BIO EXAM 3
Mutalism
(+/+) both benefit
consumption (three types)
(+/-) 1) herbivore ( eats part of plant) 2) predication ( kills prey and eats part or whole thing) 3) parasitism (parasite and host where parasite consumes part of host)
competition
(-/-) both species hurt because competition is energetic cost
Conservation biologists are trying to save a population of orchids in Hawaii from extinction. If the population currently contains about 50 individuals and is expected to sustain an r of 0.048, under exponential growth, what will be the size of the population in 20 years? (a) 131 individuals (b) 19 individuals (c) 50 individuals (d) 98 individuals
(a) 131 individuals
In class, we saw that persistent organic pollutants such as flame retardants, was detected in the muscle tissue of fishes and in the human body. In humans, the flame retardants were found to inhibit the natural defense system. This fact, illustrates an example of: (a) Biomagnification (b) Pyramid of productivity (c) Gross primary productivity (d) Character displacement
(a) Biomagnification
What is the leading hypothesis for why NPP on land in the Southern Hemisphere is decreasing? (a) Increased drought (b) Increased nutrients (c) Increased rainfall (d) Increased CO2 concentrations
(a) Increased drought
You own 300 acres of patchy temperate forest. Which one of the following actions would increase the net primary productivity of the area the most? (a) Planting 500 new trees (b) Removing the largest trees (c) Relocating all of the deer found in the area (d) Introducing 100 rabbits to the area
(a) Planting 500 new trees
What is defined as the range of resources a species can use in the presence of a competitor? (a) Realized niche (b) Character displacement (c) Fundamental niche (d) None of the above
(a) Realized niche
Based on your calculation in the question above, what is happening with the population of L. vivipara? (a) The population is increasing (b) The population is decreasing. (c) The population is not changing. (d) Not enough information.
(a) The population is increasing
What is character displacement? (a) When two SIMILAR species exist separately, they occupy the same niche but, when existing together, evolve a divergent trait that results in reducing competition between species, enabling them both to thrive in different niches. (b) When two DISSIMILAR species exist separately, they occupy the same niche but, when existing together, evolve a divergent trait that results in reducing competition between species, enabling them both to thrive in different niches. (c) When two SIMILAR species exist together, they occupy the same niche but, when existing separately, evolve a divergent trait that enables them both to thrive in different niches. (d) When two DISSIMILAR species exist together, they occupy the same niche but, when existing separately, evolve a divergent trait that enables them both to thrive in different niches.
(a) When two SIMILAR species exist separately, they occupy the same niche but, when existing together, evolve a divergent trait that results in reducing competition between species, enabling them both to thrive in different niches.
The life table below contains data for a population of Lacerta vivipara. Calculate Ro for this population: (a) 2.00 (b) 3.26 (c) 1.30 (d) 2.31
(b) 3.26
A population of animals in a specific environment with a carrying capacity of 3500 has an r of 1.0 per individual per year and exhibits logistic growth. Considering a population size of 850 individuals, by how many individuals is the population increasing per year? (a) 525 (b) 644 (c) 755 (d) 864
(b) 644
You can get mercury poisoning if you eat daily meals of tuna, a top predator. However, you can safely eat sardines, which are primary consumers, every day. What biological process explains this? (a) Trophic level (b) Biomagnification (c) Energy transfer (d) Persistent toxins
(b) Biomagnification
In the accompanying figure, which of the following survivorship curves implies that an animal may lay many eggs with the same probability of dying each year of life? (a) Curve A (b) Curve B (c) Curve C
(b) Curve B
The figure below illustrates one possible outcome of competition between species. In the top graph, beak depths of medium ground finches, Geospiza fortis, are shown on an island without competitors. In the bottom, the beak depths of the same species are shown along with those of a competitor, Geospiza fuliginosa, from an island where they both co-occur. What is the apparent outcome of competition between the two finch species? (a) Competitive exclusion (b) Niche differentiation (c) Niche restriction (d) Mutualism
(b) Niche differentiation
In commensalism, how are the two species affected? (a) Neither species benefit, both are hurt (b) One species benefits, the other is not affected (c) One species benefits, the other is hurt (d) Both species benefit (e) One species is hurt, the other is not affected
(b) One species benefits, the other is not affected
What type of succession occurs in an ecosystem after a volcanic eruption? (a) Quaternary (b) Primary (c) Secondary (d) Tertiary
(b) Primary
The figure below illustrates a possible outcome of competition between species. Which of the following best describes the outcome in this case? (a) Species 1 has experienced niche restriction due to competition. (b) Species 2 has experienced niche restriction due to competition. (c) Species 2 is diverging into 2 new species via disruptional selection. (d) Species 1 is driving species 2 to extinction via competitive exclusion.
