Bio Exam 3
True or False: The tendrils that support vining plants are a type of root.
False (Tendrils are either specialized leaves or stems.)
True or False: Primary growth of a stem is due to the activity of the vascular cambium.
False (The apical meristem is responsible for the primary growth of a stem.)
True or False: The final product of glycolysis is carbon dioxide.
False (The final product of glycolysis is pyruvate.)
True or False: In the process of photosynthesis, the light reactions follow the Calvin cycle reactions.
False (The light reactions occur first in order to provide the energy for the Calvin cycle.)
The loss of water from a leaf is termed a. transpiration. b. perspiration. c. transduction. d. leakage. e. transcription.
a. transpiration.
The carriers of the electron transport chain are located: a. in the matrix of the mitochondria. b. on the outer mitochondrial membrane. c. on the cristae of the mitochondria. d. within the intermembrane space. e. within the cytoplasm of the cell.
c. on the cristae of the mitochondria.
True or False: At the base of most food chains are autotrophs.
True (Autotrophs produce their own food and are able to sustain themselves and all other living things on Earth.)
True or False: Pyruvate contains less chemical energy than glucose.
True (Glucose is broken down, releasing energy, during glycolysis. Therefore, pyruvate does contain less energy than glucose.)
True or False: Fermentation follows glycolysis in some cells if oxygen is not available.
True (Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate. Pyruvate can either be fermented if oxygen is not available or enter the preparatory reaction if oxygen is available.)
True or False: You can tell the age of a stem by counting the bud scale scars.
True (There is one bud scale scar for each year's growth.)
True or False: The cells that make up xylem are no longer living.
True (Xylem consists of nonliving cells that form a continuous pipeline for water and mineral transport.)
Each turn of the citric acid cycle directly produces how many ATP? a. 1 b. 2 c. 12 d. 14 e. 16
a. 1
A 15-foot tree growing in a fence row is used as a fence post to which barbed wire is stapled at a height of 5 feet. Years later, the tree is 30 feet high. The barbed wire would be a. 5 feet high. b. 15 feet high. c. 20 feet high. d. 10 feet high.
a. 5 feet high.
True or False: The citric acid cycle turns once for each original glucose molecule.
False (Because each original glucose molecule is broken into two pyruvate molecules, the citric acid cycle turns twice for each original glucose molecule.)
Why is corn yellow paragraph
- Corn has two colors: yellow or purple. Purple is >dominant<, while yellow is >recessive<. - Wild-type corn is >purple< in color due to its genotype as either >homozygous< dominant or >heterozygous<. - Modern corn is >yellow< in color, due to its genotype of >homozygous< recessive. - The yellow color is caused by a color gene mutation that arose when a >transposon< inserted itself within the gene for color. - A >transposon< is a genetic element that can "jump" into or out of a gene.
Genetically Modified Corn
- Modified with genes from Bacilus thuringiensis to resist caterpillar predation - Modified and commercially available to be herbicide resistant
Which of the following is an autotroph? a. yeast b. turtle c. fish d. algae e. hawk
d. algae
Characteristics of stems
- supports leaves and flowers
The overall equation of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O
True or False: As soon as a beautiful plant in your backyard blooms, you remove the flowers. By doing so, you have now inhibited the growth of the plant.
False (By removing the flowers you have inhibited the reproduction of the plant, but the root and shoot system will still be able to grow.)
True or False: Ancient trees, like those found in the redwood forest, have achieved their maximum height and will not grow any taller.
False (Meristematic tissue enables plants to grow their entire lives.)
True or False: Only leaves carry out photosynthesis.
False (Sometimes stems are green and can carry out photosynthesis.)
True or False: Transpiration rates are the same for all plants.
False (Transpiration is dependent upon temperature, humidity, and how often and long the stomata open.)
