Bio

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(The question is on the other side) Flagella

"Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients are highly susceptible to chronic lung infections by the environmental bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The overproduction and accumulation of [...] viscous respiratory mucus and excessive inflammation represents a defining feature of CF and constitutes the major environment encountered by P. aeruginosa during chronic infections. [...] [Growing P. aeruginosa on medium containing mucus collected from CF patients resulted in] repression of fliC, which encodes flagellin. [...] The shut-off of flagellin synthesis in response to CF airway liquids was rapid [...]. As flagellin is highly immunogenic and subject to detection by host pattern recognition receptors, its repression may represent an adaptive response that allows P. aeruginosa to avoid detection by host defense mechanisms and phagocytosis during the chronic phase of CF lung infections." (Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Apr 27; 101(17): 6664-6668). What are the structures on the P. aeruginosa cells that the little arrows in Figure A point to and are missing from the cells shown in Figure B? A. cell membranes B. RNA encoding flagellin C. Flagella D. DNA E. congjugation pili.

Which of the following statements represents a scientific point of view? A. "In truth at first Chaos came to be, but next wide-bosomed Earth, the ever-sure foundation of all the deathless ones who hold the peaks of snowy Olympus, and dim Tartarus in the depth of the wide-pathed Earth, and Eros, fairest among the deathless gods, who unnerves the limbs and overcomes the mind and wise counsels of all gods and all men within them. From Chaos came forth Erebus and black Night; but of Night were born Aether and Day". B. "In 1859, a sincere biologist returned from the Galapagos Islands and wrote a book entitled ``The Origins of Species,'' in which Charles Darwin offered a theory [...], which we have come to know as evolution. Charles Darwin never thought of evolution as anything other than a theory. [...] The truth is, it always was a theory, Mr. Speaker. And now that we have recognized evolution as a theory, I would simply and humbly ask, can we teach it as such and can we also consider teaching other theories of the origin of species? Like the theory that [...] God created man in his own imagine [sic]" C. "If an infection needs to be controlled with antibiotics, a short-term, high-dosage prescription is preferable. This is because you want to kill all of the illness-causing bacteria, leaving no bacterial survivors. Any bacteria that survive a mild dose are likely to be somewhat resistant. Basically, if you are going to introduce a selective pressure (antibiotics), make it so strong that you cause the extinction of the illness-causing bacteria in the host and not their evolution into resistant forms". D. "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good: and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night".

"If an infection needs to be controlled with antibiotics, a short-term, high-dosage prescription is preferable. This is because you want to kill all of the illness-causing bacteria, leaving no bacterial survivors. Any bacteria that survive a mild dose are likely to be somewhat resistant. Basically, if you are going to introduce a selective pressure (antibiotics), make it so strong that you cause the extinction of the illness-causing bacteria in the host and not their evolution into resistant forms".

Which of the following is responsible for making every amino acid unique? A. Amino group B. Hydrogen C. Carboxyl group D. "R" group E. Carbon

"R" group

Myoglobin is the O2 carrier protein in muscles. It consists of 153 amino acid residues. If myoglobin were to consist of a single alpha helix how long would it have been? Translation per residue = 1.5Å Residues per turn = 3.6 A. (153-1) X 3.6 Å = 547 Å B. (153-1)/3.6 Å = 42 Å C. (153-1) X 1.5 Å = 228 Å D. (153-1)/1.5 Å = 101 Å

(153-1) X 1.5 Å = 228 Å

What percentage of the water molecules undergo ionization in pure water (pH = 7.0)? H2O ⇌ H+ + OH- Hints you will need to think/calculate How many moles of protons per liter are there at pH 7.0? How many moles of water molecules per liter had to break into protons and hydroxide ions at that pH? How many moles of water are there in one liter of water (answer to the previous question!) With figuring out the last two points you should be able to calculate the percentage of moles per liter of water that broke down into protons and hydroxide ions at pH 7 out of the total moles per liter of water. A. 0.0002% (2x10-4%) B. 2% C. 0.0000002% (2x10-7%) D. 0.2% (2x10-1%)

0.0000002% (2x10-7%)

If the pH of a solution is 4.00, then the concentration of protons (H+) is ________M. Give your answer in M (molar). Don't write the unit. Round to the nearest 4th decimal.

