Bio Exam 3- Master Quiz
In roots, the vascular tissue is A. Organized in vascular bundles B. Surrounded by the endodermis C.Found outside of the cortex A and B All of the above
Surround by the endodermis
The type of defense in which plants produce chemicals that cause the uninfected cells around a site of infection to die, leading to isolation of the infected region, is called: A. the hypersensitive response. B. systemic acquired resistance. C. the herbivore response. D. the wilting response.
The hypersensitive response
From personal experience, you may have noticed that cut flowers placed in a vase with tap water continue to be "alive" for several days. What is the most likely explanation as to why these cut flowers don't immediately wither and die? The tap water in the vase is an excellent source of nitrogen. Cells in the flower petals continue to carry out photosynthesis. The plant can still take up water from the vase via an "evaporative pump," i.e. transpiration.
The plant can still take up water from the vase via an "evaporative pump," i.e. transpiration.
The Darwins' initial experiments with phototropism (think coleoptiles and candles) made what significant finding? A. The 'stem' of the coleoptile, behind the tip, senses light. B. The tip of the coleoptile produces auxin. C. The 'stem' of the coleoptile, behind the tip, produces cytokinin. D. The tip of the coleoptile senses light.
The tip of the coleoptile senses light.
Imagine you are studying the turgor pressure at two different ends of a sieve tube. One end of the sieve tube is located within a mature leaf, and the other end is located within the roots. When comparing the turgor pressure within the sieve tube at these two locations, what would you expect to find? A.The turgor pressure will be the same at the leaf and root ends. B. Turgor pressure will not exist at either location. C. The turgor pressure will be greater at the leaf end. D. The turgor pressure will be greater at the root end.
The turgor pressure will be greater at the leaf end.
Imagine you are studying the turgor pressure at two different ends of a sieve tube. One end of the sieve tube is located within a mature leaf, and the other end is located within the roots. When comparing the turgor pressure within the sieve tube at these two locations, what would you expect to find? A. The turgor pressure will be the same at the leaf and root ends. B. Turgor pressure will not exist at either location. C. The turgor pressure will be greater at the leaf end. D. The turgor pressure will be greater at the root end.
The turgor pressure will be greater at the leaf end.
Which of the following would be true of a woody eudicot tree that is 100 years old? A. There are 100 layers of primary xylem. B. There are 100 layers of vascular cambium. C. There are 100 layers of secondary xylem. D. All of the above are correct.
There are 100 layers of secondary xylem.
A seedling germinating under a rock grows at an angle away from the stone after hitting it, and then grows upward. The growth away from the stone is ____ and growth upward is ____. A. phototropism; thigmotropism B. gravitropism; thigmotropism C. thigmotropism; gravitropism
Thigmotropism; gravitropism
Charles and Francis Darwin concluded from their experiments on phototropism by grass seedlings that the part of the seedling that detects the direction of light is the ________. A. elongating cells in the coleoptile B. tip of the coleoptile C. base of the coleoptile D. phytochrome in the coleoptile
Tip of the coleoptile
The endodermal layer forces water and minerals to take the __________ route from cell to cell because of a suberin layer called the ____________. A. transmembrane; Casparian strip B. transmembrane; cuticle C. apoplastic; Casparian strip D. apoplastic; cuticle
Transmembrane; Casparian strip
Dermal tissue in plants includes specialized cell types including: Cuticle. Tracheids and vessels. Xylem and phloem. Trichomes and stomata.
Trichomes and stomata.
True/ False: It is the production and elongation of cells at the shoot tip that lead to increase in shoot length.
True
True/ False: Similar to animals, in plants, cells are organized into distinct tissues and organ systems.
True
Tracheids, Vessel elements, sieve-tube cells, and companion cells are components of: Meristematic tissue. Vascular tissue. Dermal tissue. Ground tissue.
