bio exam

A group of AP Biology students did a random sampling of the BTWHS Wildcat Garden and collected the following data. 14 lady bugs, 31 aphids, 87 fire ants, and 3 butterfly. Calculate the Simpson Diversity Index for the Wildcat Garden.

0.523

Examine the predator prey model shown above. Calculate the lag time (in months) from the peak prey population until the peak predator population.

3.5 months

Scientists want to determine the age of four fossil specimens. They have analyzed the fossils and gathered the data shown in Table 1. Which of the specimens indicated in the table is the oldest?

4

Cancer is as common in dogs as in people, and their cancers are very similar to the human versions of the same cancers. In fact, many of the current treatments for cancer in humans started as corresponding treatments in dogs. Certain breeds of dogs exhibit increased risks of certain cancers as indicated in the table below. Why do particular breeds exhibit such an increased risk of genetically-based cancers?

Artificial selection decreases genetic diversity.

The data below show the survival of brine shrimp over a variety of salinity (salt) levels under experimental conditions. In natural settings, brine shrimp are found to have a greater population density in brackish waters, with a salinity of 5%. Based on the data in the graph and the information provided, which explanation best describes the brine shrimp distribution in natural settings?

Brine shrimp cannot tolerate freshwater conditions.

Phototropism is the ability of plants to rotate and grow towards a light source, thereby increasing the plant's ability to intercept light energy and increase photosynthesis. If a researcher wanted to prevent grass seedlings from rotating toward the light, which of the following experimental procedures would you use to complete your task?

Cover the growing tip of the grass seedling with black paper.

Which of the following best explains why there are seldom more than five trophic levels in a food chain?

Energy is lost from each trophic level.

In Europe, the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) reduces the carrying capacity of the populations of its prey, including rabbits. However, red fox populations can be infected by a fatal parasite, the mange mite. If mite populations exhibit exponential growth increases, predict the impacts on both the rabbit and the fox populations.

Fox populations will decrease and rabbit populations will increase.

Two genera of birds exist side-by-side on an island. Genus A is characterized by a few species of similar, genetic material. Genus B contains different species of birds with a wide variety of genetic traits. After a volcanic explosion changes the ecosystem, which genus has the highest probability of surviving the disaster?

Genus B, which has greater genetic diversity and is more likely to have traits that confer an advantage in the new environment.

Which of the following used burial customs

Homo naledii

The table shows the number of amino acid sequence difference in the alpha chain of hemoglobin, as compared to humans. Which statement is best supported by the data in the table?

Humans share a more recent common ancestor with horses than with chickens.

Keystone species are thought to have profound effects on the structure and composition of the ecological community in which they live. What statement best describes the role of keystone species in their community?

Keystone species can maintain biodiversity by regulating populations of trophic levels above and below them.

Zebra mussels, Dreissena polymorpha, were introduced into the Great Lakes on shipping vessels, first appearing in Lake St. Clair in the 1980s. Since that time, they have rapidly expanded in range, as shown in Figure 1. Which of the following best supports the alternate hypothesis that zebra mussels display characteristics of an invasive species?

Lacking natural predators and able to outcompete native species of mussels and other freshwater species for food, zebra mussels have experienced exponential population growth and rapid expansion into new habitats.

An analysis of the stomach contents of the lizards showed flies, but no spiders. Based on the data from the graph and the information of the lizards' dietary habits, what best explains the trend for the spider population in the presence of the lizards?

Lizards and spiders compete for the same resources, reducing the carrying capacity of the spiders

Which of the following pieces of data would be most helpful in predicting possible disruptions to the relationship between the predator and its prey?

Numbers of additional predator species, because additional predators will increase competition for prey.

Which of the following statements best explains these relationships in terms of energy transfer?

Only 10% of the energy on each level of the trophic pyramid is available for use by the next level. The rest is lost as heat or used for growth and repair.

In a particular region, a species of lizard lives in the lowlands. Even though there are numerous mountains in the region, the climate on the mountains is too cold for the lizards to survive. Scientists are concerned that the lowlands will become much warmer by the end of the twenty-first century and will become unsuitable for this lowland lizard species.Which of the following best predicts the impact on the lizard species if there is a gradual increase in the average temperatures found in both the lowlands and mountains in this region?

Some lizards will migrate to new habitats in the mountains and become isolated, leading to allopatric speciation.

The distribution of four populations of giant kangaroo rats, living on the same island when it was first surveyed in 1789 are shown in Figure 1. In 1852, there was a large earthquake which altered the island's geography, as shown in Figure 2. The island was surveyed again in 2015, and scientists determined that the giant kangaroo rats originally in population A are now to be considered as a new species. Which of the following best explains the mechanism that caused this speciation event in the giant kangaroo rats of population A?