(b) Species 2 has experienced niche restriction due to competition.
Succession in an ecological context refers to: (a) The predictable series of changes in a community as species evolve and become extinct (b) The sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance (c) What happens to the evolution of species as a result of the co-evolutionary arms race (d) The sequence of changes that a species goes through during its occupancy within a community
(b) The sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance
What makes species in late successional communities successful? (a) They are short lived (b) They are good competitors for resources (c) They are able to disperse their seeds over long distances (d) They are small
(b) They are good competitors for resources
An interaction between two species in which both are harmed when they use the same limiting resource is: (a) Interference competition (b) Intraspecific competition (c) Interspecific competition (d) None of the above
(c) Interspecific competition
Which of the following is a density-DEPENDENT factor that affects population growth? (a) Weather (b) Volcano (c) Predation (d) Hurricane
(c) Predation
What is net primary productivity (NPP)? (a) Solar energy consumed by non-photosynthetic organisms (b) Minerals and nitrogen that can be fixed (c) Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed (d) Water maintained in the soil
(c) Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed
Which of the following statements about succession is correct? (a) Secondary succession occurs where no soil exists. (b) Primary succession occurs in areas where soil remains after a disturbance. (c) Secondary succession can occur where a disturbance has left soil intact. (d) Some cases of succession involve facilitation, a phenomenon in which local species inhibit the growth of newcomers. (e) Through successional dynamics, most communities will eventually become more stable through time.
(c) Secondary succession can occur where a disturbance has left soil intact.
The niche of an animal is: (a) The number of individuals of the species the environment will support (b) Its position in the food chain (c) The range of resources that it is able to use (d) The role it plays in its community
(c) The range of resources that it is able to use
Which of the following is TRUE of species interactions? (a) The outcome of any species interactions is static through time. (b) They cannot affect species abundance. (c) They can act as agents of natural selection. (d) They do little to affect species distributions.
(c) They can act as agents of natural selection.
Which of the following factors will affect the size of a fish population? (a) Females giving birth to new fish (b) Some fish are killed by a disease (c) Fish emigrate to another coral reef (d) All of the above (e) None of the above
(d) All of the above
Conservationists will take snow geese off the endangered species list when the population hits 10,000. If populations are sustaining exponential growth at r = 0.088 and the population in 2001 is 3000 individuals, in what year will snow geese be taken off the endangered species list? (a) Between 2001 and 2006 (b) Between 2106 and 2109 (c) Between 2009 and 2012 (d) Between 2012 and 2015
(d) Between 2012 and 2015
When goats were introduced to an island off the California coast, the goats inhabited the same areas and ate the same plants as the native deer. The deer population dwindled and finally disappeared. This is an example of: (a) Commensalism (b) Succession (c) Coevolution (d) Competition
(d) Competition
If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to: (a) Decline in abundance (b) Eventually become competitively superior to the other species (c) Become the target of specialized parasites (d) Expand its realized niche (e) Change its fundamental niche
(d) Expand its realized niche
Overall, NPP on land is __ and in the ocean NPP is ___. (a) increasing, increasing (b) increasing, decreasing (c) decreasing, increasing (d) decreasing, decreasing
(d) decreasing, decreasing
Commensalism
+/0
A population is growing exponentially and its instantaneous growth rate (r) is 0.02. Would the number of individuals added to the population (rN) be greatest at a population size (N) of 20, 500 or 1000? 1000 All the populations would have the same number of individuals added to them since r is constant. 20 500
1000
Offer a hypothesis to explain why humans have undergone near-exponential growth for over 500 years. The population has been devastated by the third pandemic of plague and then began to recover, starting with a few surviving individuals. A few individuals started a new population in a new continent with plentiful resources Advances in nutrition, sanitation, and medicine have allowed humans to live at high density without suffering from decreased survivorship and fecundity. A high level of fecundity allowed humans to increase their population in spite of the level of sanitation and medicine was low.