0.0001

1. Which of the following structures in the chloroplast are where the Light-Dependent Reactions take place? 2. Where does the light-independent reaction (aka the Calvin Cycle) take place in the plant cell? A. 1. The stroma of the chloroplast 2. The thylakoid membrane B. 1. Mitochondria 2. Matrix C. 1. Thylakoid membrane. 2. lysosome D. 1. The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast 2. The stroma of the chloroplast

1. The thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast 2. The stroma of the chloroplast

Cola has a pH of 3; car battery acid has a pH of about 1. The hydrogen ion concentration of cola is _______ than the hydrogen ion concentration of car battery acid. A. 2 times greater B. 2 times smaller C. 200 times greater D. 200 times smaller E. 100 times greater F. 100 times smaller

100 times smaller

In terms of proton concentrations of Flint water, the actual pH (6.5) was ___________ than the desired pH (9.5) A. 3 times lower B. 1000 times lower C. 1.46 times lower D. 1000 times higher E. 3 times higher F. 1.46 times higher

1000 times higher

The atomic mass of carbon is 12.01. What is the relative abundance of each of the two most common isotopes of carbon 12C and 13C? Hint 1: The atomic mass is a weighted average of the mass numbers of the two isotopes. Hint 2: If 12C constitutes X% of all nitrogen on Earth, then 13C constitutes (100-X)% A. 12C: 12/13 = 92%, 13C: 100-92=8% B. 12C: 12/(12+13) = 48%, 13C: 100-48=52% C. 12C: 1%, 13C: 99 D. 12C: 12%, 13C:13% E.12C: 99%, 13C: 1%

12C: 99%, 13C: 1%

In one Hershey-Chase experiment, bacteriophage nucleic acids were labeled by carrying out an infection of E. coli cells growing in medium containing ___________. A. 14C-labeled CO2. B. 3H-labeled water. C. 32P-labeled phosphate. D. 35S-labeled sulfate. E. 18O-labeled water.

14C-labeled CO2.

Which of the following pairs has similar chemical properties? A. 14N and 15N B. 1H and 3Li C. 7N and 15P D. 16O and 16S E. 3H and 3He

14N and 15N

FILL IN THE BLANK Meselson and Stahl grew bacteria in the presence of _________ , or heavy nitrogen. They rapidly replaced the original medium with medium containing __________ , or light nitrogen and continued to incubate the culture under growth conditions. DNA was extracted at various time intervals during the growth of the bacteria, representing different stages of replication (generations). They examined the DNA using density-gradient equilibrium sedimentation and observed that at the beginning of the incubation all the DNA was of ________ density, however after enough time to allow one cell division (1st generation) no ______ -density DNA was present; instead, the DNA's density was _______ . After the second generation, there were equal amounts of _______ -density and ______ -density DNA. This confirmed that DNA replication is ____________ HINT: Use terms from the following list. Not all terms are used and some are used more than once: 12C 14C conservative dispersive high intermediate low 14N 15N semiconservative

15N 14N high high intermediate intermediate low semiconservative

Imagine that a novel life-form is found deep within Earth's crust. The organism has a DNA genome, RNA and proteins, however, it is found that its codons consist of just two bases. How many different amino acids could be encoded by this organism's genetic code? A. 4 B. 16 C. 64 D. 8 E. 32

Laguna Caliente is home for a single species of bacteria belonging to the genus Acidiphilium, a group of bacteria that thrive in acidic hydrothermal regions on Earth often surviving in water whose pH levels are between 1.5 to 5.5. The new Costa-Rican species is even more resilient. Reaction of volcanic gases with the water of Laguna Caliente has lowered its pH to a range from -1 to 1.5, or stronger than battery acid averaging 0.29, The internal pH of the bacterium is kept constant at a "normal" value of about 7.5, a remarkable feat of homeostasis.What is the difference in the proton concentration inside and outside the bacteria (use the average pH of for the outside)? Round to the nearest 1000 . FIG. 1.(left) Location map of central Costa Rica and Poa ́s volcano. (right) Google Earth image of Laguna Caliente and surrounding features of interest. Note the lack of vegetation to the west of the crater due to volcanic emissions and dominant easterly winds. FIG. 2.The active Poa ́s crater and Laguna Caliente. Arrow represents the biological sampling site

