EXAM 2 - MS 1, 2, 3, 4

Medial epicondyle

-smallish bump can be seen just medially to the trochlea -provides an attachment point for muscles (Note: the condyles of the humerus are the trochlea and capitulum, so these small bumps sit upon (epi) the condyles.)

QUADRICEPS FEMORIS

4 muscles located on the anterior femur commonly referred to as the "quads." 4 quad muscles each become a part of the quadriceps femoris tendon Tendon passes over the patella and becomes the patellar tendon This is the tendon that doctors hit to test your reflexes!

Semimembranosus

Proximal attachment point: ischial tuberosity Distal attachment point: medial condyle of tibia

Gluteus medius

Proximal attachment point: lateral surface of the ilium Distal attachment point: greater trochanter of femur

Other Muscles in Gait Cycle

Walk around -> consider when certain muscles are contracting & the technical terms for the movements occurring during the different phases of the Gait Cycle

The osteons of trabecular bone

are disordered and solitary

SCAPULA

a flat and triangular bone that is part of the shoulder girdle

HUMERUS

the bone found in the upper arm

Gluteus minimus

the deepest Proximal attachment point: lateral surface of the ilium Distal attachment point: greater trochanter of femur

Depression of the scapula

when the scapula is lowered, or moves inferiorly

head (radius)

- the "head" or more accurately, the proximal head of the radius, is disk-shaped with the middle of the disk indented -It articulates with the capitulum of the humerus -The other end of the bone is the distal head of the radius (Note how in the anatomical position the anterior surface of the distal head is flat and smooth)

Triceps brachii

-"Triceps" = there are three heads, the long, lateral and medial heads, of the triceps brachii -Each head of this muscle is fairly cylindrical and is deep to the deltoid. -Proximal attachment points: infraglenoid tubercle (long head), posterior humerus (medial and lateral heads) -Distal attachment points: olecranon process of ulna

THE HIP JOINT

-Another ball and socket joint, similar to the shoulder joint -Joint is stabilized by very strong muscles attaching the femur to the pelvis -When these muscles contract, the head of the femur is pulled inward against the acetabulum -Joint also has its own set of ligaments, named after the skeletal structures they attach to

proximal head (fibula)

-is the superior bony portion of the fibula -more square-shaped -The distal head of the fibula is more elongated, or spoon-shaped

angle (rib)

-just distal to the tubercle -rib makes a sharp bend -this bend is called the angle

Coccyx

-just inferior to the sacrum -ppl often call this the "tail bone."

medial condyle (tibia)

-large bony structure makes up the other half of the superior tibia -Like the lateral condyle, the surface is flat and smooth where the medial condyle of the tibia articulates with the medial condyle of the femur

radial tuberosity (radius)

-large bump just distal to the proximal head of the radius is an attachment point for a muscle -In the anatomical position, the radial tuberosity always points medially toward the ulna.

Pectoralis major

-large flat muscle that is shaped like a fan -commonly referred to as the "pecs." -Medial attachment point: clavicle, sternum, costal (rib) cartilages -Lateral attachment point: greater tubercle of the humerus

acetabulum (os coxa)

-large socket articulates with the head of the femur (the bone in the upper leg) -Portions of the ilium, ischium, and pubis form the acetabulum

Linea aspera

This is the long line, or crest, extending from the inferior portion of the gluteal tuberosity, and it can be seen running down the posterior surface of the femur's shaft. It is also an attachment point for muscles.

body (rib)

This is the main part of the rib distal to the neck.

All three hamstring muscles cross both the hip and knee joints.

True!

stability of the joint. Hint: Compared to the shoulder joint, is it easy or difficult to dislocate the hip joint?

increase

Sacrum

articulates with the fifth lumbar vertebra and the wings of the hip bones. The sacrum is actually formed by 5 vertebrae that have become fused together.

The depth of the acetabulum, the acetabular labrum, and the ligaments of the hip joint _____ the mobility of the joint. (Does your hip have the same range of motion as your shoulder?)

decrease

Flexion of the spine

decreases the angle between the trunk and the legs. Likewise, flexion of the neck decreases the angle between the face and chest. Extension would have the opposite effect.

Flexion

decreases the angle of the joint

Trabecular bone is covered in

endosteum

There are actually two rectus abdominis muscles

one on each side of the body midline. In individuals with low body fat, the pair of rectus abdominis muscles forms what is often called a "six pack".

Compact bone is covered in

periosteum or endosteum

*Memory Trick

phrase "TEN over MEM" to remember that semitendinosus is superficial to semimembranosus Also, watch out for spelling! Tendon is spelled with an -ON, but it is spelled "IN" in the muscle name.

floating ribs

ribs 11-12, do not attach to sternum at all

Together, the occipital condyles, atlas, and axis allow you to...

rotate your head (shake your head "no") and move your head up and down (nod your head "yes").

Semitendinosus

superficial to semimembranosus and has a long tendon Proximal attachment point: ischial tuberosity Distal attachment point: medial condyle of tibia

Rectus femoris

superficial to vastus intermedius Proximal attachment point: anterior inferior iliac spine Distal attachment point: tibial tuberosity (via patellar tendon and ligament)

ILIUM

superior edge of the ilium provides an attachment point for muscles of the abdomen, legs, and gluteal region

Two bones form the shoulder girdle

the scapula and clavicle

Teres minor

a flattened, small, triangular muscle -Medial attachment point: lateral border of scapula -Lateral attachment point: greater tubercle of humerus

ABDOMINAL MUSCLES

a group of 4 muscles responsible for moving the spine, abdomen, and ribs

Trapezius

a large, flat, triangular muscle. Note the fiber directions - different regions of the muscle will have different actions