Advances in nutrition, sanitation, and medicine have allowed humans to live at high density without suffering from decreased survivorship and fecundity.
In the accompanying figure, which of the lines represents exponential growth? *graph w population size and generation*
All lines represent exponential growth - r is the only thing different
Which of these statements is true regarding biomagnification? Bioaccumulation is a concern for primary consumers but not secondary consumers. Primary producers have the highest concentrations of toxins. Bioaccumulation is not influenced by geography or eating habits. Bioaccumulation is a concern for secondary and tertiary consumers.
Bioaccumulation is a concern for secondary and tertiary consumers.
You can get mercury poisoning if you eat daily meals of tuna, a top predator. However, you can safely eat sardines, which are primary consumers, every day. What biological process explains this? Trophic levels Biomagnification Energy transfer Persistent toxins
Biomagnification
Which processes increase a population's size? Deaths and immigration Deaths and emigration Births and deaths Births and immigration
Births and immigration - Immigration is the movement of individuals into a population, so births and immigration increase a population's size.
Consider the population of deers living in New England. Which of the following would not affect their population size? A) human hunting deers B) female deers usually give birth to 2 fawns every spring and summer C) deers feed on grasses, herbs, fruits and acorns, as well as the leaves, buds and twigs of woody plants D) during the winter, some deers migrate to new york state E) all of the above would change the deer population size
C) deers feed on grasses, herbs, fruits and acorns, as well as the leaves, buds and twigs of woody plants - four types: 1) immigration 2) emigration 3) death 4) birth
The following passage is an example of _________. "New England experiences four distinct seasons including hot summers and a cold snowy winter." Weather Climate Both Neither
Climate
Which process is not an example of consumption? Predation. Herbivory. Commensalism. Parasitism.
Commensalism.
Which of the following statements about density-independent growth is true? Density-independent growth can continue indefinitely in nature. A population that is experiencing density-independent growth levels off at the environment's carrying capacity. The per-capita rate of increase may exceed rmax during density-independent growth. Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth.
Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth.
Density-dependent regulation of population growth may occur due to all of the following, except: A) food limitation B) territorial behavior C)cannibalism D) predation E) climatic events
E) climatic events
Owls have heritable variations in color ranging from pale gray to brown. Researchers have shown that increasingly mild winters over the last 30 years have reduced the average snow cover. This change has reduced selection against the brown owls, which are more conspicuous in the snow that gray owls, resulting in a dramatic increase in the frequency of brown owls. This is an example of which consequence of climate change? Geographic range shifts Phenology shifts Evolutionary adaption Extinction
Evolutionary adaption
True or false? The total amount of chemical energy converted in a given area and time period is called net primary productivity.
False - this is GPP
Why can't exponential growth continue indefinitely? Choose two examples of density-dependent factors that may influence human population growth. (select all that apply) famine immigration sex structure age structure emigration disease
Famine + disease
Which factor does not affect a habitat's carrying capacity? Genetic variation in the population Number of nesting sites Availability of food Intensity of predation
Genetic variation in the population - Genetic diversity in a population may enable some individuals to be more successful in a habitat than others, but that genetic diversity does not affect the habitat's carrying capacity.
population ecology
How and why does population size change over space and time?
community ecology
How do species interact, and what are the consequences?
global ecology
How is the biosphere affected by global changes in nutrient cycling and climate?
Which of the following statements about a population experiencing logistic growth is true? If N is less than K, the population will not grow. If N is greater than K, the population will shrink. If the K and N values are similar, the amount of available resources is high. If the K and N values are far apart, the population will grow very slowly.
If N is greater than K, the population will shrink. -This statement is true, since K is the maximum number of individuals that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time.
What is the leading hypothesis for why NPP on land in the Northern Hemisphere is increasing?
