BIO FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS

What are two specific health benefits of indigestible carbohydrates such as fiber and where can a person find this?

1. lower LDL or lower total cholesterol 2. provides bulk/makes you feel fuller/makes feces solid It is found in plant products - fruits, whole grains, beans, and vegetables, etc.

Which item associated with muscle is not matched properly?

Acetylcholine (Ach): acts at the neuromuscular junction to cause release of ATP

If Mary were lost in the Sahara desert in the summer, why should she not drink alcohol?

Alcohol inhibits release of antidiuretic hormone, so Mary would increase her rate of urination.

Skin provides the outer covering of all vertebrate bodies. What is skin's function?

All of these

Which of the following accessory structures of the skin is not matched properly?

All of these are matched properly

A person with liver disease (that causes the liver to not work properly) might be expected to have more _________ in their urine than a normal person.

Ammonia

A forensic scientist is examining the skeletal remains that include a femur (thighbone) and a tibia (lower leg bone). By measuring the length of these bones, she determines that these leg bones could be from a tall child or short adult. what could the scientist look for to determine whether the bones were from a tall child or short adult? (1 point - this can be answered in one sentence)

An active or sealed growth plate

One of the biggest complications associated with kidney failure would be

Any of the above

_________ is a type of connective tissue that is composed mostly of plasma, various cells, and dissolved substances.

Blood

A correct statement concerning bone would be

Bone growth and maintenance requires vitamins A, C and D.

Which nutrient would you expect your body to begin digesting first?

carbohydrates

Which of the following is not an absolute requirement from your diet?

cholesterol

Your roommate has been smoking two packs of cigarettes a day and has developed a persistent, hacking cough. As a non-smoker, you do not have this problem. The cell type that has most likely been damaged by your roommate's smoking is

ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract

The four basic tissue types found in the human body are

connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial

After sustaining a skin injury, you notice bleeding and pain. The damage must be at least as deep as the ______________ layer of the cutaneous membrane.

dermis

Which of these cell types can be described as muscle cells that contract rapidly, are rich in glycogen deposits, and depend on anaerobic respiration to produce ATP?

fast-twitch cells

How is fatty acid absorption different from the absorption of other nutrients?

fatty acids diffuse into lymph vessels; other nutrients diffuse into blood vessels

Your aunt has suffered a "slipped disc" in her back. The type of tissue causing the disc problem is

fibrocartilage

Which of these digestive disorders is not matched correctly?

gallstones: fiber gets too concentrated and crystallizes

Some of these blood proteins are antibodies.

globulins

Which of the following is FALSE about coronary artery disease (CAD)

hypotension increases the risk of developing CAD

A patient comes to you with a large swelling in the neck area (goiter). In taking the patient history, the patient mentions that they do not use iodized salt. The patient is overweight and has a slow metabolism. (3 points) • Does this patient have hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism? Circle 1 answer. (1 point) • What hormone is involved with this problem? (1 point) • How is this problem related to the lack of iodine in the diet? (1 point)

hypothyroidism thyroid hormones (T3 and T4 ) Iodine is required from the diet to produce these hormones

Bisphenol A has been shown to mimic the hormone estrogen. What effects on animals would you predict from exposure to this chemical?

increase of female sexual characteristics in males

The stomach

is sealed on both ends by sphincters.

Which of the following does not characterize connective tissue?

it has a basement membrane

Which of the following is false concerning homeostasis?

it is maintained spontaneously in the body

Stratified squamous epithelium is well suited for

lining surfaces subject to abrasion

A person (one with a normal activity level) consumes the same amount of calories as their basal metabolic rate. This person will

lose weight

The stomach is different from the small intestine in that the stomach

must be acidic for the activation of enzymes

When Tanous exercises, his muscles need a greater flow of blood. Which of the following substances are the muscles likely to secrete locally?

nitric oxide

Rigor mortis sets in after the death of humans and other animals. At this point, the myosin molecules are already attached to the actin filaments. The muscles stiffen, and limbs cannot be moved. Why does the muscle then remain in this continuously contracted state?

Rigor mortis sets in after the death of humans and other animals because the supply of ATP decreases to the point at which calcium can no longer be removed from the cell. If the myosin molecules cannot disengage from the actin filaments (i.e., the cross-bridges cannot be broken), the muscle cannot rebound back to its starting position, and the muscle will stay locked in that position. Eventually, the actin and myosin proteins themselves will break down, and the muscles will be moveable again.