Brachialis

a thick, slightly flattened cylindrical muscle, deep to biceps brachii -Proximal attachment point: anterior humerus -Distal attachment point: ulnar tuberosity

Infraspinatus

a triangular muscle that sits in a depression from which its name originates -Medial attachment point: infraspinous fossa of scapula =Lateral attachment point: greater tubercle of humerus

MUSCLES OF THE ARM

("Brachium" is the Latin term for "arm.")

rib facets

*** UNIQUE to THORACIC On thoracic vertebrae, rib facets (sometimes called costal facets) can be found on the body and on the transverse processes. Like other articular surfaces, they are covered with articular cartilage, and appear smooth in real bone.

twelve thoracic vertebrae

***they interact with the 12 sets of ribs have: body, superior articular processes (with facets), inferior articular processes (with facets), transverse process, spinous process, vertebral arch, and vertebral foramen

Intercostal muscles

-3 layers of intercostal muscles between your ribs - "inter" meaning in between & "costal" meaning ribs -form a continuous wall over your thorax as well as help stabilize and move your rib cage

Endosteum

-A similar connective tissue, covers the internal aspect of cortical bone and the surfaces of the trabeculae

How gluteus medius and minimus stabilize the hip during midstance

-All pelvic bones move as a unit -So when the left leg is planted on the ground & the left gluteus medius & gluteus minimus contract, the left & right os coxae are pulled -Means that right side of the hip will be pulled superiorly & held in place there -Opposite is also true --> If right gluteal muscles are contracting, the left os coxa will be stabilized -Import during Gait Cycle, bc this action prevents the right left from swinging too low when it is being swung forward -You wouldn't want your right leg to graze the ground every time you took a step -Probs with gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, or their innervation can cause a limp

REMODELING OF COMPACT BONE

-Compact bone can be remodeled at the periosteum or endosteum -Thickness & diameter of compact bone can be easily changed for this reason

The "Gait Cycle"

-Defines the actions needed to take a single step forward -A single step is broken up into individual actions that are repeated over & over again every time you walk (If you are able, get up and walk around for a few steps. If you are not able to, imagine how a person typically walks at a normal pace. Consider all of the smaller movements that are happening and answer the following questions.)

Deltoid

-Fairly thick triangular muscle -Different parts of the muscle do different things. (need to know all of the primary actions of the deltoid for the exam)

innermost intercostal muscles

-Fibers line the inside of your chest and run superior-inferior -may also assist with exhalation by pulling the ribs downward

internal intercostal muscles

-Fibers run on either side of your chest like an A shape, from superior-medial to inferior-lateral -May assist with exhalation by pulling the ribs downward

plantar flexion of the ankle joint

-If you are pointing your toes or are standing up on your toes -In other words, your foot is flexing in the direction of the sole of the foot, or the plantar surface **Memory Trick: If you are (P)ointing your toes, then you are (P)lantar flexing at the ankle.

dorsiflexion of the ankle joint

-If you point your toes to the sky -dorsal means the back of a four-legged animal. Therefore, your foot is flexing in the direction of its dorsal surface

Bicepss brachii

-Known as the "bicep." -"Biceps" = there are 2 heads, the long & short heads, of the biceps brachii muscle -Each head of the muscle is a fairly cylindrical -Biceps brachii is deep to pectoralis major -Proximal attachment points: supraglenoid tubercle and coracoid process of scapula -Distal attachment points: radial tuberosity

external oblique muscles

-Lateral to the rectus abdominis muscles -form the most superficial part of the abdominal wall -As you put your hands into your pockets, you trace the V shape formed by the fibers of the right and left external oblique muscles

internal oblique muscles

-Lateral to the rectus abdominis muscles, and hidden just underneath the external oblique muscles -form the middle layer of much of the abdominal wall. -Both the external & internal oblique muscles attach to the lateral surface of the lower ribs -Like the rectus abdominis, they attach to the iliac crest, pubis, & linea alba.

Superior part of trapezius

-Medial attachment point: the occipital bone, C1-C6 vertebrae (via the nuchal ligament) -Lateral attachment point: the medial border of the acromion process of the scapula

Middle part of trapezius

-Medial attachment point: the spinous processes of C7 and T1-T3 vertebrae -Lateral attachment point: the upper border of the crest of the scapular spine

Inferior part of trapezius

-Medial attachment point: the spinous processes of T4-T12 vertebrae -Lateral attachment point: the upper border of the crest of the scapular spine

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS, MEDIUS, & MINIMUS

-Muscles of your "butt" are the primary extensors of the hip joint -Also help stabilize the hip while you are standing

radial notch (ulna)

-Near the coronoid process, on the lateral side of the ulna, this notch articulates with the proximal head of the radius -In the anatomical position, the radial notch always faces laterally

Identify the differences between cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Select all that apply.

-Only thoracic has rib faucets -Only cervical vertebrae have transverse foramena

REMODELING OF BONE

-Osteoclasts and osteoblasts -Both of these cell types are involved in remodeling and are present in the periosteum and endosteum 1) osteoclasts break down, or resorb, old bone 2) osteoblasts lay down new bone tissue. A memory trick is that osteo(B)lasts (B)uild bone! 3) Osteoblasts eventually become entombed in the newly formed bone. When this occurs, they become osteocytes that maintain the matrix.

Which of the following muscles attach to the greater tubercle of the humerus? Select all that apply.