Vascular tissue
You place a plant cell in an open beaker of 0.5 M sucrose. The solution has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa. The plant cell has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa and a Ψp of +1.0. A. Water will flow out of the cell. B. Nothing will happen. C. The cell will burst. D. Water will flow into the cell.
Water will flow into the cell.
You place a plant cell in an open beaker of 0.5 M sucrose. The solution has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa. The plant cell has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa and a Ψp of +1.0. A. The cell will burst. B. Water will flow into the cell. C. Water will flow out of the cell. D. Nothing will happen.
Water will flow out of the cell.
Which of the following is FALSE regarding xylem and phloem transport? A. Xylem transport cells are dead at maturity; phloem transport cells are alive at maturity. B. Xylem water transport requires energy; phloem sugar loading/transport is always a passive process. C. Passive movement of water plays an important role in both water and phloem transport. D. Xylem transport cells are sclerenchyma, phloem transport cells are parenchyma.
Xylem water transport requires energy; phloem sugar loading/transport is always a passive process.
Gravitropism is a result of: A. auxin concentration and the movement of starch-filled organelles called statoliths. B. seed orientation at time of germination. C. decreased availability of light as you go deeper into the soil. D. abscisic acid concentration.
auxin concentration and the movement of starch-filled organelles called statoliths.
When an arborist prunes a limb off a valuable tree, he or she may paint the cut surface with a nontoxic sealant. The primary purpose of the paint is to ________. A. induce the production of proteinase inhibitors B. block entry of pathogens through the wound C. stimulate growth of the cork cambium to heal the wound D. minimize water loss by evaporation from the cut surface
block entry of pathogens through the wound
Plants can have ___________ defenses, which are always active, or _________ defenses, which are produced only when a plant is threatened. A. mutualistic; symbiotic B. chemical; mechanical C. inducible; constitutive D. constitutive; inducible
constitutive; inducible
The first line of plant defense against pathogen infection is(are) the: A. cuticle. B. pathogens. C. cell walls. D. stomata. E. plasmodesmata.
cuticle
In angiosperms, the ________________ is contained in the anthers or ovaries, and the ____________ consists of the rest of the plant. A. gametophyte; sporophyte B. sporophyte; gametophyte C. sporophyte; bryophyte D. bryophyte; sporophyte
gametophyte; sporophyte
When a plant is attacked by an herbivore, which of the following actions does NOT occur? A. expression of new sets of genes B. an increase in the production of chemical defenses C. production of volatile compounds that attract herbivore predators D. inhibition of synthesis jasmonic acid
inhibition of synthesis jasmonic acid
Which of the following is characteristic of a steroid hormone action? A. second messenger activation B. internal receptor binding C. protein phosphorylation D. cell-surface receptor binding
internal receptor binding
Lettuce and spinach are plants that are typically planted in gardens first thing in spring. In spring, they keep producing leaves, which are the desired part of the plant to eat. However, once early summer hits, changes in day length cause them to start to flower and they don't produce leaves anymore. Based on this description, lettuce and spinach are: A. short day plants B. long day plants C. day neutral plants
long day plants
In double fertilization A. both sperm cells fertilize the same egg cell. B. one sperm cell fertilizes the egg, and the other sperm cell fertilizes the 3n endosperm cell. C. one pollen tube sends a sperm cell to fertilize the egg, while a separate pollen tube sends a sperm cell to fertilize the endosperm cell. D. one sperm cell fertilizes the egg, and the other sperm cell fertilizes the 2n central cell.
one sperm cell fertilizes the egg, and the other sperm cell fertilizes the 2n central cell.
Bacterial plant pathogens are perceived by plants when plant receptors bind to ligands like ___; this triggers ____. A. peptidoglycan; production of trichomes and thorns B. chitin; systemin production C. peptidoglycan; hypersensitive response D. chitin; hypersensitive response
peptidoglycan; hypersensitive response
When a seed is germinating, all of the following are occurring EXCEPT A. the endosperman/or cotyledons provide sugars/food for the germinating plant until it is big enough to do photosynthesis itself. B. auxin helps the root grow towards gravity. C. phytochrome is switched to the Pr form. D. cells in both the root and shoot apical meristems are dividing to contribute to primary growth.
phytochrome is switched to the Pr form.
