Bio II Exam 2 study questions

Which statement describes a temperate virus?

A temperate virus does not always destroy its host.

Which statement describes a virulent phage?

A virulent phage destroys bacteria.

Plasmids of bacteria often have genes involved in:

antibiotic resistance

Animals with chemical defenses are also typically:

aposematic

An example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and the:

arm of a human

At what stage of a lytic infection are phage components put together to make new viruses?

assembly

Which step of the nitrogen cycle is not performed by most bacteria?

assimilation

Before an animal cell's membrane fuses with a virus, the virus must first:

attach to a specific receptor on the plasma membrane of the host cell.

What is the purpose of phage therapy?

To target specific bacteria in the body and destroy them

What is the purpose of sex pili?

To transmit DNA between bacteria

Prokaryotes divide using a process called________.

binary fission

A bacterium that uses the oxidation of inorganic compounds to provide energy for manufacturing nutritious organic compounds is a:

chemoautotroph

At what stage of the lysogenic cycle would a prophage appear?

integration

In Experimental Condition 2 of the accompanying figure, the distribution of Chthamalus suggests that:

interspecific competition kept Chthamalus from extending lower into the intertidal area.

GPP, or Gross Primary Productivity

is the total energy captured from the sun through photosynthesis

Scientists may compare similarities between nucleotide sequences of organisms to determine their evolutionary history. This is known as:

molecular systematics

A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called:

monophyletic

In a parasitic relationship where the host contracts a disease and sometimes dies, the parasite is called a(n):

pathogen

The effect of DDT on birds is a result of which three characteristics of DDT?

persistence, bioaccumulation, and biological magnification

Which pair best represents photosynthetic organisms?

primary producer and autotroph

The accompanying figure represents a

pyramid of biomass

What key factor limits the number of trophic levels in an ecosystem?

energy loss

Transformation, conjugation, and transduction are forms of vertical gene transfer for prokaryotes.

false

Small hairlike structures made up of protein on the surface of bacteria are called:

fimbriae

A linear depiction of energy flow in an ecosystem is a(n)

food chain

Which of the following taxa would be the least inclusive?

genus

Viroids cause a variety of plant diseases and are composed only of:

strands of RNA.

What is a chain of round bacteria called?

streptococci

Which trophic level would contain the lowest quantity of energy (kcal per m2)?

tertiary consumers

classification

the arrangement of organisms into groups based on similarities that show evolutionary relationships

phylogeny

the evolution of a group of organisms from a common ancestor

Habitat is best described as:

the local environment in which a species lives

Suppose a bacterium needs glucose to reproduce. Glucose is defined as the bacterium's:

resource

Which of the following are RNA viruses that have a DNA polymerase?

retroviruses

What are subviral agents that depend on co-infection of a host cell with a helper virus?

satellites

The novel traits that evolve and remain present in a descendant organism are referred to as ___________________.

shared derived characters

In accordance with the species richness hypothesis, the critical importance of any one species is expected to be the least in which of the following habitats?

tropical rain forest

Which habitat would most likely have the greatest species richness?

tropical rain forest

SARS-CoV-2, the strain of coronavirus that causes the COVID-19 disease is an enveloped virus.

true

An example of homoplastic structures is the wing of a butterfly and:

wing of a bird

The genome of most plant viruses consists of what kind of RNA?

ssRNA

Four of the five statements listed below apply to the types of ecological pyramids. Which one is TRUE?

A pyramid of energy shows that energy decreases as one goes toward the apex of the pyramid.

A frog that lacks chemical defenses, yet resembles a poison arrow frog, would exhibit:

Batesian mimicry

How are viruses classified by the ICTV?

By their host range and other characteristics

Which statement about an F factor is FALSE?

It is found in recipient cells, not donor cells.

What is a prophage?

It is phage DNA that is integrated into bacterial DNA.

Why is penicillin ineffective against gram-negative bacteria?

Penicillin cannot reach the thin peptidoglycan layer easily because it is protected by the bacteria's outer membrane.

Which are the three main roles played by organisms in community life?

Producer, consumer, decomposer

_______________ are those that have been almost eradicated and then suddenly recur, causing an epidemic.

Re-emerging viruses

If you were to study all of the insect-eating birds in a forest, you would see that many birds eat insects, yet you may not see any evidence of competition. What is the most probable explanation?

The birds are exhibiting resource partitioning.

cladogram

a group of organisms with a common ancestor

Most bacterial cells can keep from bursting in a hypotonic environment because of:

a rigid cell wall

The most significant difference between archaea and bacteria is the:

absence of peptidoglycans in the cell walls of archaea

Which of the following are rod-shaped bacteria?

bacilli

What is the protein coat of a virus called?

capsid

Which of the following processes restores nitrogen to the air?

denitrification

An organism's role within the structure and function of a particular community is its:

ecological niche

A characteristic that is independently acquired by reversal or convergent evolution exhibits homology.

false

A paraphyletic group consists of several evolutionary lines that do not share a common ancestor.

false

Bacteria protect themselves from bacteriophage infections by producing restriction enzymes that cut up foreign RNA of the phage.

false

Suppose it is ideal for a fish to live in fast-moving water, but the fish can also survive in slow-moving water. Fast-moving water is best described as the fishes':

fundamental niche

Mycorrhizae are associations between:

fungi and plant roots

another name for horizontal gene transfer is

lateral gene transfer

An example of both chemical protection and coevolution can be seen in:

milkweeds and monarch caterpillars

Bacteria are most essential in the cycling of

nitrogen

When the structural complexity of the vegetation is more complex, what can generally be said of the species richness?

species richness increases

Although bacteria lack membrane-bound organelles, such as chloroplasts and mitochondria, they can still perform the functions of these organelles by localizing certain metabolic enzymes on:

the plasma membrane

Taxonomy

the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms

systematics

the science study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a host's immune system by means of:

their capsule or slime layer

Which statement about viruses is FALSE?

viruses can manufacture proteins

Based on the accompanying table, which of the following characteristics are used to establish the family level of classification for corn? Plantae- Terrestrial, multicellular, photosynthetic organisms Anthophyta- Vascular plants with flowers, fruits, and seeds Monocotyledones- Monocots. Flowering plants with one seed leaf (cotyledon) and flower parts in threes Commelinales- Monocots with reduced flower parts, elongated leaves, and dry one-seeded fruits Poaceae- Grasses with hollow stems; fruit, a grain; and abundant endosperm in seed Zea- Tall annual grass with separate female and male flowers mays- Only one species in genus—corn

a grass with hollow stems

Which structure acts like a motor for the bacterial flagellum?

basal body

To date, humans have interfered with all of the biogeochemical cycles on Earth, but this interference has been of the greatest magnitude, in terms of human-induced changes in climate, in the

carbon cycle

A primary source of carbon for photosynthetic organisms is

carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and water

Which of the following taxa would be the most inclusive?

class

___________ are organisms that have nuclei and other membrane-enclosed organelles.

eukarya

Bacteriophages attach to the cell walls of bacteria by envelope proteins.

false

Gram-negative bacteria contain thick Peptidoglycan consisting of sugars crosslinked with proteins.

false

Gram-negative bacteria retain crystal violet stain.

false

In vertical gene transfer, genes move from one species to another species in the same generation.

false

The nucleic acid core of the virus is not surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid.

false

Bacterial conjugation is related to____________.

horizontal gene transfer

The main steps of the nitrogen cycle are

nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification.

Bacterial plasmids often have genes that code for genetic exchange or antibiotic resistance.

true

Dolphins share synapomorphies with mammals.

true

Lytic reproductive cycles destroy host cells.

true