-Pectoralis major -Supraspinatus -Infraspinatus -Teres minor

spongy bone (AKA trabecular bone)

-Protected within compact bone -Less dense & looks more like a series of webs, mesh, or lattices -Trabecular bone is named after these rods, called trabeculae (You can think of trabeculae as support beams for the bone - strengthening and bracing it)

pubic symphysis (os coxa)

-cartilage that joins the right & left pubic bones is the symphysis pubis -This joint is easily palpated (felt) a few inches inferior to the navel, (belly button) but still above the groin. Identify this structure on your own body.

acetabular labrum

-Similar to the glenoid labrum of the shoulder joint -Connective tissue that surrounds the edge of the acetabulum and deepens the joint surface or socket

major members of the axial skeleton are

-Skull -Vertebral column -Sacrum (at the base of the vertebral column) -Ribs -Sternum (breast bone)

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF TRABECULAR BONE

-Still rings of osteocytes -These columns form the trabeculae -Columns of osteocytes aren't parallel in trabecular bone (appear to be disorderly) -no central canal in these columns -b/c the canals are not needed! Blood vessels can traverse the openings throughout the trabecular bone

Lateral Part of Deltoid

-Superior attachment point: acromion process -Inferior attachment point: deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Anterior Part of Deltoid

-Superior attachment point: clavicle -Inferior attachment point: deltoid tuberosity of humerus

Posterior Part of Deltoid

-Superior attachment point: scapular spine -Inferior attachment point: deltoid tuberosity of humerus

compact or cortical bone

-The bones' dense outer layer -Protects spongy bone

Periosteum

-The external surface of bone is covered in a thin layer of connective tissue is called periosteum -Similar to serous tissue (because it is a thin covering), periosteum does not secrete a fluid and is not a serous membrane

THE KNEE JOINT

-The knee is a HINGE JOINT -Condyles of the femur articulate with the condyles of the tibia -Anterior and posterior, as well as lateral and medial ligaments, help to stabilize the knee -Quadriceps femoris muscle forms a tendon, which inserts superiorly to the patella, or knee cap -Menisci form shallow cups for the condyles to sit in Hinge Joints -Generally allow movement along 1 axis -Ligaments surrounding & running through the knee help to limit rotation & prevent abduction & adduction of the knee -However, swift & exaggerated movements in sports can tear these ligaments! The "ACL," or anterior cruciate ligament, is notorious for this reason.

Lesser tubercle

-The smaller of the bumps (mentioned above) -Both tubercles are attachment sites for muscles

vertebral arch

-The transverse and spinous processes arise from this bony arch -The opening formed by the vertebral body and arch is the vertebral foramen -All of the vertebral foramina will line up and together form a long tube called the vertebral (spinal) canal. The nerves of the spinal cord run through the vertebral canal.

REMODELING OF TRABECULAR BONE

-Trabecular bone is remodeled at the endosteum -Trabeculae can branch, increasing the density of trabeculae

Shoulder Joint

-Very mobile -Not veyr stable

Osteoporosis

-a disease in which bone remodeling in imbalanced -osteoclasts begin to resorb bone faster than it can be replaced -could be due to a decreased intake of calcium, a building block of bone, or changes in hormone levels -trabecular bone develops areas with increased resorption and becomes less dense -Experience microfractures in response to stress -Ppl w/osteoporosis more likely to break their bones, b/c bones become frail

Latissimus dorsi

-a large triangular muscle (Pay careful attention to its attachment points! Also, pay close attention to the spelling!) -Medial attachment point: spinous processes of T7-T12, ribs 9-12, iliac crest -Lateral attachment point: intertubercular groove of humerus *TIP: Recall that dorsal ("dorsi") is a synonym for posterior.

THE SHOULDER JOINT

-allows the head of the humerus to move within the glenoid cavity

Subscapular fossa

-anterior surface of the scapula is a large smooth depression & is not interrupted by any processes. -Remember that this surface faces anteriorly

THE ROTATOR CUFF

-comprises 4 muscles that work together to pull the head of the humerus against the glenoid cavity (the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor, subscapularis) -When contracting individually, these muscles will rotate the head of the humerus medially, laterally, or superiorly (abduction). **Memory Trick: acronym S.I.T.S.

The thumb

-comprises two phalanges: a proximal phalanx and a distal phalanx -The thumb is called digit I (Roman numeral one), so if you fracture the tip of your thumb, you fractured the distal phalanx of digit I

transversus abdominis muscle

-deepest muscle layer of the lateral abdominal wall -lies below the internal oblique muscle -Instead of following the V shape or A shape previously discussed, the fibers of the transversus abdominis run side to side, more like a belt around your abdomen -Fiber direction is horizontal -(Like the other abdominal muscles) there is a right & left transversus abdominis muscle -These muscles attach anteriorly at the linea alba & posteriorly at the lower ribs and a thick layer of connective tissue near the spine.

Infraspinous fossa

-depression formed by the inferior surface of the spinous process and the posterior face of the scapula is the infra-spinous-fossa (i.e., below-the spine-depression).

coronoid fossa (humerus)

-depression on the ANTERIOR humerus, just superior to the trochlea -provides an empty area to accommodate the coronoid process of the ulna when the elbow is FLEXED

olecranon fossa (humerus)

-depression on the POSTERIOR humerus, just superior to the trochlea -provides an empty area to accommodate the olecranon process of the ulna when the elbow is EXTENDED

diaghragm

-dome shaped muscle responsible for inc the volume of your thoracic cavity to help you inhale -forms the division between the thoracic cavity above, & the abdominal cavity below -Students often forget that the diaphragm is skeletal muscle! When the diaphragm contracts in the direction of the striations, the center or top of the dome is drawn downwards. When the diaphragm flattens, there is more room for our lungs to expand and we inhale.