Photosynthesis Reactants and Products
Reactants: 6CO2 & 6H2O Products: C6H12O6 & 6O2
Cellular Respiration Reactants and Products
Reactants: C6H12O6 & 6O2 Products: 6CO2 & 6H2O
Why are two ATP needed to begin glycolysis? a. to activate the glucose b. to donate electrons to NAD+ c. to compensate for the lack of oxygen d. to accept electrons from glucose e. to move the reaction into the mitochondria
a. to activate the glucose
Which two organelles are most directly involved in the flow of energy from the sun through all living things? a. Golgi apparatus and mitochondria b. lysosomes and chloroplasts c. chloroplasts and mitochondria d. mitochondria and ribosomes e. ribosomes and Golgi apparatus
c. chloroplasts and mitochondria
The biology of corn paragraph
- Corn is a(n) >monoecious plant<, meaning it has separate male and female flowers on the same plant. - Male flowers produce >pollen<, which fertilize the >eggs< produced on female flowers. - This results in >seeds<, or kernels that are grouped together to form a cob. - These kernels contain carbohydrates in the form of >simple sugars< and oils. - As the corn matures, these >simple sugars< are converted into >starch< for storage.
Mega crop biology paragraph
- Plant parts that are involved in the reproductive process and contain seeds of some type are called >fruits<. - Plant parts that are not involved in the reproductive process but are still considered to be edible are called >vegetables<. - All three of the mega crops (wheat, corn, and rice) are classified as >grasses< and the parts of them that we eat are considered >fruits< because they are involved in the reproductive process. - The seeds of these and all >grasses< are contained within this vegetative part and are dry when mature. - The tiny >fruits< of wheat, corn, and rice are called coryopsis, because the ovary wall is attached to the seed coat. - Coryopsis are also referred to as >grains<, along with barley, oats, and rye.
Growing rice paragraph
- Rice is a heavily grown crop that originated in modern-day >China< and India. - Rice can germinate underwater, so farmers flood their fields to create >rice paddies<. This minimizes competition from weeds and pest destruction. - Rice is >self-pollinated<, leading to inbreeding. This means that different geographical areas can have gene pools that are very different. - DNA analysis show that rice diverged roughly 8,000 to 13,000 years ago from a >grass< into Oryza sativa. - Two distinct subspecies were produced. Non-sticky rice, or >indica<, is long grain and grown in flooded >rice paddies<, while >japonica< is short grain and grown in dry fields.
Genetically Modified Wheat
- There are no widely available genetically modified commercial varieties of this crop yet - Currently in development to become herbicide resistant
Genetically Modified Rice
- There are no widely available genetically modified commercial varieties of this crop yet - May be modified to increase vitamin A content
Growing wheat paragraph
- Wheat is a grain first cultivated in Mesopotamia and is now the >most< farmed crop in the world. - Wheat contains a protein called >gluten< that originates within the cells of the wheat grain's endosperm. - Also within wheat is >bran<, the harder outer layer of the wheat grain, and >germ<, or the embryo in the seed. These together make up "whole grains." - Early during the domestication process, >mutations< led to some artificially selected wheat traits we still see today, including non-shattering and larger seeds. - One of the most notable genes bred into wheat is the dwarfing trait, which makes wheat >shorter<, resulting in better nutrient uptake, better resistance to falling over, and easier tillage. - In addition, improvements in fertilizers, irrigation, and pesticides have increased wheat yields, contributing to the >"Green Revolution,"< an initiative created to help developing countries feed growing populations.