16,218,000

As its discoverer, you have the privilege of naming the organism and you decided to name it after yourself: Snapchatus yourselfie. Among its many peculiarities, S. yourselfie has a smaller repertoire of amino acid. In fact it has only one amino acid with a negatively charged side chain and only one amino acid a positively charged amino acid. All the other amino acids of the organism conform to the norm. How many amino acids are there in the basic set of S. yourselfie? A. 18 B. 17 C. 15 D. 16

Does it take more energy to evict an electron from the 1st or 2nd shell? A. 1st more than 2nd B. 1st less than 2nd C. Exactly the same

1st more than 2nd

How many photons does it take to fully reduce one molecule of NADP+ to NADPH? A. 3 B. 2 C. 4 D. 1 E. 8

What is the correct way to calculate the molecular mass (weight) of water? A. 2 x (atomic numer of H) + 2 x (atomic number of O) = 2 x 1 + 2 x 8 = 18.0 g/mol B. 2 x (atomic mass of H) + 2 x (atomic mass of O) = 2 x 1.0079 + 2 x 15.999 ≈ 34.0 g/mol C. 2 x (atomic mass of H) + (atomic mass of O) = 2 x 1.0079 + 15.999 ≈ 18.0 g/mol D. 2 x (atomic numer of H) + (atomic number of O) = 2 x 1 + 8 = 10.0 g/mol

2 x (atomic mass of H) + (atomic mass of O) = 2 x 1.0079 + 15.999 ≈ 18.0 g/mol

How many different 4-mer peptides are there? A. 4 X 20 = 16 B. 20 X 19 X 18 X 17 = 20!/(20-4) = 116,280 = 1.2 X 10^5 C. 20 X 20 X 20 X 20 = 20^4 = 160,000 = 1.60 X 10^5 D. 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 X 4 = 4^20 = 1,099,511,627,776 = 1.1 X 10^12

20 X 20 X 20 X 20 = 20^4 = 160,000 = 1.60 X 10^5

What advantage might biofilm production confer on the S. aureus inside the catheter? A. The biofilm allows for protected bacterial growth. B. The biofilm will allow ease of passage of immune cells and antibiotics into the biofilm. C. The biofilm allows for communication/signaling among bacterial species. D. The biofilm will provide protection from an immune response by the host. E. All of these responses are correct. F. 3 of these responses are correct.

3 of these responses are correct.

What is the potential number of different polypeptides with 5 residues (using any of the 20 universal amino acids)?Give your answer in standard notation (i.e. not in scientific notation) without commas. For example 1000 and not 10E3.

3,200,000

Each membrane-spanning alpha helix of Rhodopsin consists of about 25 amino acid residues. Based on what you know about the geometry of the alpha helix, what is the average width ("W" in the picture below) of the membrane in which the protein is embedded? (remember, an alpha helix has a translation of 1.5 Å between one residue and the next residue and 3.6 residues per turn). (IMAGE ON OTHER SIDE) A. 3.75 nm B. 135 nm C. 13.50 nm D. 37.50 nm E. 1.04 nm

3.75 nm

Approximately when did anaerobic metabolism evolve in living organisms? A. 1 billion years ago B. 500,000 million years ago C. 1.2 billion years ago D. 3.8 billion years ago

3.8 billion years ago

Approximately when did anaerobic metabolism evolve in living organisms? A. 1 billion years ago B. 500,000 million years ago C. 1.2 billion years ago D. 3.8 billion years ago

3.8 billion years ago

The adenine content in the DNA of Examus secundum, the bacterium which is the leading cause of mid-term exema among students and their professors, is 16.0 percent. What is the cytosine content in the DNA of E. secundum? Give your answer in percent (no units please) rounded to the first decimal point.