Increased CO2 concentrations
Which statement best describes the evolutionary significance of mutualism? Individuals partaking in a mutualistic relationship are more resistant to parasites. Interaction increases the survival and/or population growth rate(s) of mutualistic species. Mutualistic relationships allow organisms to synthesize and use energy more efficiently. Mutualism offers more biodiversity to a community. Mutualistic interaction lessens competition in communities where it is present.
Interaction increases the survival and/or population growth rate(s) of mutualistic species.
A population of animals in a specific environment with a carrying capacity of 2500 has an r of 1.0 per individual per year and exhibits logistic growth. Considering a population size of 750 individuals, by how many individuals is the population increasing per year? (dN/dt = rN( K-N / K )
K=2500 r=1 N=750 dN/dt = ? dN/dt = 1*750 (2500-750)/2500 dN/dt = 525
Which species interaction applies to bees that harvest nectar and pollen from flowers? Mutualism. Commensalism. Competition. Consumption.
Mutualism.
Which of the following statements correctly states the leading hypothesis of how and why NPP is changing in the oceans?
NPP in the oceans is decreasing because increased surface water temp results in decreased upwelling which results in fewer nutrients reaching surface waters
In general, NPP in the oceans is greatest where? Open ocean Near coastlines Deep waters In the northern hemisphere oceans
Near coastlines
In general, where in the ocean NPP is greatest?
Near shore - upwelling of the bottoms, and rivers bringing nutrients; NPP depends on photosynthesis
When primary producers invest energy to build new tissue, this is _____________? Maintenance costs and the amount of energy available to consumers Net primary productivity Maintenance costs Net primary productivity and the amount of energy available to consumers The amount of energy available to consumers
Net primary productivity and the amount of energy available to consumers
Given that r = 0.22, how long will it take the population to double? (Nt = N0ert)
Nt=2 No=1 r=0.22 t=? 2=1e^(0.22*t) ln2=0.22t t=3.15 SO: 3.2 years
Insectivorous birds rely on the abundance of caterpillars to feed their hatchlings. A recent study shows that peak caterpillar biomass now occurs earlier due to the warmer spring, but the reproductive timing of the birds has not changed. This is an example of which consequence of climate change? Geographic range shifts Phenology shifts Evolutionary adaption Extinction
Phenology shifts
What is net primary productivity (NPP)? Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed Minerals and nitrogen that can be fixed Water maintained in the soil Solar energy consumed by non-photosynthetic organisms
Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed
Green sea turtle eggs lay many eggs on the same beach where they were born, but unfortunately, not all of the hatchlings reach the ocean. Those that do reach adulthood have a good chance of surviving to old age. Which of the following represents this type of survivorship curve?
Survivorship curve III (or C)
What is a negative feedback in the context of global warming? Warmer temperatures melt snow in northern latitudes, adding more methane to the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide produces increased clouds, blocking sunlight from reaching the ground. Warmer temperatures increase human use of air conditioning. The absorption of carbon dioxide by plants increases with increasing CO2 levels
The absorption of carbon dioxide by plants increases with increasing CO2 levels
Why is terrestrial productivity higher in equatorial climates? Productivity increases with water availability. Productivity increases with available sunlight. Productivity increases with temperature. The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.
The answer is most likely a combination of the other responses.
Net Primary Productivity (NPP)
The energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire
In the hypothesis that C. stellatus (a species of barnacle) is competitively excluded from the lower intertidal zone by B. balanoides (another species of barnacle), what could be concluded about the two species? The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are different, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are identical. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are different. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides and C. stellatus are identical. The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different.
The fundamental and realized niches of B. balanoides are identical, but the fundamental and realized niches of C. stellatus are different.
Global warming refers to ______. The increase in total temperature across the oceans. The increase in the average temperature across the continents The increase in the total temperature across the continents The increase in average temperature of the whole planet The increase in the total temperature across the whole planet
The increase in average temperature of the whole planet
What best explains hare and lynx population cycles? Natural variation in the number of lynxes born The seasonal trends in food availability The interaction of food availability and predation intensity The population density of hares
The interaction of food availability and predation intensity
In general, NPP is much higher on land than in the oceans. Why? The leading hypothesis is that oceans have higher densities of herbivores, which quickly consume the producers. The leading hypothesis is that there are more available nutrients in water than on land. The leading hypothesis is that there are few photosynthetic organisms that can live in the ocean. The leading hypothesis is that there is more light available on land than in the ocean.