Teosinte characteristics
- an ancestral grass that closely resembles wheat - grains scatter when harvested
Characteristics of roots
- anchor plant in soil - absorb water and minerals
Epidermal Tissue functions
- contains protective hairs or glands - contains stomata for regulated gas and water exchange - contains a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss
Crops Grown through Artificial Selection
- farmers select the traits that are desirable - crop plants with desirable traits are bred together to produce offspring with desirable traits - creating crop plants with desirable traits may take several generations
Genetically Modified (GM) Crops
- farmers select the traits that are desirable - genes for desirable traits are inserted into the genome of crop plants - scientists can know the traits of a crop before it is even grown
Corn characteristics
- first cultivated 10,000 years ago - grains stay on the cob when harvested - fruits are softer and more edible
Fruit examples
- peas are pods that contain seeds - bananas have tiny black seeds encased within their flesh - the seeds of a strawberry are on the outside of the flesh vs. the inside
Vegetable examples
- spinach is formed from the leaves of a plant - broccoli is formed from the flowers of a plant - celery is the stem of a plant
Ground Tissue functions
- spongy mesophyll is loosely packed to increase surface area and carbon dioxide absorption - palisade mesophyll is tightly packed and arranged to absorb maximum sunlight - parenchyma cells contains chloroplasts to carry out photosynthesis
Characteristics and examples of leaves
- usually attached to stem and branches - chief organs of photosynthesis - spines on a cactus - tendrils on a climbing gourd
Vascular Tissue functions
- xylem delivers water needed for photosynthesis - phloem delivers products of photosynthesis
The process of genetic engineering in order
1. Genes of interest are isolated from an organism. 2. Genes of interest are inserted into a plasmid. 3. A plasmid is inserted into a bacterium and incorporated into its genome. 4. The bacterium is incorporated into plant cultures. 5. Genes within the plant produce the desired protein product.
Which of the following best defines substrate-level ATP synthesis? a. An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP, resulting in ATP. b. ATP is used to activate glucose for glycolysis. c. An exergonic reaction is used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP plus phosphate. d. Oxidation of a substrate results in a high-energy bond. e. ATP is synthesized from adenosine plus three phosphates.
a. An enzyme passes a high-energy phosphate to ADP, resulting in ATP.
What role does NAD+ play in cellular respiration? a. It is an electron carrier. b.It produces the ATP. c. It is an enzyme. d. It provides the oxygen. e. It provides the energy.
a. It is an electron carrier.
The molecule that is found at the beginning and end of the citric acid cycle is a. a C4 molecule. b. pyruvate. c. lactate. d. glucose. e. RuBP.
a. a C4 molecule.
Which of these is most closely associated with the process of electron transport? a. a sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids b. a stack of thylakoid membrane structures c. the double membrane of the chloroplast d. a flattened disk or sac in the chloroplast e. the central fluid-filled space of the chloroplast
a. a sequence of molecules in the membranes of the thylakoids
Beans, peas, and other legumes have root nodules that are caused by ____ and have the role of ____. a. bacteria; taking up and reducing atmospheric nitrogen b. bacteria; improving the extraction of water and minerals from the soil c. fungi; storing food for the plant in the fungal bodies d. fungi; improving the extraction of water and minerals from the soil e. fungi; taking up and reducing atmospheric nitrogen
a. bacteria; taking up and reducing atmospheric nitrogen
What are the two sets of reactions for photosynthesis? a. light reactions, Calvin cycle b. glycolysis, citric acid cycle c. light reactions, glycolysis d. Calvin cycle, citric acid cycle e. electron transport chain, light reactions
a. light reactions, Calvin cycle
What pathway moves the electrons from water through PS II to PS I and then on to NADP+? a. noncyclic electron pathway b. cyclic electron pathway c. CO2 fixation stage of Calvin cycle reactions d. citric acid cycle e. CO2 reduction phase of Calvin cycle reactions
a. noncyclic electron pathway
Muscles undergo fermentation when no a. oxygen is available. b. water is available. c. carbon dioxide is available. d. ATP is available. e. pyruvate is available.
a. oxygen is available.
In roots, which structure(s) increases surface area for the absorption of water and minerals from the soil? a. root hairs b. root cap c. Casparian strip d. vascular cylinder e. zone of elongation
a. root hairs
Cellular respiration is organized into four phases so that a. the energy within the glucose molecule can be released in a stepwise fashion. b. it can take place within different cells. c. most of the energy can be released as body heat. d. oxidation can occur without reduction. e. the body can make energy from different substrates.
a. the energy within the glucose molecule can be released in a stepwise fashion.