Pubic Crest

-edge of the pubic bone is just medial to the pubic tubercle -the linea alba attaches here

THE KNEE CAP: PATELLA

-embedded inside of the tendons that extend from the muscles of the femur & insert on the tibia in the lower leg -shaped like a tear-drop

5 Metarsals

-form most of the sole of your foot -are simply numbered one through five, starting medially on the big toe side, and counting laterally

5 metacarpal bones

-form the palm of your hand -articulate proximally with the second row of carpals, and distally with the phalanges -carpals are simply numbered 1 through 5, starting laterally on the thumb side and counting medially

olecranon process (ulna)

-forms the superior bony portion of the trochlear notch. - it's the external bump of your elbow!

REMODELING OF COMPACT & TRABECULAR BONE

-helps bone repair themselves after injury or respond to changes in weight or use of muscles, but this process is always happening -new bone can look slightly different than the old bone For example, compact bone can realign based on the forces experienced by the bone. Trabecular bone can increase the density and position of its trabeculae in response to forces constantly applied to the bone.

Also note

-humeral head is medial, facing into the shoulder joint -Therefore, you can quickly and easily identify the medial and lateral sides of a humerus when it is not attached to a skeleton

seven cervical vertebrae

-in the neck -The two most superior vertebrae have special names, atlas and axis

7 Tarsal Bones

-in your ankle (which allow you to move in many directions) -The calcaneus is one of these & makes up the heel - only need to ID the calcaneus

Supraspinous fossa

-index finger will fit nicely into the depression formed by the superior surface of the spinous process and the posterior face of the scapula (i.e., above-the spine-depression)

FIBULA

-not along the main axis of the leg like the femur & tibia -Therefore, it does not bear much of the body's weight -It is important for muscle attachment

trochlear notch (ulna)

-notch is the most obvious feature of the proximal end of the ulna -Its smooth surface faces anteriorly and articulates with the trochlea of the humerus

remodeling

-osteoclasts break down & then osteocytes rebuild bone -do this in both (the thick dense bone) compact bone & in when they create the bony struts (trabeculae) of spongy bone

MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF COMPACT BONE

-osteocytes form concentric circles around a central canal -In compact bone, these columns of osteocytes and their canals are all parallel and orderly

Coracoid process

-projection from the same region of bone supporting the glenoid cavity -looks a little like a "crow's beak," and juts out anteriorly **Note: Coracoid is different from coronoid!

Deltoid tuberosity

-rough region on the lateral part of the shaft that provides an attachment point for a muscle (the deltoid muscle)

capitulum (humerus)

-round smooth structure that is part of the DISTAL HEAD of the humerus -capitulum articulates with the radius bone of the forearm (Some people remember its name because it looks like a little head that you could put a "cap" on)

external intercostal muscles

-run on either side of your chest from superior-lateral to inferior-medial -This forms a V shape, mirroring the striations of the external oblique muscles in the abdomen **They may assist with inhalation by pulling the ribs upward

INTRO - MUSCLES MOVE, STABLILIZE, & HOLD ONTO SCAPULA

-scapula does not have a strong bony attachment to the thorax -pretty much "hangs" from your thorax by its muscle attachments

Intertubercular sulus

-small groove between the tubercles allows for the passage of a tendon (from the biceps brachii muscle) and an artery

Lateral epicondyle

-smallish bump can be seen just laterally to the capitulum -also provides an attachment point for muscles

medial condyle (femur)

-smooth, round structure on the inside of the femur -articulates with the tibia distally -it forms part of the knee joint Note that the head of the femur faces medially into the acetabulum, so this condyle will be on the same side.

lateral condyle (femur)

-smooth, round structure on the outside of the femur -articulates with the tibia distally -it forms part of the knee joint

trochlea (humerus)

-smooth, spool-shaped structure right next to the capitulum on the distal head of the humerus -trochlea articulates with the ulna of the lower arm.

What connects to collar bone?

1) The manubrium of the sternum and (2) the acromion process of the scapula

Skeletal Muscle Rules

1. Usually, muscles attach to bone. Muscles have at least two attachment points: the origin and insertion. 2. Muscles cross at least one joint. 3. When a muscle contracts, they get shorter and two attachment points get closer together. -They get shorter in the direction of the striations, or fibers. -This changes the angles at the joints. 4. Muscles pull; they never push.

Which actions are used in the Gait Cycle? Keep in mind that this is not a complete list! Select all that apply.

Answer: Extension of the hip, Extension of the knee, Flexion of the knee, & Flexion of the hip

Which hamstring muscles attach to the ischial tuberosity? Select all that apply.

Answer: All of them. Biceps femoris, Semimembranosus, & Semitendinosus

Select all that apply. When an increase in forces and strain are applied to your bones everyday (like when you walk on both legs, i.e. bipedally), your bone will or can...

ALL CORRECT: 1) Change its overall shape in response to the applied forces. 2) Build up more bone. 3) Build trabecular bone to align with the forces in a plastic manner.

Given these attachment points, what is the primary action of gluteus maximus? Select only one answer.

Adduction of the hip. Flexion of the hip. Abduction of the hip. EXTENSION OF THE HIP (primary extender of hip!) Lateral rotation of the hip. Medial rotation of the hip.

Considering the actions involved, what are some muscles involved in walking? Select all that apply.

Answer: Quadriceps femoris (Rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius). Hamstrings (Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris). Iliopsoas. Gluteus maximus

five lumbar vertebrae

Are larger than cervical and thoracic vertebrae, because there are bearing more of the body's weight -have: body, superior articular processes (with facets), inferior articular processes (with facets), transverse process, spinous process, vertebral arch, and vertebral foramen

When we exhale, the diaphram relaxes and...

Bulges upwards (NOT flattens downwards)

Research statement

Biological anthropologists want to understand why humans have LESS CORTICAL BONE than LIVING PRIMATES & EXINCT HUMANS. By studying the many factors involved in bones health & shape, such as GENETICS, AGE, NUTRITION & ENVIRONMENT, they hope to answer this question & better understand disease states, like OSTEOPEROSIS.

