BIO EXAM3

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A father is homozygous dominant for freckles. The mother is heterozygous. What is the probability their children will not have freckles is ___

complex

A great deal of the risk of many human diseases, such as coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes, is dependent upon lifestyle choices. This patterns of inheritance of these diseases is _______

a) directional selection

A population of rodents displays a variety of body sizes. The smallest individuals can easily hide from predators. The larger individuals sometimes do not find enough food to support their larger body size, and also have fewer hiding spots. What selection will result? a) directional selection b) stabilizing selection c) disruptive selection d) none of the above

True

A single gene trait with two alleles that show incomplete dominance should possess the same number of possible genotypes and phenotypes.

homologous, common ancestor

Although snakes and dogs are different species, they both have a bony vertebral column surrounding and protecting the nerve cord running down the center of their back. This column of bone is an example of a _____ trait and evidence of snakes and dogs sharing a _____

50%

Among children with parents who are both carriers of Tay-Sachs, an autosomal recessive disorder, chances are that ____ percent will be carriers

c) an adaptive trait.

Birds and insects both have wings for flying through the air. In this example, wings are __________. a) a vestigial trait. b) a homologous trait. c) an adaptive trait. d) an artificially selected trait

False

Changes in the outward appearance of organisms is a central part of the definition of evolution.

produce the most offspring

From the perspective of natural selection, the individuals considered the most successful are those individuals that ______

horizontal gene transfer

Genetic changes in populations that are brought about by ______ in bacteria are an example of gene flow

XX

Girls inherit an ___ from their mom and an ___ from their dad

c) hybrid sterility

Horses and donkeys can reproduce and have viable offspring, a mule. Mules are not fertile and cannot reproduce. The barrier to reproduction happening here is __________ a) gametic isolation b) mechanical isolation c) hybrid sterility d) behavioral isolation

25%

If a homozygous dominant purple-flowered pea plant is crossed with a homozygous recessive white-flowered pea plant, all the offspring have purple flowers. Suppose two F1 plants are crossed. The percentage of white-flowered plants will be ____

Two

If the height of pea plants is controlled by a single gene, where the tall allele, T, is dominant to the short allele, t, how many different possible phenotypes of height would exist in total?

f1 gen

In Mendel's controlled mating experiments, the individuals produced by crossing two true-breeding parents are referred to as the ______

b) a genetic bottleneck and genetic drift.

In a small population of beetles, some of the beetles were brown and others were green. A volcano erupted nearby. By chance, most of the beetles that survived were green. This is an example of a __________ a) genetic drift and natural selection. b) a genetic bottleneck and genetic drift. c) a genetic bottleneck and gene flow. d) the founder effect and genetic drift.

SRY gene

In humans, the "master sex switch" that determines whether an embryo will become a male is the

True

In humans, the sex of an offspring is determined solely by the chromosomes donated by the male parent.

reproduce

In order to contribute to the evolution of one's species, an individual must survive in its environment long enough to ____

False

Individuals evolve over their lifetime.

oxygen

It is essential that our blood carries _______ throughout our bodies because without oxygen, our cells would not produce enough energy

natural selection

Peppered moths are generally light in color and blend into the trunks of the trees on which they live. Populations of peppered moths found in areas where soot has blackened the tree trunks are dark in color. This example demonstrates _____

pedigree

Scientists use a ____ to learn about the inheritance of a trait within a family

d) pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Select the correct pathway of air through the respiratory system after leaving the nasal cavity. a) larynx, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli b) pharynx, larynx, trachea, alveoli, bronchioles, bronchi c) trachea, pharynx, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli d) pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

b. reduction in the blood's capacity to transport oxygen.

Shortages of iron in a person's diet can cause iron-deficiency anemia, a condition that reduces the amount of hemoglobin in red blood cells. Iron-deficiency anemia is a potentially serious condition that is characterized primarily by a _____. a. change in the color of blood from its normal red to various shades of blue and purple. b. reduction in the blood's capacity to transport oxygen. c. delay in the time required for the blood to clot and a potential for extensive blood loss in the event of trauma. d. reduction in the concentration of white blood cells and an increased vulnerability to infection

d) pink.