The apical meristem is found in what area of a growing root? a. epidermis b. elongation c. cell division d. maturation e. None of the answer choices is found in growing roots.
c. cell division
Most major food plants such as wheat, oats, and rice are: a. nonphotosynthetic plants. b. C3 plants. c. C4 plants. d. C5 plants. e. CAM plants.
b. C3 plants.
Which statement about leaves is correct? a. The photosynthetic mesophyll is made up of an upper spongy layer and a lower palisade layer. b. The epidermis is covered by a waxy layer of cuticle that reduces water loss. c. Gas exchange occurs through tiny openings in the leaf surface called trichomes. d. Vascular tissue is arranged in a net pattern in monocots and a parallel pattern in eudicots. e. Regulation of gas exchange through the leaf is the responsibility of the bundle sheath cells.
b. The epidermis is covered by a waxy layer of cuticle that reduces water loss.
Heterotrophs: a. have the ability to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules. b. are ultimately dependent upon preformed organic molecules made by producers. c. are the origin of all food for the rest of the living world. d. are also called autotrophs. e. None of the answer choices are characteristic of heterotrophs.
b. are ultimately dependent upon preformed organic molecules made by producers.
Which of the following will recycle electrons back to photosystem I? a. noncyclic electron pathway b. cyclic electron pathway c. CO2 fixation stage of Calvin cycle reactions d. citric acid cycle e. CO2 reduction phase of Calvin cycle reactions
b. cyclic electron pathway
Mycorrhizae assist plants by a. taking up and reducing atmospheric nitrogen. b. improving the extraction of water and minerals from the soil. c. storing food for the plant in the fungal bodies. d. increasing vegetative reproduction. e. acquiring oxygen for cellular respiration in root tissues.
b. improving the extraction of water and minerals from the soil.
Glycolysis is likely to have evolved before the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain because: a. it has an older fossil record. b. it is found in all living organisms. c. it occurs inside the mitochondria. d. the process is found in all primitive bacteria but lacking in many advanced organisms. e. it produces more ATP than do the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain.
b. it is found in all living organisms.
An aphid is an insect that has mouthparts to sip sugar-rich plant sap. When placed on an herbaceous stem, it soon has its mouthparts embedded and is withdrawing plant sap. What layer of cells has the aphid's mouthparts tapped? a. xylem b. phloem c. parenchyma d. trichomes e. collenchyma
b. phloem
Sugars are conducted through plant tissues by the a. xylem. b. phloem. c. epidermis. d. trichomes. e. procambium.
b. phloem.
Pyruvate is converted to a two-carbon acetyl group attached to coenzyme A (CoA), and CO2 is given off. This phase is called: a. substrate-level ATP synthesis. b. the preparatory reaction. c. the electron transport chain. d. the citric acid cycle. e. fermentation.
b. the preparatory reaction.
The flattened sacs within the stroma of a chloroplast, which are connected to form a single inner compartment, are called: a. stomata. b. thylakoids. c. mesophyll. d. carotenoids. e. CAM units.
b. thylakoids.
Plant vascular tissue contains a. collenchyma and lignin. b. xylem and phloem. c. epidermis and cuticle. d. periderm and cork. e. parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells.
b. xylem and phloem.
Which statement about producers and/or consumers is true? a. Consumers not only feed themselves but also feed producers. b. All animals must be either producers or consumers. c. Producers produce more food than they use. d. Consumers are not dependent upon other organisms for food. e. Only one species of producer and consumer can exist in any single community.
c. Producers produce more food than they use.
The main function of stomata is to: a. expose the chlorophyll to sunlight. b. transport water to the chlorophyll. c. allow passage of CO2 and O2 into the leaf. d. store glucose. e. store pyruvate and provide the site of the Calvin cycle.
c. allow passage of CO2 and O2 into the leaf.
