Bio Exam #4/Final

What type of statement would most biologists consider the statement "All modern organisms derive from a single common ancestor" to be?

An accepted scientific theory

Dentists sometimes give a patient antibiotics after a teeth-cleaning procedure, especially if the patient is older or has heart disease. What is the best explanation for this?

Antibiotics help kill the bacteria that move from the mouth to the bloodstream, and prevent the bacteria from contributing to atherosclerosis.

Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?

Bacteria that happen to have natural resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced.

What function do cilia perform in the respiratory system?

Cilia sweep particles out of structures in the lower respiratory tract.

People who produce very little saliva often have more cavities. What is the best explanation for this?

Since saliva normally helps neutralize acid and replace minerals on teeth, a lack of saliva leads to more cavities.

What situation ensures that natural selection will change a population significantly?

a large number of individuals who are not fit must be eliminated from the population without reproducing

Assuming similar conditions, which of the following shorelines will likely be most protected from tidal flooding as climate change intensifies?

a shoreline with a thriving coral reef

Which of the following is most likely to survive a changing climate? Which of the following is most likely to survive a changing climate?

a species with a large amount of genetic diversity

What is the direct cause of demineralization of the enamel on teeth?

acids produced by bacteria

Which situation would cause the process of transcription to stop?

altered RNA nucleotides that cannot be put together

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?

alveoli

If cake baking is compared to protein synthesis, what genetic structure would be analogous to the flour, sugar, and eggs?

amino acids

Why have public health officials once again become very concerned about tuberculosis in the 21st century?

antibiotic-resistant strains of tuberculosis are on the rise

Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?

antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person

How does antibiotic use cause evolution in a population of tuberculosis bacteria?

antibiotics kill bacteria without resistance, leaving only resistant bacteria

Which blood vessels always carry blood away from the heart?

arteries

How is artificial selection different from natural selection?

artificial selection is directed by human choice

Which explanation could be considered a Lamarckian argument?

as giraffes stretched their necks to eat leaves, a long neck trait was passed to their offspring and subsequent generations

Which health condition is an allergic response in the bronchial walls of the lungs?

asthma

Which of the following can increase your risk of atherosclerosis?

avoiding exercise

At what point in the evolution of antibiotic resistance does mutation play a role?

before bacteria enter a host

Nicotine delivered via both cigarettes and e-cigarettes can affect distant parts of the body.

blood moves around the body in the cardiovascular system, powered by the heart's pumping and controlled by arteries and capillary beds.

Nicotine can damage blood vessels, increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease.

blood vessels can become blocked with cholesterol-containing plaques, which reduce blood flow and increase blood pressure. Plaques can break off and clog a blood vessel, causing tissue death.

How are messenger RNA and proteins similar?

both consist of long, unbranched chains of subunits

Which health condition is caused by smoking and results in permanent, irreversible damage to alveoli?

emphysema

What process can result from natural selection?

evolution

What mechanism explains the increase in the proportion of flies carrying the allele that increases the rate of alcohol metabolism?

evolution by natural selection

Due to a single nucleotide change, the DNA sequence AAATGCGGA changes to AAGTGCGGC. True or False: The protein produced will be nonfunctional.

false

True or False: All arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, while all veins carry oxygen-poor blood.

false

True or False: Damaged lung tissue can eventually heal and regain full function.

false

True or False: Darwin was the only scientist of his time to propose a mechanism for evolutionary change.

false

True or False: Hemoglobin can only bind with oxygen.

false

True or False: Oxygen-rich blood is pumped from the heart to the rest of the body and then back to the heart through the pulmonary circuit.

false

Exposure to tobacco smoke can damage a smoker's ability to obtain oxygen from the air

gas exchange occurs in the lungs' alveoli. Damage to alveoli reduces the surface area for gas exchange. Chemicals in tobacco smoke can inhibit blood's ability to carry oxygen.

chemicals produced by tobacco combustion and e-cigarette machines enter the bodies of both active and passive smokers

gases enter the body through the nose and mouth and travel through the respiratory system to the lungs, where materials are exchanged with the bloodstream