Select the correct statement(s) from the list below.

CORRECT: 1) Compact bone is strong and can withstand stress. However, it cannot bend or deform very much before breaking. 2) Together, compact and trabecular bone contribute to the bone's ability to withstand different kinds of stress. . 3)Trabecular bone is elastic and can bend a great deal before breaking. INCORRECT: 1) Trabecular bone alone contributes to the bone's ability to withstand different kinds of stress. 2) Compact bone alone contributes to the bone's ability to withstand different kinds of stress.

Sucking in your stomach

Compression of the trunk

Compression of the trunk

Compression of the trunk is when your abdomen is tightened. When you suck in your stomach, your belly button moves closer to your spine. That is compression of the trunk!

This is the general term for the bony structures of the femur and tibia that participate in the knee joint. They are smooth surfaces that articulate (interact) with each other.

Condyles

Leaning to the side to pick up a bag

Lateral flexion

Given the text above and the characteristics (attachment points and striations) of the iliopsaos, what is the action of the iliopsoas? Select the one correct answer.

Lateral rotation of the hip joint. Abduction fo the hip joint. Adduction of the hip joint. FLEXION OF THE HIP! Medial rotation of the hip joint. Extension of the hip

head (rib)

The articular FACET on the head of each rib articulates medially with the rib facets of the thoracic vertebra

Flexor digitorum longus

Deep to gastrocnemius "longus" in the name, bc a shorter muscle (with "brevis" in its name) is located in the foot Also distinguishes it from the flexor digitorum profundus of the forearm. Proximal attachment point: posterior shaft of tibia Distal attachment point: distal phalanges of digits 2-5

Which of the following is an action of extensor digitorum longus?

Dorsiflexion of the ankle joint

Gastrocnemius

Name means "the stomach of the leg." It's the bulbous muscle called the calf muscle Proximal attachment point: posterior femur, just superior to the lateral and medial condyles Distal attachment point: calcaneus (heel) bone

other four fingers are called digits II through V (from index finger to little finger)

Each of these digits comprises three phalanges: a proximal phalanx, a middle phalanx, and a distal phalanx.

Which joint(s) does biceps brachii cross?

Elbow & Shoulder

Tilting your head back

Extension of neck

Leaning backwards

Extension of the spine

Closest to skin

External Oblique

The head of the femur points laterally.

False

Actions of selected gluteal muscles

Flexion and extension of the hip, knee, and toes Abduction and adduction of the hip joint Medial and lateral rotation of the hip joint Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of the ankle joint

What is the action of gastrocnemius at the knee joint? Hint: What is the action called when the ankle moves closer to the poster thigh?

Flexion of the knee joint

Bending forward

Flexion of the spine

Considering anatomical position and the definitions above, a movement that results in the right thumb facing the right hip would be an example of which action?

Flexion of the wrist. Lateral rotation of the shoulder. Extension of the wrist. Medial rotation of the shoulder. Correct answer. Medial rotation of the shoulder.

body

Found on all vertebrae except the atlas. The body transmits weight down the bodies of the vertebrae.

Drag the boney structure into the correct box of the structure it articulates with.

Glenoid fossa of scapula --> Proximal head of humerus Trochlea of humerus --> Trochlear notch of ulna Coronoid fossa of humerus --> Coronoid process of ulna Olecranon fossa of humerus --> Olecranon process of ulna Capitulum of humerus --> Proximal head of radius

Recall from Week 1 that "tubercle," "tuberosity," and "trochanter" are all used to describe bumpy areas of bone. As a general rule, each term describes a bumpy area of a different size. Convince yourself this is true by using these terms in contexts you know now! Drag the words into the correct boxes.

Greater TROCHANTER of the femur Tibial TUBEROSITY Infraglenoid TUBERCLE of the scapula

Identify the anatomical differences between human and chimpanzee muscles. Drag the words into the correct boxes.

Human Gluteal Muscles: Large & lateral Chimp Gluteal Muscles: Small & posterior Human Hamstrings: Less powerful, greater range of motion Chimp Hamstrings: Powerful

Identify the anatomical differences between human and chimpanzee bones. Drag the words into the correct boxes.

Human Ilium: Bowl shaped, more lateral Chimp Ilium: Long & narrow, more posterior Human Ischium: Short Chimp Ischium: Long Human Femur: Angles inward Chimp Femur: Not angled, & lateral

nutrient foramen (humerus)

If you observe a real bone, you will see tiny openings on the shaft that provide a passageway for blood vessels and small nerves (all bones have nutrient foramen)

Middle layer

Internal oblique

What joint(s) does brachialis cross?

Just elbow

Considering the attachment points, what is the primary action of gluteus medius and gluteus minimus? Select only one answer. Hint: Consider the lateral attachment point. What would happen if the superior and lateral aspect of your femur was pulled medially?

Medial rotation of the hip. Lateral rotation of the hip. Extension of the hip. ABDUCTION OF THE HIP! Flexion of the hip. Adduction of the hip

Compare the figures of the external and internal oblique

Observe that the fiber direction of the internal oblique muscle is perpendicular to the fiber direction of the external oblique muscle. Instead of forming a V shape, the internal obliques sort of look like an A shape.

Extensor digitorum longus

On anterior leg Has "longus" in the name, bc a shorter muscle (with "brevis" in its name) is located in the foot Also distinguishes it from the extensor digitorum of the forearm. Proximal attachment point: head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia Distal attachment point: distal phalanges of digits 2-5

auricular surface

On the lateral faces of the sacrum, this forms the joint between the sacrum and ilium. Note: the word auricle means ear. Can you see how this surface is shaped a little like an ear?

DISEASES OF BONES

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts should be making new and breaking down old bone in a complementary or coupled way. In other words, they should be in equilibrium with each other.

