Bio Exam 5
What is the chromosome composition of a normal human female?
44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes
What is the chromosome composition of a normal human male?
44 autosomes, 1 X chromosome, and 1 Y chromosome
With the exception of gametes, a human cell contains __________ chromosomes.
46
Which statement is an accurate comparison of energy-yielding processes?
Carbon dioxide is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration.
__________ is used as fuel and __________ is produced as a waste in the overall process of cellular respiration.
Glucose ... carbon dioxide
A horse eating some hay is an example of ________.
a consumer eating a producer
Asexual reproduction __________.
can produce offspring genetically identical to the one single parent
The molecules needed for photosynthesis are __________ and __________.
carbon dioxide ... water
Which are products of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
Homologous chromosomes ________.
carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
The structure where sister chromatids are joined is called the ________.
centromere
A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______.
sister chromatids
Photosynthetic organisms like grass are able to ________.
use molecules in the air as a major source of carbon
A karyotype (a display of the chromosomes in a cell) is often used to look for genetic disorders. Karyotype results would not be useful to determine ________.
eye color
In an active muscle cell, aerobic cellular respiration generates about ________ ATP from one glucose.
fewer than 50
How much genetic material is present in a cell during prophase I compared to a cell that has completed meiosis II?
four times as much
ATP synthase plays a role in ______.
generating ATP
Crossing over during prophase I results in ________.
genetic recombination
Choose the equation that describes aerobic cellular respiration most accurately.
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy
Genetic variation is accomplished by all but one of the following. Choose the EXCEPTION.
the events of meiosis II
During telophase, ________.
the events of prophase are reversed
The type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT ________.
production of sperm and eggs
The CORRECT sequence of stages of mitosis is ________.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
A product of glycolysis is ______.
pyruvic acid
A(n) ________ is an example of an organism that can sometimes reproduce asexually by parthenogenesis.
zebra shark
For a species with four pairs of chromosomes, ________ chromosome combinations are possible.
16
What compound directly provides energy for cellular work?
ATP
What happens during interphase?
Chromosome duplication occurs.
During metaphase, ________.
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Which characteristic seen in prophase I does NOT occur in prophase II?
Crossing over occurs.
Chromatin consists of ________.
DNA and protein
In meiosis, how does prophase I differ from prophase II?
During prophase I there is one diploid cell; during prophase II there are two haploid cells.
__________ is a chemical process that uses light energy from the sun to build organic molecules.
Photosynthesis
Which event occurs during anaphase?
Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes.
________ is a stage of mitosis.
Telophase
What happens during prophase?
The mitotic spindle begins to form.
What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle?
acetyl CoA
Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called ______.
autosomes
Replication of chromosomal DNA occurs __________.
before a cell divides
A correct comparison between a benign and a malignant tumor is that ________.
benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do
Most of an organism's DNA is carried by its __________.
chromosomes
Where in the cell does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
Where in a cell does glycolysis occur?
cytosol
What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions?
ethyl alcohol
The only stage of cell respiration that is not dependent on the other stages of cell respiration is ________.
glycolysis
Which metabolic pathway is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown?
glycolysis
In sexual reproduction in humans ________.
haploid sperm fertilizes a haploid egg cell
Plant cells ________.
have mitochondria and chloroplasts
A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ______.
have two nuclei
Humans are both ________.
heterotrophs and consumers
The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______.
oxygen
During metaphase I, ________.
homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
During anaphase I ________.
homologous chromosomes randomly separate and migrate to opposite poles
Lactic acid buildup in muscles is a sign that ________.
insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles
Which of the following is an autotroph?
magnolia tree
Electron transport takes place in the ______.
mitochondria
Eukaryotic cells have their chromosomes packaged in the ________.
nucleus
A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________.
oxygen
Aerobic metabolism always requires _____.
oxygen
Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ________.
produce ATP without O2
Because plants can perform photosynthesis, they are called __________.
producers
Photosynthetic organisms are ________.
producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules
Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration ________.
produces ATP
One difference between mitosis and meiosis is that mitosis ________.
produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not
Plants use photosynthesis to ________.
store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy.
The ultimate source of energy in food is ________.
sun
If the amount of oxygen required by your muscles during a workout exceeds your aerobic capacity, your muscle cells will __________.
switch to anaerobic respiration and produce lactic acid
Cytokinesis typically begins during the ______ stage of mitosis.
telophase
Examine the figure above. Most of the organic matter in the tree shown in the figure comes from ________.
the air
Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that in anaphase II ________ and in mitotic anaphase ________.
the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate; the cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell and sister chromatids separate
Glycolysis results in ________.
the conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid
In cellular respiration, most ATP is DIRECTLY produced as a result of ________
the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane
The cells that result from the mitotic cell cycle can be described as ________.
two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information
Upon completion of telophase I and cytokinesis in meiosis, there is(are) ________ cell(s).
two haploid
At the end of the electron transport chain the electrons are taken up by oxygen to generate __________.
water
The waste products of cellular respiration include ________.
water and carbon dioxide