheat plant could be made cold-hardy by conditioning in cold storage, or that workmen who develop strong muscles would produce children who were stronger. Which of the major premises of evolution by natural selection was violated? The organisms vary in traits. Some individuals are better adapted to the environment. Natural selection acts on variations that are already available in the population's gene pool. More young are born than can survive. There will always be more demand than resources available.

Natural selection acts on variations that are already available in the population's gene pool.

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection? It acts on genotypes rather than phenotypes. It assures the survival of each fit individual. On average, it favors the survival of more young with adaptive characteristics. It always selects for more complex forms. All of the choices are correct.

On average, it favors the survival of more young with adaptive characteristics.

What is the main reason that the alternative explanations to evolution are not considered scientific? The people suggesting the alternative explanations are not scientists. All of these are reasons why the alternative explanations are not considered testable. The scientific community is biased and will not look at any other explanation. The alternative explanations are not testable by the scientific method.

The alternative explanations are not testable by the scientific method.

What was Darwin's main purpose during his time aboard the H.M.S. Beagle? Darwin was a simple sailor with not specific purpose aboard the H.M.S. Beagle. To serve as the ships naturalist. To document evidence that would support the concept of Natural Selection. To develop evidence that could be used to support the theory of evolution.

To serve as the ships naturalist.

What is the scalanaturae? another name for the theory of special creation the first theory of evolution a sequential ladder of life, with humans at the top a species of horse

a sequential ladder of life, with humans at the top

Linnaeus developed his classification system for organisms according to: a theory of special creation and fixity of species. Darwin's theory of evolution. a theory of descent by modification. Lamarck's theory of evolution.

a theory of special creation and fixity of species.

A structure that has a similar function in separate lineages but differs in anatomy and ancestry is called a(n) ___ structure.

analogous

The type of selection practiced by humans when breeding dogs is referred to as ___ selection.

artificial

Over many generations man has chosen certain desirable characteristics in dogs by allowing dogs possessing those characteristics to reproduce. In this way, 150 breeds of dogs, all in the same species, have descended from wolves. This process is referred to as convergent evolution. natural selection. inheritance of acquired traits. artificial selection.

artificial selection.

Evolution is:

changes in the gene pool of populations from one generation to the next

Erasmus Darwin, in his discussion of evolutionary possibilities, included all of the following EXCEPT changes during the development of organisms. vestigial organs. comparative anatomy of plants and algae. artificial selection in animal breeding.

comparative anatomy of plants and algae

A similarity between Darwin's natural selection and Lamarck's inheritance of acquired characteristics is that in each, the __ determines the benefit of a physical characteristic.

environment

Which of the following features were present in the transitional species between amphibian tetrapods and the fishes? lungs, fins and scales fins, scales and expanded ribs fins, rounded head with eyes on the side and a neck a flat head with eyes on the top, fins and scales

fins, scales and expanded ribs

Darwin's opinion that living forms must be descended from extinct forms was based on ________ evidence. fossil biochemical biogeographical anatomical

fossil

Remains or traces of past life, or other direct evidence of past life are called:

fossils

The inheritance of acquired characteristics does not occur because these acquired characteristics are not encoded in the individuals _____

genes

A population must have ______ for natural selection to occur. many individuals a stable environment abundant resources inheritable variation

inheritable variation

____ moths increased in frequency following the enactment of laws limiting pollution

light-colored

Darwin believed that all members of a population would typically be able to survive and therefore reproduce due to:

limited environmental resources

Darwin observed that Galapagos tortoises that lived on islands where vegetation was more sparse had _____

longer necks

Transitional forms are seen in the fossil record that links all of these groups EXCEPT fish and amphibians. birds and reptiles. mammals and reptiles. mammals and birds. reptiles and amphibians.

mammals and birds.

The evolutionary mechanism in which organisms best adapted to their environment produce more offspring than less adapted individuals is called ___ selection.

natural

Darwin and Lyell, in opposition to the popular belief held at their time, believed that the Earth was very __.

old

comparative anatomy is the study of _____ structures across species

similar

The "mystery of mysteries" contemplated by Charles Darwin was the origin of new:

species

Darwin's geometric ratio of increase pertains specifically to the inheritable variations found in a population. the overproduction potential of a species. the artificial selection of traits in plants or animals. the inheritance of acquired traits.

the overproduction potential of a species.

Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin. they did not evolve in the same region or live at the same time period. bird wings function on different physics principles of lift. there is no fossil link between these groups. insect wings are vestigial.

the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin.

The organisms on the Galápagos Islands that were most important to the development of Darwin's theory of natural selection were snails and fish. tortoises and finches. rabbits and hares. monkeys and armadillos. plants and fungi.

tortoises and finches.

____ founded the science of paleontolgy

Cuvier

A species with members that are currently alive is called:

extant

Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied? resistance of HIV to drug treatment bacterial resistance to antibiotics All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied. resistance of weeds to select herbicides

All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied.

Evolution explains the __ of life because it demonstrates that living things have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions.

diversity

Taxonomy is the science of ____ organisms.

naming

Structures or organs that were thought to have been functional in an ancestor but are reduced and nonfunctional in the descendant are called ___ structures.

vestigial structures