Which of the following is Maloney most likely to recommend to private landowners in order to best protect sugar pines from mountain pine beetles?

give them plenty of water

Which characteristic would contribute most directly to fitness?

having the most offspring

In 1949, Dr. Tony Allison observed a high frequency of Kenyans carrying the sickle cell allele in coastal areas and near Lake Victoria, but a lower frequency in the highlands. What did he hypothesize?

he hypothesized that there was a connection between malaria and sickle cell disease

Which condition results when an artery supplying blood to the heart becomes blocked?

heart attack

What effect does nicotine have on the body?

increase in blood pressure

What change may occur if a population of fruit flies is exposed to a food source with high-alcohol content?

individuals who are are not tolerant of the ethanol would die, and individuals who are naturally tolerant would survive

In some populations, 1 in 500 people have sickle cell disease. What reason does the film give for why a potentially deadly, inherited disease is found at such high frequencies?

individuals with one sickle cell allele are protected from malaria and do not have sickle cell disease, thus keeping the allele in the population

hemoglobin...

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen

What happens to the chest cavity during exhalation?

it decreases in volume while the diaphragm relaxes

After blood becomes oxygenated,

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells

Which part of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

left atrium

Which chamber of the heart does blood leave then travel the farthest before entering another heart chamber?

left ventricle

Blood pumped from the right side of the heart goes to the _____ via _____.

lungs; arteries

In the textbook protein synthesis is compared to baking a cake, but the process can also be compared to building a doghouse. Sondra wanted to build a doghouse and found a book in the reference section in the local library. She copied the pages of directions about using wood and nails to make the doghouse. Taking the directions to her workbench, Sondra used a hammer to put nails into their correct positions in the wood to make the doghouse. In the story, what genetic structure would be analogous to the copies from the reference book?

mRNA

Which of the following explains how people are affected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections?

most infections are symptomless, but active lung disease occurs in 10% of infected people

The biology department of your college decides to employ Maloney's strategy to help a local coniferous species. Which of the following will students need to collect?

seeds

What is artificial selection?

selection caused by humans

Which condition results from damage to the alveoli?

shortness of breath

Compare sickle cell disease and malaria.

sickle cell disease and malaria are both potentially lethal diseases

What conclusion resulted from Darwin's observations on the voyage of the HMS Beagle?

similar species share a common ancestor

What structure controls the speed of the cardiac cycle?

sinoatrial (SA) node

You are culturing bacteria from a source that has never been exposed to antibiotics. Could any bacteria in the population have the trait of resistance?

some bacteria in the culture may have the trait even without exposure

Small lizards have difficulty defending their territory, but large lizards are more likely to be preyed upon by owls. Which type of selection would act on body size in these lizards under these conditions?

stabilizing selection (does not change the mean of the population; only the extreme phenotypes become less common)

Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?

taking the entire course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor

How would evolutionary biologists define the fitness of an organism?

the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce

In a high-alcohol environment, what changes occurred in the fruit fly allele that produced the fast alcohol-metabolizing enzyme?

the allele became more frequent in the population over time

During inhalation,

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract

What factor is most important in determining the way that a population evolves?

the environment

A fox population lives in an area in which the average winter temperature has been dropping for several years. Which adaptation would be most likely for the foxes?

the exact adaption depends on the genetic variation present in the population

The direction of synthesis of an RNA transcript is _____.

5-3 prime

After a mutation has occurred, what change may occur in the mRNA?

a different codon is produced

How does Dr. Allison's work provide an example of natural selection in humans?

-In areas without malaria, individuals with two sickle cell alleles reproduced at lower rates than those without sickle cell disease. -In areas with malaria, individuals with one sickle cell allele reproduced at higher rates than those with no sickle cell alleles.

If a person has two normal copies of the hemoglobin allele, which statements are true?

-the person is homosygous at the hemoglobin locus -the person is susceptible to malaria

In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?

A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present

Why is combination drug therapy used to treat certain diseases?

A greater number of genetic changes are required for resistance to develop if a greater number of drugs are used

Why does the post-Medieval skull in the video have such bad teeth?

Diets during this time period were high in sugar.

