BIO FINAL

According to Chargaff's data, ________ must pair with ________, and ________ must pair with ________. A) A; G; T; C B) A; C; G; T C) A; T; C; G D) G; U; A; C E) C; T; G; A

A) A; G; T; C

The sequence of the mRNA that would result from transcribing a DNA template strand with the bases TACGCTAAT would be A) ATGCGATTA. B) AUGCGAUUA. C) UAAUCGCAU. D) AUUAGCGUA. E) UACGCUAAU.

A) ATGCGATTA.

Which of the following processes contributes to creating genetic variability in the offspring? A) All of the answers describe processes that contribute to genetic variability. B) Independent assortment of chromosomes C) Having different alleles of the same gene D) Pairing of homologous chromosomes E) Crossing-over

A) All of the answers describe processes that contribute to genetic variability.

Which of the following is a sex-linked recessive disorder? A) Color blindness B) Sickle-cell disease C) Cystic fibrosis D) Alkaptonuria E) Marfan syndrome

A) Color blindness

What is the hereditary material found in all cells? A) DNA B) tRNA C) rRNA D) ATP E) mRNA

A) DNA

Which of the following statements regarding bacterial endospores is false? A) Endospores are reproductive structures. B) Endospores can survive in extremely harsh environments. C) Within an endospore is a copy of the bacterial chromosome. D) Endospores can survive for very long periods of time. E) An endospore contains a small amount of cytoplasm material.

A) Endospores are reproductive structures.

Which of the following is an example of a phenotype? A) Freckles B) Ag C) Gg D) AAGg E) AA

A) Freckles

The stages of translation are A) Initiation, elongation cycle, and termination. B) Initiation, transcription, elongation cycle, and termination. C) Transcription, mRNA processing, and termination. D) Initiation, transcription, mRNA processing, and termination. E) DNA replication, transcription, and termination.

A) Initiation, elongation cycle, and termination.

The failure of sister chromatids to separate during meiosis is called A) Nondisjunction. B) Disjunction. C) Synapsis. D) Crossing-over. E) Tetrad formation.

A) Nondisjunction.

Which of the following are acellular? A) Prions B) Bacteria C) Algae D) Protozoans E) Archaea

A) Prions

A viroid is a naked, infectious _____molecule. A) RNA B) Enzyme C) Protein D) DNA E) Fatty acid

A) RNA

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytoplasm? A) Translation B) Transcription C) Primary mRNA splicing D) DNA replication E) Intron removal

A) Translation

The two DNA strands must be separated before DNA replication or transcription can occur. A) True B) False

A) True

What is the main structural difference between a virus and a viroid? A) Viroids do not have a capsid covering. B) Viruses do not have a capsid covering. C) Viruses contain RNA, while viroids do not. D) Viroids contain DNA, while viruses do not. E) There is no structural difference between the two.

A) Viroids do not have a capsid covering.

Naked strands of RNA not covered by a capsid are A) Viroids. B ) Retroviruses. C) Prions. D) Archaea. E) Viruses.

A) Viroids.

Which base is found in DNA, but not in RNA? Correct! A) thymine B) adenine C) cytosine D) uracil E) guanine

A) thymine

Which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis? A) Double membranes are around mitochondria and chloroplasts. B) All of the above statements provide support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis. C) Mitochondria and chloroplasts can synthesize proteins. D) Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes. E) Mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genes that are strikingly similar to bacterial genes.

B) All of the above statements provide support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis.