The leading hypothesis is that there is more light available on land than in the ocean.
Succesion in an ecological context refers to ____. The predictable series of changes in a community as species evolve and become extinct The sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance What happens to the evolution of species as a result of the co-evolutionary arms race The sequence of changes that a species goes through during its occupancy within a community
The sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance
Niche
The specific area where an organism inhabits.
Ecology
The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment.
Global climate change refers to _______________. The changes in local temperature patterns that result from global warming The sum of the changes in local precipitation and temperature patterns that can result fro increases in ocean warming The sum of the changes in local precipitation and temperature patterns that result from global warming The changes in precipitation patterns that result from global warming The changes in ocean temperatures as a result of increased global carbon emissions.
The sum of the changes in local precipitation and temperature patterns that result from global warming
Which habitats are the most productive? The tropical rain forests and coral reefs The combination of wetlands, estuaries, and deserts The combined boreal and temperate forests The open ocean
The tropical rain forests and coral reefs
Why does net productivity diminish with increasing trophic levels? There are fewer plants at higher trophic levels. Energy is gained a each trophic level. Organisms at a higher trophic level have to work less to obtain food. There is poor trophic transfer efficiency at higher trophic levels.
There is poor trophic transfer efficiency at higher trophic levels.
Why does net productivity diminish with increasing trophic levels? There are fewer plants at higher trophic levels. There is poor trophic transfer efficiency at higher trophic levels. Energy is gained at each trophic level. Organisms at a higher trophic level have to work less to obtain food.
There is poor trophic transfer efficiency at higher trophic levels.
What makes species in early successional communities successful? They are naturally selected for longevity They outcompete all other species They are able to disperse their seeds over long distances They are large
They are able to disperse their seeds over long distances
What makes species in late successional communities successful? They are short lived They are good competitors for resources They are able to disperse their seeds over long distances They are small
They are good competitors for resources
Which of the following is TRUE of species interactions? The outcome of any species interactions is static through time. They do little to affect species distributions. They cannot affect species abundance. They can act as agents of natural selection.
They can act as agents of natural selection.
Which of the following is a consequence of biomagnification? The amount of biomass in the producer level of an ecosystem decreases if the producer turnover time increases. Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers. The biomass of producers in an ecosystem is generally higher than the biomass of primary consumers. Populations of top-level predators are generally smaller than populations of primary consumers. Only a small portion of the energy captured by producers is transferred to consumers.
Toxic chemicals in the environment pose greater risk to top-level predators than to primary consumers.
Carbon dioxide functions as a greenhouse gas because it ________. Creates moist, humid environments similar to a greenhouse Traps heat that has been radiated from Earth similar to the way the glass of a greenhouse traps heat (eventually) makes plants grow year-round, just like in a greenhouse Makes tropical plants grow more rapidly than normal, just like in a greenhouse.
Traps heat that has been radiated from Earth similar to the way the glass of a greenhouse traps heat
True or False? Exponential growth is density independent because the size of the population does not limit the growth rate, while logistic growth is density dependent because at high densities the per capita birth rate decreases and per capita death rate increases, causing the growth rate to decline.
True
True or false? Factors that determine the per capita rate of increase of a population include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.
True -The per capita rate of increase of a population is the difference between the per capita birth rate and the per capita death rate, and is determined by factors that include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year.
True or false? One example of a coevolutionary arms race is when faster deer evolve and favor wolves and cougars that have stronger eyesight and senses of smell.
True.
Most of the net primary productivity that is consumed is used for growth by primary consumers. True; most NPP is used for growth by primary consumers. False; most NPP is used for growth, but not by primary consumers. False; most NPP is used for cellular respiration in primary consumers. False; most NPP is used for cellular respiration, but not in primary consumers.