DNA from Streptococcus bacteria contain 15% T, What is the percent of G nucleotides in the DNA of this species?. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20 E. 25 F. 30 G. 35 H. 40 I. 45

A DNA-like molecule is collected from the upper atmosphere of Venus. The molecule is a double stranded polymer whose monomeric subunits are composed of glycerol, phosphate and nitrogenous bases, of which four kinds were found. The bases in this "glyceronucleic acid" are symbolized as W, X, Y, and Z. The monomers are linked through phospodiester bonds and the bases form hydrogen bonds between the strands according to the following rules; For every W, there are twice as many Xs; for every Y, there are twice as many Zs. If the molecule contains 15% Ws, what do you expect is the percentage of Zs? A. 6.7 B. 10 C. 13.3 D. 15 E. 18.3 F. 20 G. 23.3 H. 26.7 I. 30 J. 36.7 K. 40 L. 46.7 M. 80

36.7

A sample of rainwater collected in 1988 in the Adirondack Mountains had an H+ concentration of 10-4 mol/L. The pH of this sample was____________. A. 4 B. 0.0001. C. -4 D. 0 E. 10,000

How many electrons are being shared during the formation of a double covalent bond? A. It depends on the valence electron shell. 1 electron is shared by atoms having electron shell 1 as their valence shell, 2 electrons shared by by atoms having electron shell 2 as their valence shell, 3 for valence shell 3, etc. B. 4 C. 2 or 4, depending on the molecular orbital (1 for S orbitals, 2 for P orbitals). D. 2

Which of the proline's is the alpha carbon? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

How many chiral centers does glucose have in its ring (closed cyclic) form? A. 6 B. 3 C. 5 D. 1 E. 2 F. 4 G. 0 (no chiral centers)

At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork: 3' G G A T C C T G T C T G C C 5'An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the following represents the primer sequence? A. 5' A G G A U C C 3' B. 5' U G U C U G C C 3' C. 3' G G A U C C U 5' D. 5' A C A G A C G G 3' E. 5' U C C U A G G 3'

5' A C A G A C G G 3'

The nascent (newly made) mRNA molecule is synthesized _______ based on a _______ DNA template strand. A. 5´ to 5´; 3´ to 3´ B. 3´ to 5´; 3´ to 5´ C. 3´ to 5´; 5´ to 3´ D. 5´ to 3´; 3´ to 5´ E. 5´ to 3´; 5´ to 3´

5´ to 3´; 3´ to 5´

Messenger NA is synthesized in the _______ direction, which corresponds to the _______ of the protein. A. Examples of all of the above have been found. B. 3´ to 5´; N terminus to C terminus C. 5´ to 3´; C terminus to N terminus D. 3´ to 5´; C terminus to N terminus E. 5´ to 3´; N terminus to C terminus

5´ to 3´; N terminus to C terminus

A template DNA strand has the following base sequence:3´-GTC- CCA-5´.What would be the corresponding mRNA sequence? A. 5´-GUC-CCA-5´ B. 3´-CAG-GGU-5´ C. 5´-CAG-GGU-3´ D. 3´-GUC-CCA-5´ E. 5´-CAG-GGT-3´

5´-CAG-GGU-3´

An mRNA has the sequence 5´-AUGAAAUCCUAG-3´. What will be the corresponding sequence of the template DNA strand? A. 5´-GATCCTAAAGTA-3´ B. 5´-TACAAATCCTAG-3´ C. 5´-CTAGGATTTCAT-3´ D. 5´-TACTTTAGGATC-3´ E. 5´-ATGAAATCCTAG-3´

5´-CTAGGATTTCAT-3´

Theoretically speaking, what is the potential number of different polypeptides with 8 residues that S. yourselfie can make? Do not use scientific notation (as much as it would have made sense!)