The striations of the internal oblique muscles are _____ to those of the internal intercostal muscles. Select the best answer.

Parallel

The striations of the external oblique muscles are _____ to those of the internal oblique muscles. Select the best answer.

Perpendicular

What is the action of gastrocnemius at the ankle joint? Hint: What would happen if the inferior aspect of the heel was pulled up towards the posterior thigh?

Plantar Flexion of ankle joint

When the right leg is off of the ground and swinging forward, the left foot is...

Planted firmly on the ground

What everyday activities cause the following actions? Drag the words into the correct boxes.

Raising your hand in class --> Superior rotation of scapula Holding your hands together behind your back --> Retraction of the scapula Pushing a heavy door open --> Protraction of the scapula Shrugging your shoulders --> Elevation of the scapula

true ribs

Ribs 1 through 7 are called -they articulate directly with the sternum via costal cartilage

false ribs

Ribs 8-12 are called -they either articulate with the sternum indirectly (ribs 8-10) or not at all (ribs 11 and 12)

Turning to look behind you

Rotation of the spine

Rotation of the spine

Rotation of the spine means that your body is swiveling around a central axis, i.e., your spine. (in picture: 1)

muscles in order from most superficial (skin) to deep (ribs)

Skin (superficial) --> Trapezius --> Levator scapulae --> Serratus anterior --> Erector spinae --> Ribs (deep)

Adductor magnus

Slightly flattened muscle shaped like a large triangle The largest of the adductor muscles Proximal attachment point: pubis and ischial tuberosity Distal attachment point: linea aspera (most posterior of the adductor group)

Adductor brevis

Slightly flattened muscle shaped like a triangle "Brevis" means short Named as such, bc it's shorter & smaller than adductor longus Proximal attachment point: pubis Distal attachment point: linea aspera

Adductor longus

Slightly flattened muscle shaped like a triangle It's long, as its name suggests Proximal attachment point: pubic symphysis Distal attachment point: linea aspera

Cycle Steps

Take a look at the top row (white background). There are times during a single step when there is double support, or both feet on the ground. There are other times when there is single support, or one foot on the ground. Let's start on the left-hand side of the figure. 1) The right foot hits the ground heel-first, a movement known as the heel strike. 2) As the right foot remains planted on the ground, the left foot pushes off of the ground (toe-off). 3) When the left leg is in the cocked or posterior-most position and the right leg is fully supporting the body, it is known as the midstance. 4) Now, the left leg swings forward and experiences a heel strike while the right leg is still touching the ground. 5) Now the same thing happens with the other leg! The right leg toes-off, swings backwards, swings forwards, and heel strikes. 6) That's one single step!

Appendicular Skeleton

The appendicular skeleton consists of bones that connect the limbs to the trunk (the shoulder blade, collar bone, and hip bones) and bones of the limbs, including the hands and feet

Similar to the thumb, the big toe comprises two phalanges: a proximal phalanx and a distal phalanx

The big toe is called digit I (Roman numeral one). The other four toes are called digits II through V (from second toe to little toe). Each of these digits comprise three phalanges: a proximal phalanx, and middle phalanx, and a distal phalanx.

body (sacrum)

The body is the main thick medial region of the sacrum. Picture where the bodies of the five fused vertebrae would be - these form the body of the sacrum.

appendicular skeleton

The bones of the shoulder to the fingers and the bones of the hip to toes compose the ____ ____ -our limbs and the bones that connect our limbs to our trunk

The Collar Bone: The Clavicle

The clavicle is also a part of the shoulder girdle. Identify the clavicle on yourself.

cervical, thoracic, lumbar(small of back), & pelvic curvatures

The curvatures are named for the different types of vertebrae

atlas

The first and topmost cervical vertebrae ("C1") is called the

ball-and-socket joint

The head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity form a ____

Iliopsoas

The iliopsoas muscle opposes the gluteal muscles and is the primary hip flexor. The iliacus and psoas major muscles merge to become the iliopsoas muscle. Proximal attachment points: -Iliacus: Iliac fossa -Psoas major: Transverse processes and lateral edges of T12-L5 Distal attachment point: lesser trochanter of femur

Greater tubercle

The lateral and larger bump on the proximal head of the humerus

lateral border (scapula)

The lateral border runs from the glenoid cavity, downward to the INFERIOR ANGLE

medial border (scapula)

The medial border runs from the superior angle, downward to the INFERIOR ANGLE (the downward-oriented "point of the triangle").

median sacral crest (sacrum)

The median sacral crest is formed from the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae

What are the stabilizers of the knee joint? Select all that apply.

The menisci, similar to the labrum of the shoulder and hip joint. The muscles that cross the joint. The ligaments of the knee. How the tibial and femoral condyles fit together ("bone geometry")

sacral canal (sacrum)

The passageway which corresponds with the vertebral canal

OS COXA

The pelvic bones comprise the right os coxa and the left os coxa. Three separate bones compose each os coxa: the ilium, ischium, and pubis. The space enclosed by the pelvic bone is the pelvis.

How would you best describe how a chimpanzee walks bipedally, compared to a human?

The pelvis moves a lot & the lower limbs swing laterally

spine of scapula

The posterior surface of the scapula is divided by a thin "wall" of bone. The portion that appears like a wall is the spine of the scapula

The Rib Cage

The rib cage houses and protects the lungs and heart

axis

The second cervical vertebrae ("C2") is called the

"cervical vertebrae."

The seven vertebrae of the neck are called the

body (sternum)

This is the large middle portion of the sternum

The Vertebral Column

The vertebral column has many important functions, including: 1) Housing the spinal cord. The spinal cord passes through the foramen magnum of the occipital bone. It continues to inferiorly through the vertebral column. Nerves enter and exit the spinal cord in between each vertebra. 2) Providing structure to the trunk. Also, many muscles attach (& are anchored) to the vertebral column.