Categorize these terms/statements that compare and contrast peptide and steroid hormones in a Venn Diagram. Write the numbers only in the diagram. Œ can diffuse across the cell membrane and enter all cells need to bind to their specific receptor Ž binds to a receptor in the cell membrane derived from peptides or amino acids cAMP serves as a second messenger to initiate new chemical changes in the target cell ' travel in the bloodstream ' form a hormone-receptor complex that binds to DNA. " derived from cholesterol

Steroid: 1, 7, 8 Peptide: 3, 4, 5 Both: 2, 6

These glands secrete fluids that consist of water, salts, and metabolic wastes, but they mainly function to regulate body temperature.

Sweat

An individual is moderately dehydrated and reaches for a beer to quench his thirst. Although this person thinks that he is hydrating himself, he is actually causing additional dehydration. Why is this the case?

The alcohol in beer inhibits antidiuretic hormone

Many cultures in the world do not eat meat as a primary protein source. Often we find dishes of rice and beans (e.g., rice and black beans, rice and tofu, rice and lentils) in the diet of these cultures. Explain why these combinations of foods are found

The body requires 20 amino acids to make proteins. We can produce non-essential require essential from our diets. Meats usually provide all the essential amino acids we need and are considered complete proteins. Plants do not provide all the amino acids we need and are considered incomplete proteins. People following plant-based diets must eat certain combinations of foods to provide all amino acids. Foods that provide all amino acids when eaten together are called complementary proteins.

A child is born with a hole in his heart between the left and right ventricles. This condition must be corrected with surgery because

The hole allows mixing of both oxygenated & deoxygenated blood.

Some insecticides interferes with removing acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft. What effect will this have on muscle contraction?

The muscle cell will be in a state of constant stimulation/contraction.

Which of these membranes is not matched correctly?

These are all matched correctly

Which of these is not true regarding endocrine disrupters?

They only have short term reversible effects; no long term effects have been observed.

Why are the bacteria that normally grow on your skin and in your gut important for your health?

They take up space and consume nutrients that might otherwise be used by disease-causing bacteria.

Which hormone is improperly matched?

Thyroid hormones: regulate maturation of T cells

Bone remodeling is a process that occurs constantly in the body. Answer the following: • For a person with a very high calcium diet, which type of bone cell would you expect to be most active? ___________ Which hormone would be involved?___________ (2 points) • Even in people who eat a lot of calcium, sometimes they have problems with incorporating it into bone tissue. This is a particular problem for post-menopausal women who are at a high risk for osteoporosis. Explain why. (1 point)

osteoblasts; calcitonin After menopause, the level of estrogen declines. Estrogen is used to help maintain bone density.

Which statement is correct concerning hyperglycemia?

a. It could be induced by excessive glucagon production b. It can be a symptom of diabetes c. It could be the result of malfunctioning insulin receptors d. It could be induced by a lack of insulin production e. ----All of these answers are correct

Which of these primary functions of the digestive system is matched incorrectly?

absorption: polymers absorbed

Which substance is released by motor neurons to stimulate a contraction?

acetylcholine

Most of the testosterone made by a male is secreted from the testes. However, women also produce testosterone although they don't have testes. What endocrine gland secretes testosterone (or its precursors) in women?

adrenal cortex

When a person's blood pH is too high, it is termed

alkalosis

This is an eating disorder that is a form of self-starvation resulting in a body weight

anorexia nervosa

A 60-year-old women has a routine bone scan which shows that she has decreased bone density. She is fair-skinned and small-framed. The disorder she has is ________. The reason older women exhibit this disorder is due to a decrease in the hormone ________, following menopause.

osteoporosis; estrogen

Amy just gave birth by cesarean section to a beautiful baby girl. All through her pregnancy, her mammary glands enlarged to prepare for milk production. However, in the day or two following the birth of her baby, Amy cannot eject a drop of the milk that is so obviously present in her breasts. What hormone is probably missing?

oxytocin

A doctor is treating a patient who has some form of anemia. First, the doctor tries to give the patient extra vitamins that contain iron, to no effect. There is no evidence of mis-shapen cells or recent injury. The doctor tries an injection of vitamin B12, and the anemia is under control. Based on this information, what type of anemia did the patient have?

pernicious anemia

Which statement is accurate concerning proteins?

a complete protein has all the essential amino acids while an incomplete protein does not have all the essential amino acids

There is a lot of talk about the glycemic index (GI) in dieting. What is the glycemic index?

a measure of how fast the carbohydrates are released into the blood stream

An organ is

a structure that is made of 2 or more different tissues that work together to perform a specific function

Keratinized cells located at the top of the epidermis

are waterproofed.