Seed germination is stimulated by: A. green light. B. blue light. C. far-red light. D. UV light. E. red light.
red light
Which of the following are produced by roots in order to increase surface area, allowing for greater access to nutrients in the soil? A. root nodules B. root hairs C. root Casparian strips D. root parenchyma
root hairs
___ is a plant hormone that travels from plant tissues wounded by herbivores to initiate defense responses including production of proteinase inhibitors in undamaged plant tissue. A. salicylic acid B. jasmonic acid C. auxin D. systemin
systemin
A plant can sense that it is in the shade and should elongate its internodes because: A. the high amount of far red light switches Pfr to Pr and elongation occurs. B. the high amount of red light switches Pfr to Pr and elongation occurs. C. the high amount of red light switches Pr to Pfr and elongation occurs. D. the high amount of far red light switches Pr to Pfr and elongation occurs.
the high amount of far red light switches Pfr to Pr and elongation occurs.
Alkaloids are considered "expensive" defense compounds to produce because: A. they contain a lot of carbon, which is costly for plants to concentrate. B. they often function in very small concentrations. C. they contain nitrogen, an essential and often limiting element plants need. D. they contain proteins, which are very costly for a plant to produce. E. they vaporize readily, so they constantly have to be synthesized.
they contain nitrogen, an essential and often limiting element plants need.
A plant cell has a water potential (Ψw) of -1 MPa, and is flaccid, having a turgor potential (Ψp) of 0 MPa. What is the solute potential (Ψs) of this cell? A. -1 MPa B. +1 MPa C. +2 MPa D. -2 MPa E. 0 MPa
-1 MPa
You place a plant cell in an open beaker of 0.5 M sucrose. The solution has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa. The plant cell has a Ψs of -2.0 MPa and a Ψp of +1.0. A. -1 MPa B. 0 MPa C. +1 MPa D. -0.5 MPa E. +2 MPa
0 MPa
Double fertilization in angiosperms results in: A. a diploid embryo and a haploid endosperm. B. a diploid embryo and a diploid endosperm. C. a triploid embryo and a diploid endosperm. D. a haploid embryo and a haploid endosperm. E. a diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm.
A diploid embryo and a triploid endosperm.
Certain properties of water—its cohesion, surface tension, and resistance to temperature change—are all: A function of the non-polar covalent bonds between the H and O atoms within a water molecule. A function of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. A function of the partial negative charge on the H atoms of a water molecule. A function of the hydrogen bonds within a water molecule.
A function of the hydrogen bonds between water molecules.
Which of the following is NOT an example of asexual plant reproduction? A. A plant is produced using tissue culture in the lab, by regenerating a plant from individual plant cells. B. A plant undergoes self-pollination. C. A plant produces stolons/runners that form new plants. D. A plant produces baby plantlets on the margins of its leaves.
A plant undergoes self-pollination.
The drought stress hormone is A. gibberellic acid B. cytokinin C. auxin D. ABA
ABA
Mycorrhizae enhance plant nutrition mainly by ________. A. providing sugar to root cells, which have no chloroplasts B. converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia C. stimulating the development of root hairs D. absorbing nutrients (and water) through the fungal hyphae
Absorbing nutrients (and water) through the fungal hyphae
The primary growth of a plant is due to cell division in what type of meristem? Lateral Cork cambium Vascular cambium Apical
Apical
Which of the following is NOT a function of fruit? A. aiding in the dispersal of seeds B. protecting seeds C. attracting pollinators
Attracting pollinators
The essential nutrient that is part of part of carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids is: A. carbon B. potassium C. magnesium D. nitrogen
Carbon
Unlike xylem, phloem is made up of __________. A. Cells that are living B. Cells that transport solutes C. Cells that run the length of the plant
Cells that are living
Unlike xylem, phloem is made up of __________. A. cells that are living B. cells that transport solutes C. cells that run the length of the plant
Cells that are living
The Endosperm A. Carries out photosynthesis for a seed until it germinates and the seedling can photosynthesize. B. Is a diploid tissue formed from one of the two fertilizations of double fertilization. C. Contains stored sugars for a seed to use until it germinates and the seedling can photosynthesize. D. Is a haploid tissue that supports a developing embryo.