True; most NPP is used for growth by primary consumers.
Why might one get mercury poisoning from eating tuna every day, but not from eating sardines from the same water? Mercury is more readily available for uptake in tuna. Sardines do not uptake mercury. Tuna biomagnify the mercury. Sardines are able to excrete the mercury.
Tuna biomagnify the mercury. - Tuna eat many sardines and concentrate the mercury in their tissues.
Which of the following disturbances would result in primary succession? Fire Hurricane Volcano Logging
Volcano
The following passage is an example of _________. "Tomorrow there will be light rain early then remaining cloudy with showers overnight. The low will be 44°F with winds ENE at 10 to 20 mph." Weather Climate Both Neither
Weather
Under which of the following conditions would a population most likely experience exponential growth? Young populations with few individuals. Large number of individuals in the starting population. Habitat with limited resources. Environment with a low carrying capacity.
Young populations with few individuals. - Young populations with few individuals are more likely to experience exponential growth because they have not used up the supply of resources.
For most terrestrial ecosystems, pyramids composed of species abundances, biomass, and energy are similar in that they have a broad base and a narrow top. The primary reason for this pattern is that _____. at each step, energy is lost from the system biomagnification of toxic materials limits the secondary consumers and top carnivores secondary consumers and top carnivores require less energy than producers as matter passes through ecosystems, some of it is lost to the environment top carnivores and secondary consumers have a more general diet than primary producers
at each step, energy is lost from the system
which of the following could cause a realized niche to differ from a fundamental niche? a) food size and availability b) competition from other species c) suitable habitat d) temp limitations e) water availability
b) competition from other species
if two species in a community occupy the same niche, and resources are scarce, one will be lost due to? a) resource partitioning b) competitive exclusion c) predation d) succession
b) competitive exclusion
Interspecies
between species
An egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal? predation parasitism competition mutualism commensalism
commensalism
Some birds follow moving swarms of army ants in the tropics. As the ants march along the forest floor hunting insects and small vertebrates, birds follow and pick off any insects or small vertebrates that fly or jump out of the way of the ants. This situation is an example of what kind of species interaction between the birds and the ants? consumption commensalism parasitism mutualism cooperation
commensalism
Humans and sharks both eat fish. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark? predation competition mutualism commensalism parasitism
competition
Which species interaction depends on prey density and effectiveness of prey defenses to determine the impact on the prey population? competition consumption commensalism mutualism
consumption
Whale barnacles are a group of acorn barnacles that attach to whales and passively filter food through the water pushed over themselves. The whales, at first, are not harmed by barnacles and the barnacles rely on currents to bring them food. Which species interaction applies to barnacles and whales? a) competition b) mutualism c) parasitism d) commensalism
d) commensalism
A spider lives on a azalea bush that provides a good hunting ground and shelters the spider from bad weather. This is an example of : a) competition b) mutualism c) parasitism d) commensalism
d) commensalism - (+/0)
The study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time is called _____. demography logistic growth community ecology immigration biology
demography
character displacement
evolutionary change that occurs in species traits and enables species to exploit different resources
If two species are close competitors, and one species is experimentally removed from the community, the remaining species would be expected to _____. become the target of specialized parasites eventually become competitively superior to the other species expand its realized niche decline in abundance change its fundamental niche
expand its realized niche
secondary succession
fast; disturbance removes some or all of the organisms but leaves the soil interact
density dependence
growth rate slows at high density - dN/dt = rn (K-N/K)
Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between _____. choosing how many offspring to produce over the course of a lifetime and how long to live increasing the number of individuals produced during each reproductive episode and a corresponding decrease in parental care the emigration of individuals when they are no longer reproductively capable or committing suicide producing large numbers of gametes when employing internal fertilization versus fewer numbers of gametes when employing external fertilization high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care
high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care
Type I survivorship
high survivorship through young and life then low once old ( humans and all big mammals)
organismal ecology
how do individuals interact with each other and their physical environment
ecosystem ecology
how does energy flow and how do nutrients cycle through the local environment
What is the leading hypothesis for why NPP on land in the southern Hemisphere is decreasing?