6,975,757,441

A buffered solution (or simply a "buffer") is a solution that maintains a relatively constant pH even when of strong acids or bases are mixed into the solution. Such a buffer often contains a mixture of weak acid (the protonated form of the acid, AH) and its conjugated base (the deprotonated form A-). The buffer's pH is determined by the ratio of the concentrations of the deprotonated form to the protonated forms (or [A-] / 0) according to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, calculate the pH of an carbonic acid/bicarbonate (H2CO3/HCO3-) buffer solution made from 0.498 M H2CO3 and [A] M HCO3- . Carbonic acid's pKa= 6.4. Round your answer to one decimal place. H2CO3 ⇌ HCO3- + H+

6.6

The sequence of one of the strands of double-stranded DNA fragment is 5´ - GTT AAC TGT GAC TGA TTA GAA TGA - 3´ What is the melting temperature of this dsDNA fragment? Use the simple equation given in class (look for it in the PPT). Tm = _____ degrees Celsius

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

Hint: use image (IMAGE ON THE OTHER SIDE) How many times does rhodopsin cross the membrane? A. 4 B. 3 C. 1 D. 7

The most common isotope of nitrogen (14N) has an atomic number of 7, and a mass number of 14. How many neutrons does nitrogen have? A. 21 B. 14 C. 8 D. 7 E. 6

What is the total number of electrons that can occupy the third shell? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 8 E. 9 F. 18

Do cells require energy?

A LOT OF ENERGY

If solution A has a pH of 2 and solution B has a pH of 8, which of the following statements is true? A. A is basic and B is acidic. B. A is acidic and B is basic. C. A has a greater concentration of hydroxide ions [OH-] than B. D. A is a base and B is an acid.

A is acidic and B is basic.

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryotic cell? A. A plasma membrane B. Ribosomes C. Enzymes D. A nucleolus E. A nucleoid

A nucleolus

What is the function of a phosphatase? A. A phosphatase removes the phosphate group from phosphorylated amino acid residues in a protein. B. A phosphatase removes phosphorylated amino acids from proteins. C. A phosphatase phosphorylates serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. D. A phosphatase degrades second messengers in the cell.

A phosphatase removes the phosphate group from phosphorylated amino acid residues in a protein.

Three of the same species of plant are each grown under a different colored light for the same amount of time. Plant A is grown under blue light, Plant B is grown under green light, and Plant C is grown under orange light. Assuming the plants use only chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b for photosynthesis, what would be the predicted order of the plants from most growth to least growth? A. C, A, B B. Not enough information to answer the question. C. B, A, C D. A, B, C E. A, C, B

A, C, B

You are trying to find a maximum source of energy for an organism. Which of the following compounds would you choose? A. glucose B. oxygen C. ATP D. pyruvate E. NADH

A. glucose

The complete genome of a SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, from a specimen collected in Arizona over the summer (Genebank accession number: MT772432.1) contains 29782 bases. More specifically the sequence contains 8893 As, 5465 Cs, 5849 Gs and 9575 Us. The sequence is absolutely accurate. Please calculate the percentage (rounded to nearest percent) of each of the bases and fill in the appropriate blanks: A: ______% C: _______% G: _______% T: ________% U: _________%

A: 30 C: 18 G: 20 T: 0 U: 32

Which of the following represents a bona-fide Watson-Crick base pair? A. G=T B. A=T C. T=T D. C=T

A=T

Using the table of the genetic code, determine which of the following DNA sequences has/have the potential to encode the following peptide sequence from the middle of a larger protein: Val-Leu-Leu-Gln-Asp. (more than one correct answer possible) Note 1: The genetic code table below is designed for mRNA but can be easily adapted looking at DNA sequences). Note 2: The DNA sequences below represent the sense strands, however they can either shown as 5' to 3' or 3' to 5'. Note 3: Any of the three reading frames can be used. (TABLE ON OTHER SIDE) A.GTACTCCTTGAAGAT B. AGTATTGTTGCAGGATT C. ATAGTTCTTTTACAGGA D. TAGTTCTTTTACAGGAC E. GTGCTCTTGCAAGACA

AGTATTGTTGCAGGATT AND TAGTTCTTTTACAGGAC AND GTGCTCTTGCAAGACA

what is the energy currency of the cell?