Contains stored sugars for a seed to use until it germinates and the seedling can photosynthesize.
You have a small tree in your yard that is the height that you want it, but it does not have as many branches as you want. How can you prune it to trigger it to increase the number of branches? A. Cut off the leaves at the ends of several branches. B. Cut off lower branches. C. Cut off the tip of the main shoot. D. Cut off the leaves at the base of most of the branches.
Cut off the tip of the main shoot.
Strawberry plants reproduce by producing stolons, a type of modified stem, which shoots off a new baby plant from a parent plant. A strawberry farmer's crop has been devastated by a fungal infection. The farmer searches for any fungi-resistant strawberry plants in his fields, but finds none. Why? A. Due to vegetative/asexual reproduction, his plants are genetically diverse. B. Due to sexual reproduction, his plants are not genetically diverse. C. Due to sexual reproduction, his plants are genetically diverse. D. Due to vegetative/asexual reproduction, his plants are not genetically diverse.
Due to vegetative/asexual reproduction, his plants are not genetically diverse.
Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. The pith of a stem is composed of parenchyma and is often important in food storage. B. The ground tissue system of a leaf is called the mesophyll. C. Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both. D. Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are known as the ground tissue system. E. The veins in a leaf are continuous with the veins of a stem.
Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both.
If you were shipping green bananas to a supermarket thousands of miles away, which of the following chemicals would you want to eliminate from the plants' environment to prevent the bananas from ripening before they reached their destination? A. cytokinins B. auxin C. carbon dioxide D. ethylene
Ethylene
Which of the following plant hormones is NOT properly matched with its major function in plant growth and development? A. Ethylene - seed germination B. ABA - seed dormancy C. Cytokinin - cell division D. Gibberellins - stem elongation
Ethylene - seed germination
Which of the following hormones are NOT matched with the proper function? A. gibberellic acid: stimulates stem elongation B. abscisic acid: drought response C. ethylene: inhibits fruit ripening D. cytokinins: stimulates cell division
Ethylene: inhibits fruit ripening
Transpiration is caused by: Photosynthesis. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules. Evaporation of water from the leaf surface. Osmosis of water from the soil into the xylem in the roots.
Evaporation of water from the leaf surface.
In which direction would phloem sap flow if there were a greater concentration of sucrose molecules in the roots compared to the leaves? A. From root to leaf B. There would not be enough turgor pressure to move the sap. C. From leaf to root
From root to leaf
In which direction would phloem sap flow if there were a greater concentration of sucrose molecules in the roots compared to the leaves? A. from root to leaf B. There would not be enough turgor pressure to move the sap. C. from leaf to root
From root to leaf
Most of the dry mass of a plant is derived from ________. A. K+ and CO2 B. H2O and CO2 C. NO3- and CO2 D. PO4 and K+
H2O and CO2
Hormones are chemical substances produced in one organ that are released into the bloodstream and affect the function of a target organ. For the target organ to respond to a particular hormone, it must ________. A. be from the same cell type as the organ that produced the hormone B. have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone molecule C. experience an imbalance that disrupts its normal function D. modify its plasma membrane to alter the hormone entering the cytoplasm
Have receptors that recognize and bind the hormone molecule
Trees that that rely on wind pollination for outcrossing have large anthers and stigmas and no petals, and they have separate male and female trees. These trees have flowers that are: A. perfect and incomplete B. imperfect and complete C. perfect and complete D. imperfect and incomplete
Imperfect and incomplete
Transpiration: A. decreases during active photosynthesis/gas exchange. B. is the movement of water from low water potential to high water potential. C. is the driving force of water transport. D. All of the above are correct.