Ribs

There are twelve pairs of ribs that articulate with the thoracic vertebrae and all ribs have the following features

superior articular

These are the bony projections that point superiorly to articulate with the process vertebra above. The surfaces where the two bones physically articulate are called the facets.

Lesser trochanter

This bony structure is smaller than the greater trochanter, and can be seen most clearly on the posterior surface of the femur.

superior border (or margin) (scapula)

This edge runs from the glenoid cavity laterally, to the SUPERIOR ANGLE medially.

coronoid process (ulna)

This process forms the inferior bony portion of the trochlear notch

xiphoid process (sternum)

This projection can be found inferior to the body of the sternum

Gluteal tuberosity

This rough, somewhat triangular region on the superior portion of the posterior shaft of the femur, provides an attachment point for one of the gluteal ("butt") muscles.

Lateral flexion of the spine and neck

To laterally flex the spine would be to bend to one side at the waist. You could do so by touching your left hand to the ground next to your left foot.

Closest to abdominal cavity

Transversus abdominis

During one step (i.e., the right and left feet have left the ground one time each and returned to their original positions), there are times when only one foot is touching the ground.

True

During one step, there are times when both feet are in contact with the ground.

True

The human's bipedal walking is more energy efficient than the chimp's.

True

Linea Alba

When viewed in cross section, the right and left rectus abdominis muscles are connected by a strong column of connective tissue called the ____ _____, which connects the xiphoid process to the pubic crest at the anterior rim of the hip bone. (the "six pack" is actually a single, long muscle! The six bulges appear, because of connective tissues that runs transversely over rectus abdominis)

Extensor digitorum

a cylindrical muscle on the posterior aspect of the forearm -Proximal attachment point: lateral epicondyle -Distal attachment point: distal phalanges of digits 2-5

Supraspinatus

a cylindrical muscle that sits in a depression from which its name originates -Medial attachment point: supraspinous fossa of scapula -Lateral attachment point: greater tubercle of humerus

Biceps femoris

a cylindrical muscle with a short head and a long head, hence "biceps" in the name Proximal attachment point: ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur Distal attachment point: head of the fibula

Flexor digitorum profundus

a fairly thick, flattened cylinder on the anterior aspect of the forearm -Proximal attachment point: proximal ¾ of ulna -Distal attachment point: distal phalanges of digits 2-5 **Memory Trick: (F)lexors are in the (F)ront of the (F)orearm!

Subscapularis

a flat triangular muscle -Medial attachment point: subscapular fossa -Lateral attachment point: lesser tubercle of humerus

Levator scapulae

a flattened cylinder with multiple superior attachment points -Superior/Medial attachment points: the transverse processes of C1 - C4 vertebrae -Inferior/Lateral attachment points: the medial border of the scapula, from the superior angle to near the spine.

THE THIGH BONE: FEMUR

an incredibly strong and thick bone

Joint mobility and stability share _____ relationship.

an inverse

Erector spinae

are a group of muscles -attach to the lower back and hips -Inferiorly, attach to the sacrum and iliac crest (or the wing) of the hip bone -muscle fibers run upward along the spine -attach to the ribs & the spinous & transverse processes of the vertebrae -Finally, they attached to the MASTOID PROCESS (the bony lump behind your ear) of the temporal bone and structures associated with the occipital bone

bicondylar angle

angle of the femur to allow for upright walking. Aligns knees closer to the line of center of gravity -Places center of gravity directly below trunk

Subscapularis is ______ to infraspinatus.

anterior

The osteons of compact bone

are parallel and contiguous

occipital condyles

are rounded bumps on either side of the foramen magnum. These articulate (or interact) with the smooth surface on the top of the first vertebra of the vertebral column.

MUSCLES OF RIB CAGE

assist with every breath you take!

RADIUS

bone is found in the lower arm on the same side as your thumb

Serratus anterior

composed of several small cylindrical strips of muscle that form a sheet when inserting on the medial attachment point -Medial attachment point: medial border of the scapula -Lateral attachment point: ribs 1-9

pectoral girdle (or shoulder)

composed of the clavicle, scapula, and humerus When you carry something heavy, like a suitcase, that force is transmitted from your hands, to your arm, to the shoulder joint, to the shoulder girdle, and then to the axial skeleton

acromioclavicular ligament

connects to the acromion process and the clavicle

facets (sternum)

his is where the costal cartilage associated with the ribs articulate

supraglenoid tubercle

imagine the glenoid cavity as the face of a clock, the small eminence (bump) of bone on the upper edge at the 12:00 position (at top of glenoid cavity)

Vastus intermedius

in between vastus lateralis and medialis Proximal attachment point: anterior shaft of femur Distal attachment point: tibial tuberosity (via patellar tendon and ligament)

8 carpal bones

in your wrist, arranged into two rows, which allow you to move your wrist in many directions

Extension

increases the angle of the joint

Sartorius

longest muscle in the body! It makes an "S" shape, sweeping across the anterior thigh Proximal attachment point: anterior superior iliac spine Distal attachment point: medial condyle of tibia

Abduction

means to move away from the midline, or mid-sagittal line, of the body (stretching leg & arm out)

Adduction

means to move towards the midline of the body (**To help keep these straight, you can imagine that you are ADDing the limb back to the trunk during adduction)

Rectus abdominis

most commonly recognized abdominal muscle known as the "six pack." -3 muscle layers lateral to the rectus abdominis muscle: the EXTRERNAL OBLIQUE, INTERNAL OBLIQUE, & TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS MUSCLES