ATP

Predict the end result if a chloroplast's light-independent enzymes developed a mutation that prevented them from activating in response to light. A. Water accumulation B. Carbon dioxide depletion C. G3P accumulation D. ATP and NADPH accumulation

ATP and NADPH accumulation

Which of the following structures is not a component of a photosystem? A. primary electron acceptor B. ATP synthase C. antenna molecule D. reaction center

ATP synthase

The light independent reactions take in _______ and ___________ from the light dependent reactions and also _________ to make carbohydrates. A. ATP, O2, CO2 B. CO2, NADPH, ATP C. ATP, NADPH, CO2 D. ATP, NADH, CO2

ATP, NADPH, CO2

The release of energy from _____ frequently involves the _______ of _______ into ______ and ______. A. carbohydrates, hydrolysis, ATP, NADH, pyruvate B. ATP, hydrolysis, GTP, GDP, Pi C. ATP, hydrolysis, ATP, ADP, Pi D. carbohydrates, hydrolysis, ATP, ADP, Pi E. ATP, hydrolysis, GTP, ADP, Pi

ATP, hydrolysis, ATP, ADP, Pi

Correctly match the following terms with their definition. The range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation absorbed by a given substance. A. RuBisCO B. Carbon fixation C. chlorophyll D. Light independent reaction E. Absorption spectrum F. photosystem G. Light-dependent reaction H. chloroplast

Absorption spectrum

The TCA cycle takes in _______ and mainly produces _______ and __________ to be used in the next step of cellular respiration. A. Acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH2 B. Acetyl-CoA, NADH, H+ C. pyruvate, NADPH, FADH2 D. Acetyl-CoA, NADPH, FADH2 E. pyruvate, NADH, FADH2

Acetyl-CoA, NADH, FADH2

Which of the following stages of glycolysis are control points for cellular respiration? (IMAGE ON THE OTHER SIDE) A. Hexokinase, the first enzyme in the pathway. B. Phosphfructokinase, the third enzyme in the pathway. C. Pyruvate kinase, the last enzyme in the pathwa D. All of the above

All of the above

A scientist notices that a cancer cell line fails to die whenhe adds an inducer of apoptosis to his culture of cells.Which hypothesis could explain why the cells fail to die? A. All of the above. B. The cells overexpress a growth factor pathway that inhibits apoptosis. C. The cells overexpress a growth factor pathway that inhibits apoptosis. D. The cells have lost expression of the receptor for the apoptosis-inducing ligand.

All of the above.

When we say that the cell is the fundamental unit of life, we mean that: A. All of the answer options are correct. B. Even single cells can carry out all life processes C. The smallest entity that can be considered living is a cell D. Life as we know it doesn't exist in the absence of cells E. All living things are made up of one or more cells

All of the answer options are correct.

Genes code for ____________. A. enzymes. B. None of the other answers C. RNA. D. All of the other responses (except the one starting with "None...") E. polypeptides.

All of the other responses (except the one starting with "None...")

Apoptosis can occur in a cell when the cell is ________________. A. no longer needed B. Only two of these are possibilities for apoptosis. C. infected by a virus D. All of these are possibilities for apoptosis. E. severely damaged

All of these are possibilities for apoptosis.

A cell ______ . A. can always survive and reproduce by itself. B. is either one of many cells that make up a multicellular ogranism or an entire unicellular organisms. We find no examples among currently existing species that can alternate between unicellularity and multicellularity. C. of a multicellular organism may look like the cell of a unicellular organism, but this similarity is only superficial. The cellular functions of the former are entirely different from those of the latter. D. needs to be a part of a larger organism in order to reproduce E. All the other statements are false.

All the other statements are false.

(The question is on the other side) ~ 50 molecules.