Is the driving force of water transport.
If water molecules (H2O) suddenly stopped forming hydrogen bonds with one another, how would water transport in vascular plants change (if at all)? It would remain the same, as water transport only depends on osmosis. It would remain the same, as H2O molecules also form oxygen bonds. It would increase, as hydrogen bonds inhibit water transport. It would stop, as water transport relies on H2O molecules being connected by hydrogen bonds.
It would stop, as water transport relies on H2O molecules being connected by hydrogen bonds.
Which of the following substances, by providing strength, allows some cells of a plant's vascular system to be able to support the plant body, similar to how bones support animal bodies? A. lignin B. suberin C. starch D. sucrose E. chlorophyll
Lignin
Which of the following would be considered a major carbohydrate source in vascular plants? A. mature leaves B. seeds C. roots D. flowers
Mature Leaves
Which of the following would be considered a major carbohydrate source in vascular plants? A. Mature leaves B. Seeds C. Roots D. Flowers
Mature leaves
Why would letting a field be taken over by weedy, non-crop members of the legume (bean) family be potentially beneficial for farmers? (Select all correct answer options.) A. Weedy beans are very efficient photosynthesizers. B. Members of this family form symbioses with N2-fixing bacteria. C. It could reduce the need for commercial fertilizers in subsequent seasons. D. Members of this family form symbioses with mycorrhizae.
Members of this family form symbioses with N2-fixing bacteria. and It could reduce the need for commercial fertilizers in subsequent seasons.
Within each "unit" composing a shoot of a vascular plant, you would observe leaves attached at the ___________, and a large stretch of stem without leaves at the _________. Internode; node Shoot apical meristem; node Node; internode Node; shoot apical meristem
Node; internode
The Pfr form of phytochrome is considered to be 'active' - why? A. Only the Pfr form can absorb light. B. Only the Pfr form can go into the nucleus and initiate changes in gene expression. C. Only the Pfr form can stimulate auxin production. D. Only the Pfr form can cause stem elongation to occur.
Only the Pfr form can go into the nucleus and initiate changes in gene expression.
A fruit is a mature: A. pollen grain. B. stigma. C. ovary. D. stem. E. ovule.
Ovary
The type of plant cell that functions primarily in photosynthesis and storage, is: Parenchyma. Collenchyma. Sclerenchyma. All of these cells do photosynthesis and storage.
Parenchyma.
Water transport in plants is a(n) _____ process.
Passive
You are studying a species of plant that makes many lateral roots. You search and search for a mutant of this species that cannot make lateral roots, because you want to find a plant that lacks _______ cells in the root. A. Pericycle B. Root hair C. Endodermal D. Vascular cambium
Pericycle
Which of the following forms of phytochrome promotes seed germination and stem elongation (i.e., is active)? A. Pb (absorbs blue light) B. Pg (absorbs green light) C. Pr (absorbs red light) D. Pfr (absorbs far red light)
Pfr (absorbs far red light)
A tree will die if the bark is stripped off around the entire circumference of the tree. Why is this so? A. Water-conducting cells in xylem are removed, and the tree can no longer conduct water and minerals up the trunk to the leaves. B. Phloem cells are removed, sugars can no longer be transported from the leaves to the roots, and the roots will die. C. Oxygen is lethal to the inner wood of tree trunks. D. The apical meristems are removed, preventing any further increase in height.
Phloem cells are removed, sugars can no longer be transported from the leaves to the roots, and the roots will die.
Imagine you are comparing the nutrient content of phloem sap from two plants: one with mycorrhizae and one without mycorrhizae. How would you expect the nutrient content of these two phloem samples to differ? A. Phloem sap from the mycorrhizae sample will have more phosphorus. B. Phloem sap from the mycorrhizae sample will have less phosphorus. C. Phloem sap from the non-mycorrhizae sample will have more phosphorus. D. The amount of phosphorus will be the same in both samples.