Which of the following is a characteristic only found in some viruses? A) An inner core of nucleic acid B) An envelope C) A protein capsid D) Genomes consisting of either DNA or RNA E) Is an obligate intracellular parasite

B) An envelope

Which means of genetic recombination in bacteria is facilitated by use of a pilus? A) Transduction B) Conjugation C) Both transformation and transduction D) Translocation E) Transformation

B) Conjugation

The central dogma of molecular biology states that the information contained within genes flows in which direction? A) RNA to DNA to protein B) DNA to RNA to protein C) DNA to protein to RNA D) Protein to RNA to DNA E) Protein to DNA to RNA

B) DNA to RNA to protein

DNA replication makes a(n) ________ copy of the DNA strand, while transcription makes a(n) ________ copy of the DNA strand. A) mRNA; tRNA B) DNA; mRNA C) mRNA; rRNA D) mRNA; DNA E) DNA; tRNA

B) DNA; mRNA

Which of the following is true in regard to an autosomal recessive pedigree? A) Affected children will have at least one affected parent. B) Heterozygotes have a normal phenotype. C) The trait is carried on the Y chromosome. D) Heterozygotes are affected. E) Males are affected more often than females.

B) Heterozygotes have a normal phenotype.

Which of the following statements is correct? A) Mitosis involves one division and produces two nonidentical gametes. B) Meiosis involves two divisions and produces four nonidentical gametes. C) Meiosis involves two divisions and produces four identical gametes. D) Meiosis involves one division and produces two nonidentical gametes. E) Mitosis involves two divisions and produces four identical gametes.

B) Meiosis involves two divisions and produces four nonidentical gametes.

Which of the following is true about an individual with the chromosomes shown in this figure? A) The individual is homozygous for at least one trait. B) The individual is heterozygous for all traits. C) The individual is homozygous for all traits. D) All offspring will have the dominant phenotype for each trait. E) All offspring will have the recessive phenotype for each trait.

B) The individual is heterozygous for all traits.

A homologous pair is composed of A) Four sister chromatids attached at a common centromere. B) Two chromosomes with two sister chromatids each. C) Four sister chromatids, each with its own centromere. D) Two sister chromatids with separate centromeres. E) Four chromosomes with two sister chromatids each.

B) Two chromosomes with two sister chromatids each.

A tetrad consists of A) Two homologous chromosomes each comprised of two Non sister chromatids. B) Two homologous chromosomes each comprised of two sister chromatids. C) Two homologous chromosomes consisting of a single DNA strand each. D) One duplicated chromosome consisting of two Non sister chromatids. E) One duplicated chromosome consisting of two sister chromatids.

B) Two homologous chromosomes each comprised of two sister chromatids.

Turner syndrome is associated with which of the following karyotypes? A) 47, XY, trisomy 21 B)47, XXX C) 45, XO D) 46, XY E) 47, XXY

C) 45, XO

Some species of pathogenic bacteria are able to attack specific cells in the human body due to structures called A) Bioremediaton factors. B) Conjugation pili. C) Adhesion factors. D) Cilia. E) Flagella.

C) Adhesion factors.

Alleles are A) Recessive genes. B) Sister chromatids. C) Alternate versions of the same gene. D) Dominant genes. E) Two versions of the same gene.

C) Alternate versions of the same gene.

Which variable(s) will determine the coat color of a Himalayan rabbit? A) Only genetics B) Only the environmental temperature C) Both genetics and environmental temperature D) Neither genetics or environmental temperature

C) Both genetics and environmental temperature

Which of the following enzyme is needed to reseal breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone during replication? A) RNA polymerase B) Helicase C) DNA ligase D) DNA polymerase E) RNA ligase

C) DNA ligase

Which of the following is mismatched? A) Allele that masks the expression of an alternate allele - dominant B) Physical expression of a trait - phenotype C) Identical alleles - heterozygous D) Allele whose expression can be masked by an alternate allele - recessive E) The specific alleles that an individual has - genotype

C) Identical alleles - heterozygous

RNA differs from DNA because RNA A) Is replicated along with DNA but does not require strand separation like DNA. B) Is never single-stranded, whereas DNA may or may not be. C) Is single-stranded, whereas DNA is double-stranded. D) Is double-stranded, whereas DNA is not. E) Can self-replicate, whereas DNA replication requires enzymes.

C) Is single-stranded, whereas DNA is double-stranded.