increased drought
Inducible defense to consumption
induced in presence of consumer pro: saves energy con: takes time to induce
In a particular case of secondary succession, three species of wild grass all invaded a field. By the second season, a single species dominated the field. A possible factor in this secondary succession was _____. immigration inhibition parasitism facilitation equilibrium
inhibition
Which of the following terms defines how the individual organism allocates resources to growth, reproduction, and activities or structures related to survival? energy budget survivorship life history demography
life history
Type III survivorship
low survivorship young but high after being young ( plants, fish, turtles)
Humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet? parasitism predation commensalism competition mutualism
mutualism
R0
net productive rate; indicated whether a population is increasing or decreasing R0 > 1 : increasing R0 < 1 : decreasing R0 = 1 : stable
What is the term used to describe the process shown in the panels in the accompanying figure, assuming Time 2 follows Time 1? competition species interaction niche differentiation niche realization
niche differentiation
Which of the following consume other living organisms? I. primary producers II. herbivores III. carnivores IV. decomposers only I and IV only II, III, and IV only I, II, and IV only I, II, and III only II and III
only II and III
Which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick? parasitism competition predation mutualism commensalism
parasitism
You own 300 acres of patchy temperate forest. Which one of the following actions would increase the net primary productivity of the area the most? removing the largest trees planting 500 new trees introducing 100 rabbits into the area relocating all of the deer found in the area
planting 500 new trees
A human eats a deer. Which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer? parasitism predation commensalism mutualism competition
predation
Constitutive defense to consumption
present at all times pro: defense is always there so fast con: energy wasting
Logistic growth of a population is represented by ΔN/Δt= ________. rNK−NK rN(K+N) rNrNN−KK rNK rmaxN
rNK−NK
Succession
recovery that follows a severe disturbance
Exponential growth of a population is represented by ΔN/ Δt = ________. rNK rNrNN−KK rN(K+N) rNK−NK rmaxN
rmaxN
Which process occur after a hurricane?
secondary succession
primary succession
slow; disturbance removes the soil and or disturbance
type II surivorship
steady survivorship, same chance of dying from young to old ( birds, lizards)
population growth rate
the change in the number of individuals in the population (ΔN) per unit of times (Δt) - ΔN/Δt = births - deaths + immigration - emigration
per-capita rate of increase / intrinsic rate of increase (r)
the difference between the birthrate and death rate per individual - r = b - d - ΔN/Δt = rN
The study of the Zootoca vivipara lizard showed that _____. the low-elevation Netherlands population was intermediate for fecundity and survivorship when compared with other populations despite dramatic differences in elevation, the low-elevation Netherlands population looked nearly identical to the other populations for fecundity and survivorship females in the low-elevation Netherlands population had high fecundity and high survival females in the low-elevation Netherlands population had low fecundity and low survival
the low-elevation Netherlands population was intermediate for fecundity and survivorship when compared with other populations
Carrying capacity (K)
the max number of individuals in a population that can be supported in a particular habitat over a sustained period of time
realized niche
the portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies, given limiting factors such as competition with other species
Succession in an ecological context refers to _______. the sequence of changes that a species goes through during its occupancy within a community the sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance what happens to the evolution of species as a result of the coevolutionary arms race the predictable series of changes in a community as species evolve and become extinct
the sequence of changes in species composition over time within the community after a disturbance
Demography
the study of factors that determine the size and structure of populations through time
fundamental niche
the total theoretical range of environmental conditions that a species can tolerate
Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)
total amount of chemical energy produced in a given area and time period
Biomagnification refers to the process:
where the concentrations of toxic substances increases as we move up the trophic levels
Intraspecies
within the same species
If you are concerned about biomagnification, then what would be the worst choice to eat for lunch? garden salad veggie pizza shrimp cocktail yellow-fin tuna salad
yellow-fin tuna salad
does r have a max?
yes; when birth rates are high as possible and death rates are low as possible = rmax - basically impossible
Which equation represents the logistic growth rate of a population? ΔNΔt=rmaxN(K−N)K ΔNΔt=rN r=b−d ΔNΔt=rmaxN
ΔNΔt=rmaxN(K−N)K