Which pathway in cellular respiration will produce ATP, NADH2, and carbon dioxide? a. glycolysis b. preparatory reaction c. citric acid cycle d. electron transport chain e. photosynthesis
c. citric acid cycle
Which of the following is/are a reproductive structure of a plant? a. roots b. stems c. flowers d. leaves e. shoot system
c. flowers
Which of the following is a substrate of cellular respiration? a. carbon dioxide b. water c. glucose d. ATP e. energy
c. glucose
Which is a correct association of mitochondrion structure and phase of cellular respiration? a. matrix - electron transport chain b. cristae - preparatory reaction c. matrix - citric acid cycle d. matrix - glycolysis e. cristae - glycolysis
c. matrix - citric acid cycle
The reservoir for H+ during photosynthesis is the: a. stroma. b. thylakoid membrane. c. thylakoid space. d. cytoplasm. e. matrix.
c. thylakoid space.
The vascular tissue in the leaf is referred to as a a. vascular bundle. b. vascular cylinder. c. vein. d. vascular pit. e. vascular cambium.
c. vein.
Which is a correct statement about the preparatory reaction? a. It connects glycolysis directly to the electron transport chain. b. O2 is given off. c. Pyruvate is converted to lactate. d. NAD+ goes to NADH + H+ as acetyl-CoA forms. e. The reaction occurs once per glucose molecule.
d. NAD+ goes to NADH + H+ as acetyl-CoA forms.
Which of the following statements is true concerning sunlight radiation used for photosynthesis? a. All of the sunlight that hits the atmosphere is used for photosynthesis. b. Only the highest energy wavelengths are used for photosynthesis. c. All of the visible light is used for photosynthesis. d. Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis. e. Only the green visible light is used for photosynthesis.
d. Only the red, blue, and violet wavelengths of visible light are used for photosynthesis.
Why are plant leaves green? a. They absorb only green wavelengths of light. b. They absorb only yellow and blue wavelengths of light. c. They reflect nearly all wavelengths of light. d. They reflect green wavelengths of light. e. They reflect yellow and blue wavelengths of light.
d. They reflect green wavelengths of light.
Epidermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue systems are derived from a. sclerenchyma cells. b. vascular cambium. c. cork cambium. d. apical meristem. e. vascular bundles.
d. apical meristem.
You are planning to build a swimming pool in your backyard. How close can you get to the trees in your backyard without disturbing their root structure? a. all the way up to the trunk b. within a foot of the trunk c. up to the crown of the tree d. at least 2-4 times the diameter of the crown of the tree e. at least 10-20 times the diameter of the crown of the tree
d. at least 2-4 times the diameter of the crown of the tree
The largest number of ATP molecules is produced in which phase of cellular respiration? a. glycolysis b. preparation reaction c. citric acid cycle d. electron transport chain e. Calvin cycle
d. electron transport chain
If you had a problematic hillside that continually eroded when it rained, plants with which type of roots would best solve your problem? a. adventitious b. taproots c. mycorrhizal d. fibrous e. haustoria
d. fibrous
Some desert organisms can live out their life without ever drinking liquid water. What phase(s) of cellular respiration could provide the organism with water? a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain d. glycolysis and electron transport chain e. citric acid cycle and electron transport chain
d. glycolysis and electron transport chain
What is the correct order of phases in cellular respiration? a. citric acid cycle, prep reaction, glycolysis, electron transport chain b. electron transport chain, glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle c. prep reaction, glycolysis, electron transport chain, citric acid cycle d. glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain e. glycolysis, citric acid cycle, prep reaction, electron transport chain
d. glycolysis, prep reaction, citric acid cycle, electron transport chain
Cabbage and onions come from which part of the plant? a. roots b. stems c. petioles d. leaves e. bark
d. leaves
Which molecule(s) is/are the product(s) of anaerobic respiration? a. glucose and carbon dioxide b. lactate and oxygen c. carbon dioxide d. pyruvate e. pyruvate and oxygen
d. pyruvate
If you wanted to find mycorrhizae, what part of the plant would be the best place to look? a. leaves b. stem c. flower d. roots e. xylem and phloem
d. roots
The meristematic tissue used for secondary growth that is found between the xylem and phloem of each vascular bundle in eudicot stems is termed the a. apical meristem. b. root meristem. c. cork cambium. d. vascular cambium. e. pericycle.
d. vascular cambium.