The _____of a virus is enclosed by a _____capsid. A) Protein; nucleic acid B) Nucleic acid; membrane C) Nucleic acid; protein D) Membrane; protein E) RNA; DNA

C) Nucleic acid; protein

Which of the following is a function only of mitosis? A) Creating genetic variability B) Producing gametes C) Organismal growth D) Reducing the chromosome number in gametes E) Keeping the chromosome number constant from one generation to the next

C) Organismal growth

What is the inheritance pattern of Duchenne muscular dystrophy? A) Polygenic inheritance B) Codominance C) Sex-linked recessive D) Sex-linked dominant E) Pleiotropic

C) Sex-linked recessive

One group of protozoans which are nonmotile, produce spores, and have disease-causing species is the A) Trypanosomes. B) Amoeboids. C) Sporozoans. D) Foraminiferans. E) Radiolarians.

C) Sporozoans.

What would you most likely call a long chain of bacterial cells that are spherical in shape? A) Streptobacillus B) Streptospirillum C) Streptococcus D) Diplococcus E) Staphylococcus

C) Streptococcus

Which statement about bacteria is incorrect? A) A bacterial cell has one chromosome. B) Bacterial cells reproduce by binary fission. C) Most bacteria are chemoheterotrophs. D) All bacteria are pathogenic to humans. E) Bacteria are prokaryotes.

D) All bacteria are pathogenic to humans.

The filled-in squares of a Punnett square represent A) The gametes from both parents. B) An exact ratio that must always occur when the same parents have four offspring. C) Examples of some of the offspring that can arise from a one-trait cross. D) All possible combinations of gametes based on a cross between the two parents. E) The gametes from one parent.

D) All possible combinations of gametes based on a cross between the two parents.

Which is the correct order of events in the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage? A) Attachment - integration - biosynthesis - maturation - release B) Attachment - biosynthesis - maturation - release C) Penetration - attachment - biosynthesis - release - maturation D) Attachment - penetration - biosynthesis - maturation - release E) Integration - penetration - biosynthesis - maturation - release

D) Attachment - penetration - biosynthesis - maturation - release

DNA replication is called semiconservative because A) The sequence of nucleotides in one strand is conserved, whereas the new DNA molecule consists of a unique sequence of nucleotides. B) No extra nucleotides are incorporated into the replicated DNA molecules. C) Both of the resulting DNA molecules are comprised of entirely new strands of nucleotides. D) Each resulting DNA molecules is comprised of one new DNA strand and one old strand. E) One of the resulting DNA molecules is comprised of entirely old DNA and one is comprised of entirely new DNA.

D) Each resulting DNA molecules is comprised of one new DNA strand and one old strand.

Which of the following is a true statement? A) All traits on the sex chromosomes are associated with sexual development. B) Males inherit two copies of the SRY gene. C) Men pass their X-linked traits to their sons. D) Females can be heterozygous for sex-linked traits. E) The X and Y chromosomes are homologous.

D) Females can be heterozygous for sex-linked traits.

An intervening sequence of DNA that is not expressed is called a(n) A) Exon. B) Repressor C) Gene D) Intron. E) Promoter.

D) Intron.

What is the inheritance pattern of hemophila? A) Codominance B) Pleiotropic C) Sex-linked dominant D) Sex-linked recessive E) Polygenic

D) Sex-linked recessive

Linked genes A) Never cross over during prophase I. B) Are found on homologous chromosomes. C) Always assort independently. D) Tend to be close together on the same chromosome. E) Undergo crossing-over of sister chromatids at a high rate.

D) Tend to be close together on the same chromosome.

Penicillin is an antibiotic drug that interferes with peptidoglycan synthesis in bacteria, eventually resulting in cell death. What effect would you predict if you applied penicillin to archaea? A) None of the choices are correct. B) The archaea would not be affected, since none of the archaea have cell walls. C) The archaea would die due to the weakening of their cell walls. D) The archaea would not be affected, since they do not contain peptidoglycan. E) The archaea would die due to their inability to synthesize protein for their cell walls.