Which white blood cell is matched with a correct aspect of it's function?

basophil: secretes histamine and influences inflammation

The hormone erythropoeitin (EPO) acts to stimulate stem cells that are located in the ___________ of an adult while being produced by ___________.

bone marrow; kidneys

True or false: Everyone should drink 8 glasses of water a day. _______________ (1 point). Justify your answer using the article we discussed in class

False. Water is available through multiple other sources.

When the diaphragm contracts, the thoracic cavity volume_________ and you ____________

Gets larger, inhale.

You just ate about half your birthday cake. Which of the following will happen as a result?

Glucose increases, insulin increases, glucagon decreases.

Which of the following cell types is not matched with an appropriate function?

Melanocytes: produce melatonin to regulate biological clock and circadian rhythms

Which of the following lists correctly reflects increasing (smallest to largest) levels of organization in the human body?

Molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems

Fill in the blanks below using the terms positive or negative: 1. ________________ feedback moves toward homeostasis. In this case, the response is opposite of the stimulus. (1 point) 2. ________________ feedback moves away from homeostasis. In this case, the response amplifies (or goes toward) the stimulus. (1 point) 3. Normally we maintain homeostasis in the body by means of (positive or negative) feedback. Circle 1 answer. (1 point) 4. Fill in this table. (2 points) Negative feedback: Examples of both Positive feedback:

Negative feedback moves toward homeostasis. In this case, the response is opposite of the stimulus. (1 point) Positive feedback moves away from homeostasis. In this case, the response amplifies (or goes toward) the stimulus. (1 point) Normally we maintain homeostasis in the body by means of (positive or negative) feedback. Circle 1 answer. (1 point) Examples: (1 point) Positive: Temperature, blood sugar, calcium, etc. Negative: Childbirth, blood clotting, etc. POINTS: -- / 1

Injuries to this type of tissue are particularly serious because the cells involved are unable to perform mitosis once mature

Neurons

Which of these disorders is properly matched with a key feature of the disorder?

Osteomyelitis: an infection of bone caused by Staphylococcus aureus which can survive inside bone cells

The majority of chemical digestion occurs as a result of the secretions made by the

Pancreas

If the level of calcium in the blood falls below the homeostatic level, which of the following would be true?

Parathyroid hormone levels in the body would increase.

Your roommate has decided to donate plasma to make some extra rent money. Which of the following would not be found in her donated plasma?

Platelets

Considering the FDA guidelines for nutrition, which of the following components should compose the smallest percentage of your calories on a daily basis?

Proteins

Which one of these fats is not matched with the correct description?

polyunsaturated: contain no double bonds; should be avoided altogether

A person is on medication to increase the pH of their stomach. A side effect is that the increased pH causes the normal stomach enzymes to be unable to function. Which component of this person's diet may not be completely digested?

proteins

The most effective and safe way to cause weight loss is to

reduce calories a bit and exercise moderately.

Select the correct association concerning the digestive system.

salivary glands: secrete components that include antibacterial agents and amylase

The ________ is a modified form of endoplasmic reticulum that stores and releases calcium ions when a muscle contracts.

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following gets shorter when a skeletal muscle contracts?

sarcromere

Overproduction of melatonin by the pineal gland may cause

seasonal affective disorder

Which of these following disorders is not properly matched

shock- caused by dangerously high blood pressure

Earthworms are animals with no lungs. Like all animals, they need a source of oxygen to perform aerobic cellular respiration. This oxygen is obtained through their skin. What is the most likely type of tissue involved?

simple squamous

Peristalsis occurs through the digestive tract as a result of

smooth muscle

Protein digestion begins in the __________________; carbohydrate digestion begins in the _________________ and lipid digestion begins in the ____________________.

stomach, oral cavity, small intestine

Fill in the following chart concerning digestion. In some cases several enzymes are involved; select just one enzyme and complete each row in the chart. (6 points) substance digested- enzyme name- tissue that the enzyme is produced/secreted by- location where digestion occurs- ^ I Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

substance digested enzyme name tissue that the enzyme is produced/secreted by location where digestion occurs Carbohydrates 1.amylase 1. salivary gland/mouth 2. pancreas 1. oral cavity 2. small intestine Proteins 1. pepsin 2. proteinases 1. stomach 2. pancreas 1. stomach 2. small intestine Lipids 1. lipases 1. pancreas 1. small intestine Nucleic Acids 1. nuclease 1. pancreas 1. small intestine

A patient comes to you complaining of muscle spasms in the head and neck that are getting worse. After taking a patient history you find out that the patient has a deep puncture wound in the leg that she got while hiking about 3 weeks ago. You also become aware that the patient is not up to date on her vaccinations. The disorder involved is __________________. Now that she has symptoms you can _________________ to help her. This could have prevented by __________________.

tetanus; do nothing; vaccination

During the winter, animals must increase their metabolism to generate sufficient body heat. Which of the following might cause this increase in metabolism?

the anterior pituitary must secrete increased levels of TSH

One area of organism classification depends upon whether cells are prokaryotic or eukaryotic. The primary difference between these two groups is

the presence of membrane-bound organelles

A person using a very effective sunscreen would be less likely to make which vitamin within their body?

vitamin D

In the large intestine

water is absorbed, returning it to the blood.