Snapdragon flower color displays incomplete dominance. Therefore, when a homozygous red flower is crossed with a homozygous white flower, the offspring will be _____ a) red. b) white. c) spotted with both red and white. d) pink.

postzygotic

Species of goby fishes build nests by digging burrows in which their young are born. When individuals of two different groups of gobies mate, their offspring are healthy and fertile, but lack the ability to build nesting burrows. This an example of a _______ barrier to reproduction.

different species

The red-breasted nuthatch and the white-breasted nuthatch are similar in appearance and, in many regions of the United States, their ranges overlap. The two organisms do not interbreed. Based on this information, red-breasted and white-breasted nuthatches are ___________

surface area

The respiratory disease emphysema causes the alveoli to become brittle and collapse. This is dangerous to human health because the loss of alveoli limits the available _____ for oxygen to diffuse into the bloodstream

coevolution

The rough-skinned newt produces one of the most potent toxins on the planet. Scientists in Oregon have found that as newts evolve to produce a more deadly toxin, their primary predator, the garter snake, evolves ways to resist the toxin. This is an example of _______ of predator and prey

d) coevolution

There is a species of ant that lives on Acacia trees. Over time, the ants have evolved behaviors that protect the tree from being eaten by herbivores. The Acacia tree has evolved hollow thorns in which the ants can live and build nests. This is an example of a) sympatric speciation. b) genetic divergence. c) gene flow. d) coevolution

Pangaea

Two fossils of the same species are found in both Africa and South America. This organism evolved before the separation of ______

epistasis

Two genes control fur color in Labrador retrievers. The first gene determines whether the pigment to be deposited in the hairs will be black or brown. The second gene determines whether the pigments are put into the dog's hairs at all. A dog homozygous for the recessive allele of this second gene will always be yellow because no pigment is deposited in its hairs, regardless of the alleles of the first gene. This is an example of _____

one, two

When comparing a human sperm cell to a skin cell from the same individual, the sperm cell would contain ______ allele(s) for a given gene; the skin cell would contain ______.

True

You find two species of frogs that live in an isolated lake on a mountain. The two species are very closely related to each other, and no other similar frog species are known to exist anywhere else. It is likely that these two species arose via sympatric speciation.

prezygotic barrier

a barrier that prevents a male gamete and a female gamete from fusing to form a zygote—that is, a reproductive barrier that acts before a zygote exists

postzygotic barrier

a barrier that prevents a zygote from developing into a healthy and fertile individual—that is, a reproductive barrier that acts after a zygote exists

genetic drift

a change in allele frequencies produced by random differences in survival and reproduction among the individuals in a population

analogous trait

a feature that is shared across species because of convergent evolution, not because of modification by descent from a recent common ancestor

genetic bottleneck

a form of genetic drift that occurs when a drop in the size of a population causes a loss of genetic variation

founder effect

a form of genetic drift that occurs when a small group of individuals establishes a new population isolated from its original, larger population

Mutation

a random change to the sequence of bases in an organism's DNA

biological fitness

an individual's survival and successful reproduction

Morphology

an organism's physical characteristics

Veins

any of the large vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Arteries

any of the large vessels that transport blood away from the heart

central nervous system

one of the two main parts of the nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

one of the two main parts of the nervous system, consisting of the sensory nerves plus all the nerves that are not part of the other NS

Nerves

one or more neurons that transmit signals to and from the central nervous system

Blood

the cells, cell fragments, and plasma that circulate through the heart and blood vessels

pulmonary circuit

the circuit in the heart, consisting of the two chambers on the right side, that receives blood low in oxygen and pumps it to the lungs for gas exchange

systemic circuit

the circuit in the heart, consisting of two chambers on the left side, that receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.

ecological isolation

the condition in which closely related species in the same territory are reproductively isolated by slight differences in habitat

geographic isolation

the condition in which populations are separated by physical barriers

gene flow

the exchange of alleles between populations

disruptive selection

the least common pattern of natural selection, in which individuals with either extreme of an inherited trait have an advantage over individuals with an intermediate phenotype

directional selection

the most common pattern of natural selection, in which individuals at one extreme of an inherited phenotypic trait have an advantage over other individuals in the population

stabilizing selection

the pattern of natural selection in which individuals with intermediate values of an inherited phenotypic trait have an advantage over other individuals in the population

Speciation

the process by which one species splits to form two species or more

Coevolution

the tandem evolution of two species that results because interaction between the two so strongly influences their survival