D) The archaea would not be affected, since they do not contain peptidoglycan.

One of the main goals of meiosis is A) Create cells that are genetically identical to their parent cell. B) To create a fertilized egg that has half the genetic material of the parents. C) To reduce genetic diversity. D) To reduce the number of chromosomes by half in gametes. E) To prevent genetic disorders

D) To reduce the number of chromosomes by half in gametes.

The three steps that are required for DNA replication are A) Unwinding, transcription, and translation. B) Base doubling, unwinding, and joining. C) Unwinding, base doubling, and base pairing. D) Unwinding, complementary base pairing, and joining. E) Complementary base pairing, transcription, and translation.

D) Unwinding, complementary base pairing, and joining.

The first 22 pairs of chromosomes are called ________ while the 23rd pair are known as the __________ chromosomes, which code for gender. A) sex; autosomes B) homologous;autosomes C) diploid;haploid D) autosomes: sex E) autosomes;homologous

D) autosomes: sex

For the figure shown here, indicate the correct stage of meiosis and whether the cell is haploid (n) or diploid (2n). A) metaphase II, n B) metaphase II, 2n C) anaphase I, 2n D) metaphase I, 2n E) Metaphase I, n (Evenly split on two sides one red one blue on each side)

D) metaphase I, 2n

Retroviruses A) Contain DNA. B) Produce RNA from DNA. C) Produce protein directly from DNA. D) Only invade plants. E) Contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

E) Contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase.

One major difference between meiosis I and meiosis II is that A) The resulting cells at the end of meiosis I are diploid, while the cells at the end of meiosis II are haploid. B) In telophase of meiosis I, four gametes form from the parent cell, and in telophase of meiosis II, each parent cell gives rise to two identical daughter cells. C) Sister chromatids are separated during meiosis I, while homologous chromosomes are separated during meiosis II. D) In meiosis I there is no pairing of chromosomes while homologues pair in meiosis II. E) Crossing-over occurs in prophase of meiosis I but not in prophase of meiosis II.

E) Crossing-over occurs in prophase of meiosis I but not in prophase of meiosis II.

The term semiconservative refers specifically to A) RNA processing. B) Translation. C) Transformation. D) Transcription. E) DNA replication.

E) DNA replication.

Which of the following is an autosomal dominant disorder? A) Sickle-cell disease B) Alkaptonuria C) Methemoglobinemia D) Cystic fibrosis E) Huntington's disease

E) Huntington's disease

Which of the following is mismatched? A) Allele that masks expression of alternate allele - dominant B) The specific alleles that an individual has - genotype C) Physical expression of a trait - phenotype D) Allele whose expression can be masked by an alternate allele - recessive E) Identical alleles - heterozygous

E) Identical alleles - heterozygous

Which of the following only occurs once during meiosis? A) Cytokinesis B) Spindle formation C) Separation of genetic material D) Alignment of chromosomes at the spindle equator E) Pairing of homologous chromosomes

E) Pairing of homologous chromosomes

Skin color is coded for by several different genes which results in a range of skin colors from very dark to very light. This is an example of A) Codominance. B) Incomplete dominance. C) A multifactorialtrait. D) Pleiotropy. E) Polygenicinheritance.

E) Polygenicinheritance.

In a one-trait testcross, a homozygous dominant individual is crossed with a homozygous recessive individual. Which phenotype will be absent in the F 1 generation? A) Heterozygote. B) Negative trait. C) Dominant trait. D) Homozygote. E) Recessive trait.

E) Recessive trait.

Which genetic disorder is associated with an irregular shape of the red blood cells? A) Huntington disease B) Marfan syndrome C) Phenylketonuria (PKU) D) Cystic fibrosis (CF) E) Sickle-cell disease

E) Sickle-cell disease

Which of the following contains the anticodon? A) rRNA B) Protein C) DNA D) mRNA E) tRNA

E) tRNA