The vitamins required for humans fall into two groups based on

whether they are soluble in fat or water.

________ occurs if the large intestine absorbs too much water from the waste while ________ occurs if the large intestine absorbs too little water from the waste.

Constipation; diarrhea

Put these events of muscle contraction in order: 1. Myosin head pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere. 2. ATP is needed to detach myosin head. 3. Ca++ is released. 4. Myosin heads attach to actin. 5. ACH is released

5-3-4-1-2

Your cousin is looking for a way to lose weight. Assuming drugs were available that could do any of the following items below, which one would be the most likely candidate to assist in weight loss?

A drug that increases levels of leptin

Which of the following occurs after a calcium-rich meal?

Calcitonin stimulates the activities of osteoblasts and removes calcium from the blood.

You have fractured your bone and your physician is explaining the healing process to you. She tells you that after the blood clot forms, the next step is the development of the callus. Which of the following describes the initial composition of the callus?

Cartilage

Which of the following vitamins is not paired appropriately with one of its major functions?

E (tocopherol): blood clotting

Which item is improperly matched?

Essential amino acids: ones that must be made in the body

The CEO of a drug company wants you to review a new muscle relaxing drug. The research scientist explains to you and the CEO that the drug works by flooding the muscle cells with calcium ions. What do you tell the CEO in regards to financing this new drug? Explain your answer.

Excess calcium would cause contractions not muscle relaxation

Which disorder of the integumentary system is not matched with an appropriate feature of that disorder?

Warts: a severe bacterial infection that causes overgrowth of epidermal cells

Is it possible to be malnourished and obese at the same time? Explain your answer.

Yes, if an individual consumes empty calories. These can be used directly for energy/ATP production but do not contain vitamins/minerals or other essential components

Which of the following could account for an extremely tall person (a person with very long bones)?

excessive growth hormone secretion

The amount of melanin you produce is genetically determined, therefore your skin pigmentation is genetically determined. Answer these questions: (10) • People often "pre-tan" in tanning beds to acquire more melanin before they are exposed to environmental UV. Often these people think they are doing something to protect their skin. Are they? Justify your answer. (2) • What is the other pigment that contributes to skin color (1)? Where does it come from? (1) • What are two things to could look for concerning moles to indicate that it should be checked by a physician? (2) • In relation to our in class discussion and the short film "The Biology of Skin Color," describe how UV light can be harmful (1) to people but can also be necessary. (1) • Name and describe one cause of dermatitis from the disorders sheet. (2)

• No - the tan is indicative of damage already done (2) • carotene (1) diet (1) • A - asymmetry, B - irregular border, C - color, D - diameter, E - evolving (1 each) • UV causes damage to DNA and to folate and can be harmful in both cases (1) However, UV is also needed to start the synthesis of vitamin D, which is necessary for bone and immune health (1) • any cause in notes (2)

Name the hormone that might account for these problems. In some cases there is more than one potential answer - you only need to indicate one hormone. If you list more than one and one is wrong, the entire answer will be counted wrong. (8) • While running a marathon, athletes often report that they sense pain early on. The more they exert themselves, the less pain they report sensing. The hormone involved is _______________. • Your sister is one week past her due date. The doctor decides she must induce her labor using a synthetic hormone. The natural hormone that performs this function is ___________. • A 30-year-old female has ovarian cancer and must have both her ovaries removed. One of the hormones she will be lacking after the ovaries are removed would be? ______________ • A 9-year-old child is diagnosed with pituitary dwarfism; they are lacking ______________. • This hormone seems to help establish our "biological clock" so that we sleep at night and be active during the daytime.______________ • This steroid hormone acts primarily on the kidney tubules, causing them to reabsorb sodium ions back into the bloodstream. Since water follows the sodium, this increases blood volume and pressure. ______________ • Patients who do not produce enough of this hormone, or whose cells do not respond well to it, have diabetes. Because this hormone facilitates the entry of glucose into body cells, diabetes can cause hyperglycemia. ______________. The hormone that is antagonistic to this hormone is ______________

• endorphins • oxytocin • estrogen or progesterone • growth hormone • melatonin • aldsoterone • insulin and glucagon