The animals in population A were reproductively isolated from those in populations B, C, and D.

Which of these explanations accurately describes the shape of the curve both within the first 50 years and during year 80?

The biomass increase during the first fifty years is due to increased biodiversity. During year 80, a fire likely occurred.

Suppose a pesticide used by farmers wipes out the insect population that feeds a population of bats. Predict the effects of this change on the bat population.

The carrying capacity of the population will decrease.

If DDT, an insecticide that persists in an environment and in organisms, was used to control the insects in this system, which of the following would be a logical consequence?

The hawk would show the highest accumulation of DDT per unit mass.

Assuming the population reductions shown are primarily due to drought in both species, which of the following predict the most likely impact on each population 50 years from now?

The impalas' rate of decrease is more rapid than that of the water buffalos, indicating that the impalas will likely be the first of the two species to go extinct.

A famous study from the nineteenth century involves the peppered moth, Biston betularia, commonly found in Great Britain and Ireland. At that time, the moths, normally white with black speckles, known as the peppered variety, became less common than the solid black variety. The population was predominantly black throughout the nineteenth century. By the end of the twentieth century, the peppered version of the moth was again more common than the black version. Which of the following best explains the phenotypic pattern in the moths over time?

The increased air pollution of the nineteenth century due to the use of coal led to a darkening of surfaces from soot. The darker backgrounds conferred a selective advantage to the black variety, as described by natural selection. A shift to less polluting fuel in the twentieth led to cleaner air and a lightening of the moth's normal habitat.

Which of the following is the best explanation for why the net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems tends to increase toward the tropics?

The plentiful rainfall and warm weather in the tropics promote photosynthesis.

Which of the following best predicts the effects of an increase in killer whale predation on sea otters on the Adak Island ecosystem?

The sea urchin population will increase and the kelp population will decrease, leading to reduced total biomass and diversity in the Adak Island ecosystem.

Which of these is a statement that Darwin would have rejected?

The smallest entity that can evolve is an individual organism.

Paramecia are predators that feed on smaller protists. In this experiment, two species of paramecia were grown separately in culture. Their growth rates are seen in graphs 1 and 2. Then, the species were combined into one culture, and their growth is seen in graph 3. Which statement best explains graph 3?

The species share a niche, and competitive exclusion has occurred.

Which of the following best describes opportunistic, or r-strategy, organisms?

They reach sexual maturity rapidly.

A researcher suggests that El Niño conditions cause a significant decrease in the size of the Galápagos marine iguana population. Which of the following would best support this alternative hypothesis?

Warm surface water contains fewer nutrients needed by red and green algae than cooler surface waters does.

The introduction of antibiotics such as penicillin several years ago was immediately effective in combating infections caused by Staphylococcus. In 1958, however, there were several outbreaks of staphylococcal infections. People with the infections did not respond to treatment with any of the antibiotics and there was a large number of deaths. The best explanation for this situation is that

antibiotic-resistant bacteria survived and multiplied, and these were the forms causing the infections

In the nitrogen cycle, the transformation of gaseous nitrogen into nitrogen-containing compounds is performed primarily by

bacteria

Global temperatures have been steadily increasing since the Industrial Revolution largely as a result of ___.

burning of fossil fuels

Which definition of evolution would have been most foreign to Charles Darwin during his lifetime?

change in gene frequency in gene pools

If the larvae of a particular species of mosquito are to survive to the adult stage, the eggs must be laid in the trapped pool of water of the northern pitcher plant. The mosquito larvae provide no apparent benefit or harm to the pitcher plant. This type of interaction is an example of

commensalism

This figure depicts energy exchange through trophic levels. Which level represents the primary producers?

d

The organic and inorganic materials in all the organisms in the diagram will eventually return to the environment by the action of

decomposers

A forest fire is an example of ____ regulation.

density-independent

Which of the following represents the maximum sustainable population over time for this species?

e

The apparatus shown below was used by scientists in the 1950s to re-create the conditions of early Earth. In order to simulate early Earth's atmospheric environment, what gas would be absent?

oxygen

Pollution from runoff from nearby duck farms adds both nitrogen and phosphorus to the coastal waters off of Long Island, New York. To determine which nutrient limits the phytoplankton growth, researchers cultured the phytoplankton with water samples from several sites (labeled A-G). To these cultures, they either added ammonium (NH4+) or phosphate (PO4-3). What do the results show is the limiting nutrient in the area for the phytoplankton?

phosphorus, as they incorporated it into their DNA backbone.

One of the key concerns about global climate change is excess amounts of carbon being released into the atmosphere. There are, however, some ways in which carbon can be sequestered from the atmosphere. Which of the following is a natural process that promotes carbon sequestration?

photosynthesis by plants