Phloem sap from the mycorrhizae sample will have more phosphorus.
Macronutrients include elements like _____, which are ______. A. phosphorus and sulfur; building blocks of key molecules B. zinc and manganese; building blocks of key molecules C. phosphorus and sulfur; cofactors for specific enzymes D. zinc and manganese; cofactors for specific enzymes
Phosphorus and sulfur; building blocks of key molecules
There are three giant redwoods in California that a person can actually drive through. Imagine that you look up right when you are in the middle of driving through the tree and continue looking up until you exit out the other side. What order of structures would you see as you were driving through the tree? Pith, phloem, xylem, vascular cambium, cork Pith, phloem, vascular cambium, xylem, cork Pith, vascular cambium, phloem, xylem, cork Pith, xylem, phloem, vascular cambium, cork Pith, xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, cork
Pith, xylem, vascular cambium, phloem, cork
Roots and shoots are similar in that: New meristem in the roots and shoots develop from the pericycle. Both roots and shoots contain a waxy band around their endodermal cells, protecting the vascular tissue. The root and shoot apical meristems are both covered by a protective cap when actively growing. Actively growing roots are much thicker than stems. Primary growth in both roots and shoots results from the apical meristem.
Primary growth in both roots and shoots results from the apical meristem.
Sugar loading into companion cells requires active transport at the source. Active transport involves ________. A. Transport of solute down a concentration gradient B. Diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane C. Production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) D. Pumping of solutes across the membrane
Pumping of solutes across the membrane
Sugar loading into companion cells requires active transport at the source. Active transport involves ________. A. transport of solute down a concentration gradient B. diffusion of solute through the lipid bilayer of a membrane C. production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) D. pumping of solutes across the membrane
Pumping of solutes across the membrane
How can you always distinguish a root cross section from a stem cross section? A. Roots have a pith in the middle, stems do not. B. Roots have their vascular tissues in the stele in the center of the root, and stems do not. C. Roots have vascular bundles, stems do not. D. Roots have stomatal guard cells, and stems do not.
Roots have their vascular tissues in the stele in the center of the root, and stems do not.
Technically speaking, what is wood? A. Primary xylem B. Secondary xylem C. Primary phloem D. Secondary phloem E. Bark
Secondary Xylem
When roots take up mineral ions, they are built up against their concentration gradient. Both anion and cation transport utilizes an electrochemical gradient set up by proton pumps. Therefore, mineral ion transport is generally considered to be: A. primary active transport B. diffusion C. osmosis D. secondary active transport
Secondary active transport
What is produced by the vascular cambium? Primary xylem and primary phloem Secondary xylem only Secondary phloem only Secondary xylem and secondary phloem Cork
Secondary xylem and secondary phloem
Which of the following has the highest water potential? Leaves (-8 MPa) Soil (-1 MPa) Roots (-3 MPa) Air (-90 MPa)
Soil (-1 MPa)
Gibberellic acid: A. inhibits photosynthesis. B. stimulates stem elongation. C. stimulates fruit formation. D. is overexpressed in semidwarf varieties of plants.
Stimulates stem elongation.
Which of the following correctly names a plant dermal cell type and its function? A. trichomes that increase surface area for absorption. B. cuticle cells that protect the plant. C. stomatal cells that allow for transpiration and gas exchange. D. sclerenchyma to support the plant body.
Stomatal cells that allow for transpiration and gas exchange.
Which of the following pairs contain an error? A. carpel: female portion of flower B. stigma: captures pollen C. anther: produces pollen D. ovary: contains and protects ovules E. style: produces ovules
Style: produces ovules
A plant cell has a water potential (Ψw) of -1 MPa, and is flaccid, having a turgor potential (Ψp) of 0 MPa. What is the solute potential (Ψs) of this cell? A. -1 MPa B. +1 MPa C. +2 MPa D. 0 MPa E. -2 MPa
-1 MPa