In the high-alcohol environment, individual flies who carried the fast-processing allele had higher fitness than those who did not carry it. What does that mean?

Flies with the fast-processing allele were more likely to survive and reproduce than the flies without the allele.

A codon of mRNA should be UGA, but a mutation changed the first nucleotide base of the original DNA template to a guanine (G). Which anticodon would bind to the mutated version of the codon?

GCU

How does the use of multiple drugs to combat an infection influence evolution?

It makes the evolution of resistance in bacteria less likely

Which change is an example of biological evolution?

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is resistant to many antibiotics.

Which molecule serves as a subcellular workbench where amino acids are joined together to produce proteins?

ribosome

A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?

Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria

why is Taq polymerase used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) instead of human DNA polymerase?

Taq polymerase can function at much higher temperatures than DNA polymerase

Which heart chamber would receive blood from muscle tissue in the legs?

right atrium

A pharmaceutical company is developing a new head lice treatment that kills 99% of lice on contact. What may happen after the treatment has been used for a few years?

The number of lice resistant to the chemical treatment will increase

What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?

The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria

Which action would produce a line of horses with long ears?

breed two horses with longer than usual ears

Which scientific procedures would provide the best evidence for the theory of natural selection?

by comparing a bacterial population exposed to a factor that kills most organisms over many generations with an unexposed population

How does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

by simple diffusion

during gel electrophoresis, on what basis are DNA fragments separated from each other?

by the length of each fragment

Which blood vessels have the thinnest walls?

capillaries

Which gas results in increased breathing rates when it is dissolved in the bloodstream?

carbon dioxide

Which statement describes the human circulatory system?

contraction of the right ventricle pushes blood to the lungs

in the pulmonary circuit, _____ blood is carried to the lungs where it drops off ______ and picks up _______

deoxygenated; carbon dioxide; oxygen

Which muscle must contract and flatten to increase the volume of the chest cavity?

diaphragm

What type of selection would occur if pollinators preferred red flowers over pink or white flowers?

directional selection

In a species of snail, dark-shelled individuals are better hidden from bird predators in the shady forest, while light-shelled individuals are better hidden in well-lit brushy edge areas. If there were no areas of intermediate brightness in this habitat,which type of selection would act on shell color in these snails?

disruptive selection (causes both extreme phenotypes to be favored over the intermediate phenotype)

inhaling from a tobacco or electronic cigarette is a conscious act, but breathing in environmental smoke or vapors is generally involuntary for passive smokers.

during a breath, air is drawn into the lungs when the chest cavity enlarges, thanks to contraction of the diaphragm. The brain stem governs this process in response to blood carbon dioxide levels.

What process involves populations adapting to a changing environment?

natural selection

Which component of the respiratory system provides the passageway for airborne particles leaving the mouth and nose?

pharynx

What is the direct cause of gum disease?

plaque formed by bacteria

what process makes multiple copies of a small DNA sample?

polymerase chain reaction

Which structure is needed to begin transcription?

promoter

What provides variation in a population?

random mutations

Which component of the vascular system shuttles oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body?

red blood cells

what is the goal of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?

to produce many copies of a region of DNA

why are DNA samples heated at the beginning of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) process?

to separate the double-stranded DNA

What structure does air pass through after leaving the throat and passing by the voice box?

trachea

A reporter writes down a quote from a local politician. What genetic process corresponds to this situation?

transcription

The anticodon is located on which molecule?

transfer DNA

True or False: A major part of the theory of evolution states that all life shares a common ancestor.

true

True or False: Nicotine may increase the risk of heart attack or stroke by increasing the production of low-density lipoproteins and reducing the production of high-density lipoproteins.

true

True or False: The ability of lice to resist permethrin treatments is an example of evolution by natural selection.

true

True or False: The cardiac cycle alternates between a ventricular relaxation phase, diastole, and a ventricular contraction phase, systole.

true

true or false: DNA could be isolated from a chewed gum sample found at a crime scene.

true

You wish to replicate the experiment with fruit flies and alcohol. You expose some flies to alcohol and they all die. Which reason explains why your experiment was not successful?

you started with such a small population of flies that none of the flies had the tolerance allele