Vastus medialis

most medial muscle of the quadriceps femoris Proximal attachment point: linea aspera and medial surface of femur's shaft Distal attachment point: tibial tuberosity (via patellar tendon and ligament)

A role of compact bone is to

protect the bone

A role of trabecular bone is to

provide structural support

articular capsule

sometimes called the capsular ligaments, encircles the joint

quadrupedalism

walking on all fours

bipedialism

walking on two legs

lateral condyle (tibia)

-large bony structure makes up one-half of the superior tibia -surface is flat and smooth where the lateral condyle of the tibia articulates with the lateral condyle of the femur

ischial tuberosity

-large, blunt, bony projection from the ischium -sometimes called the "butt bone" when people sit down rapidly against a hard surface

Sternum

-sometimes called the "breast bone." -articulates with the true ribs

spinous process

-somewhat sharp projection that extends posteriorly, opposite from the body of the vertebra -these are what you feel if you run your fingers along the back of your neck and your spine

ACTIONS OF ANKLE JOINT

-specific terms used to describe movement at the ankle joint -For example, you would never say "flexion" at the ankle

acromion process (scapula)

A projection of bone that juts anteriorly from the spine of the scapula.

Match the attachment points to the correct muscle or portion of muscle. Drag the words into the correct boxes.

Serratus Anterior : lateral aspect of ribs Levator scapulae: medial border of the scapula (near the superior angle) Superior part of Trapezius: the occipital bone Inferior part of Trapezius: spinous processes of the last 8 thoracic vertebrae

proximal head (humerus)

This is the smooth round "cap" that articulates with the scapula. Note that the humeral head is medial, facing into the shoulder joint.

manubrium (sternum)

This is the upper part of the sternum (See if you can feel the manubrium between your two collar bones)

Tibial tuberosity

This large "bump" can be easily found on the superior, anterior surface of the tibia, just inferior to the lateral and medial condyles. It is an important attachment site for the muscles of the thigh.

Iliac fossa

This large depression on the medial surface of the ilium provides an attachment point for a muscle

Ischial tuberosity

This large, blunt, bony projection from the ischium is sometimes called the "butt bone" or "sit bone" when people sit down rapidly against a hard surface. The tuberosity is the bumpy area of the inferior and posterior aspects of the ischium.

Greater trochanter

This large, rough, bony projection is an attachment site for muscles that act on the femur. It is lateral to the femoral head.

head (femur)

This round structure articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxa

glenoid fossa (or cavity) (scapula)

This shallow fossa is where the head of the humerus (the upper arm bone) articulates with the scapula

tubercle (rib)

This small bumpy ridge is found just distal to the head Notice that there is a smooth portion, another articular facet, which articulates with the TRANSVERSE PROCESS of the thoracic vertebrae.

sacrum auricular surface (ilium)

This surface forms one-half of the sacro-iliac joint. This is the connection point between the ilium and the sacrum.

coracoacromial ligament

connects to the coracoid and acromion processes

coracoclavicular ligament

connects to the coracoid process and the clavicle

coracohumeral ligament

connects to the inferior aspect of the coracoid process and then combines with the supraspinatus tendon. Reminder that the supraspinatus tendon extends to the greater tubercle of the humerus

Flexion

decreases the angle of the joint Flexion of the knee decreases the angle between the posterior thigh and the posterior lower leg. Flexion of the shoulder decreases the angle between the anterior arm and the head

The acetabulum forms a fairly _____ cavity for the head of the femur

deep

Intervertebral discs

discs of connective tissue that separate the bodies of every vertebra and reduce friction as the vertebrae move -also assist in absorbing shock (however, the curves mentioned above are much more effective as shock absorbers)

14 phalanges

form the fingers of your hand. A single one of these bones is called a "phalanx"; two or more are called "phalanges."

14 Phalanges

form the toes of your foot (singular: pharynx)

ULNA

found in the lower arm, on the same side as your little finger *Memory Trick: The (U)lna is on the (P)inky side. What's that smell?! Pee (P) ew (U)!!

MUSCLES OF POSTERIOR THIGH

made up of three muscles, which are usually referred to as the "hamstrings" biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

LIGAMENTS OF SHOULDER JOINT

named for their attachment points

Vastus lateralis

the most lateral of the anterior thigh muscles Proximal attachment point: greater trochanter and linea aspera Distal attachment point: tibial tuberosity (via patellar tendon and ligament)

Gracilis

the most medial of the muscles of the medial thigh It's long and thin compared to the muscles of the adductor group Proximal attachment point: pubis Distal attachment point: medial tibia

Gluteus maximus

the most superficial Proximal attachment point: lateral surface of the ilium and edge of sacrum Distal attachment point: gluteal tuberosity of femur

Note:

the names of vastus lateralis, intermedius, and medialis describe their location. The name of the final quadriceps femoris muscle is based on its appearance ("rectus" means "straight" in Latin).

infraglenoid tubercle

the small eminence on the lower edge at the 6:00 position (at bottom glenoid cavity)

In the flat bones of the skull

the spongey bone has a special name and acts as a sponge to absorb any force from blows or bumps to the head

In long bones

the trabecular bone, and its cavity, is the home of bone marrow

glenoid labrum

there is a strip of cartilage that runs around the edge of the glenoid cavity to make it a little deeper

Inferior (downward) rotation of the scapula

when the scapula is pulled and the glenoid cavity rotates inferiorly (or in a downward direction)

Superior (upward) rotation of the scapula

when the scapula is pulled and the glenoid cavity rotates superiorly (or in an upward direction)

Protraction of the scapula

when the scapula is pulled away from the spine

Retraction of the scapula

when the scapula is pulled toward the spine

Elevation of the scapula

when the scapula is raised, or moves vertically