The energy difference between the reactant glucose and oxygen molecules and the product water and carbon dioxide is 686 kilocalories, yet the 36 ATP molecules produced are only storing 263 kilocalories in their outermost phosphate bond. The rest of the energy: a. was added to the ADP fragment of the ATP molecule. b. provided the energy for life. c. powered the electron transport chain. d. was lost as heat. e. went nowhere, but was destroyed.
d. was lost as heat.
A plant with small leaves and sunken stomata is most likely to be found in a rain forest. desert. grassland. pond. vegetable garden.
desert.
Which of the following reactions is part of the cellular respiration pathway? a. glycolysis b. citric acid cycle c. electron transport chain d. preparatory reaction (prep) e. All of the answer choices are part of the cellular respiration pathway.
e. All of the answer choices are part of the cellular respiration pathway.
Which of the following is a major function of roots? a. absorb water b. absorb minerals c. produce hormones d. anchor and support the plant e. All of the answer choices describe a major function of the roots.
e. All of the answer choices describe a major function of the roots.
Which of the following statement(s) about fermentation is/are true? a. Fermentation can produce alcohol. b. Fermentation does not require oxygen. c. Fermentation can produce lactic acid. d. Fermentation produces a net of two ATP molecules. e. All the answer choices are true statements about fermentation.
e. All the answer choices are true statements about fermentation.
Which of the following statements about glycolysis is true? a. Glycolysis results in the release of carbon dioxide. b. Glycolysis is a cyclical reaction. c. Glycolysis is a reduction reaction where only glucose is reduced. d. Glycolysis occurs twice per glucose molecule. e. Glycolysis breaks glucose down to two pyruvate molecules.
e. Glycolysis breaks glucose down to two pyruvate molecules.
Which of the following is one of the values of photosynthesis to humans? a. It results in the production of fatty acids and oxygen. b. It results in the production of proteins and oxygen. c. It converts carbohydrates into usable forms of energy for humans. d. It reduces the amount of methane in the atmosphere. e. It reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
e. It reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
Which stage(s) will produce carbon dioxide in cellular respiration? a. glycolysis b. preparatory reaction c. citric acid cycle d. both glycolysis and the electron transport chain e. both the preparatory reaction and the citric acid cycle
e. both the preparatory reaction and the citric acid cycle
Which molecules are the products of aerobic respiration? a. pyruvate and carbon dioxide b. pyruvate and water c. pyruvate and oxygen d. lactate and carbon dioxide e. carbon dioxide and water
e. carbon dioxide and water
The equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 38 ATP + 6CO2 + 6H2O represents which cellular process? a. glycolysis b. electron transport system c. citric acid cycle d. photosynthesis e. cellular respiration
e. cellular respiration
Where does glycolysis take place within the cell? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. nucleus c. mitochondrial matrix d. mitochondrial membrane e. cytoplasm
e. cytoplasm
During the daytime, stomata in leaves a. protect the plant. b. undergo photosynthesis. c. manufacture carbohydrates. d. take in water. e. give off oxygen and take in carbon dioxide.
e. give off oxygen and take in carbon dioxide.
What phase(s) of cellular respiration produce(s) NADH + H+? a. glycolysis b. preparatory reaction c. citric acid cycle d. glycolysis and preparatory reaction e. glycolysis, preparatory reaction, and citric acid cycle
e. glycolysis, preparatory reaction, and citric acid cycle
Which of these associations is correct? a. epidermal cell—gas exchange b. stomata—cell division c. sclerenchyma cells—sugar transport d. sieve-tube members—protection e. xylem cells—water transport
e. xylem cells—water transport