An archeologist friend of yours who is currently digging in an ancient Mesopotamian burial site finds remains of a body of a king whom she suspect to have died of leprosy. She is trying to interest you in helping her to prove this, and you decide to see if you could detect DNA of the causal agent of leprosy, Mycobacterium leprae in total DNA samples extracted from the mummified tissue samples that you then amplify by PCR. PCR allows exponential amplification of the amount of DNA, doubling the number of DNA molecules every cycle (1 molecule, 2 molecules, 4, 8, 16, ... 2n). Following its electrophoresis in an agarose gel, the amplified DNA can be visualized following its staining with ethidium bromide or cybergreen (two types of DNA-specific dyes). The sensitivity of the method is such that you should be able to see about 6*1010 molecules of your DNA fragment which is about a 1000 base-pair long. How many copies of the DNA were there in the original sample if you needed 30 PCR cycles to be able to see the fragment in a gel? Detection of amplified Mycobacterium leprae DNA by gel electrophoresis. DNA samples are loaded on the top of the gel, electric force is applied and DNA fragments migrate in velocity which is inversly related to the length of the fragment (short fragments migrate faster). Lane 1: DNA length standards (length in base-pairs [bp] shown on the left). Lane 2-10, PCR products after 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36 cylces, respectively. Faint DNA band is observed on lane 4, corresponding to 30 cycles. A. ~ 5,000 molecules. B. ~ 50,000 molecules C. ~ 50 molecules. D. ~ 5 molecules. E. ~ 500 molecules.

What is the difference between an atom and an element? A. An atom is made of protons, electrons, and sometimes neutrons; an element is a substance composed of only one kind of atom. B. An element is made of protons, electrons, and sometimes neutrons; an atom is a substance composed of only one kind of element. C. An atom contains protons and electrons, whereas an element contains protons, electrons, and neutrons. D. An atom does not contain electrons, whereas an element does.

An atom is made of protons, electrons, and sometimes neutrons; an element is a substance composed of only one kind of atom.

Molar Concentration: Often we are not interested in just the amount of a substance, but in its "concentration", which is the amount of the substance per unit of volume. For example, the recipe I use for preparing pickles describes making a brine solution using 1 spoon of salt per 1 cup of water. But in science, we need to be a bit more precise and we often refer to the "molar concentration" of a substance: the number of moles of the compound per volume. We can then define a 1 molar (1 M) solution is one mole of a compound dissolved in water to make one liter (1 M = 1 mol/L). What is the molar concentration of water? This may sound like a weird question, since molarity and concentrations seems to be referring to solutes in respect to volume of solvent, and water is the solvent and not the solute! But if you stop to think about it for a second, molarity as simply defined above means "the number of moles per liter of water". So the question "what is the molar concentration of water" now becomes - how many moles of water are there in one liter of water - a perfectly legitimate question. Some hints that may help you are: You will need to know how many milliliters (mL) there are in one liter (1 L). The density of water is one gram per one milliliter (or 1 g/mL) You will also need to know the molecular mass of water, which you found out in the previous question. Express your answer in M (molar) rounded to first decimal place. Do not write the units.

Any answer between 54.6 and 56.6 depending on rounding

A "googol" is the term given to the number 10100 (that is, the number 1 followed by 100 zeros). Given a double-stranded DNA molecule of length n base pairs, how big does n have to be to yield more than a googol of possible sequences?

Any number between 165 and 169

In class we discussed the relationship between the melting temperature and the relative GC content of the DNA molecule. The rule of thumb equation is Tm = 2(A+T) + 4(G+C). This very simple equation is only an approximation that holds for relatively short DNA molecules. Under a standard set of laboratory conditions, the melting temperature of double-stranded DNA molecules is given in degrees Celsius by Tm = 63.9 + (0.41 × %GC) - (500/Length) where "%GC" is the percent of the G and C nucleotides in the sequence*, and "Length" is the number of base-pairs (bp) in the DNA fragment. DNA of the most virulent malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, has an AT content of 80%. Genomic DNA was broken into 500 bp-fragments. What is the predicted average Tm of these 500 base pair fragments? Round to the first decimal. *Expressed as percentage points rather than as a decimal fraction - for example if the percentage is 70% use 70 rather than 0.7 or 70%.

Any number between 67.5 and 74.7

Cells of which of the following domains generally contain no membrane-limited organells? A. Eukarya and Archaea B. Bacteria C. Eukarya, Bacteria and Archaea D. Archaea and Bacteria E. Bacteria and Eukarya F. Eukarya

Archaea and Bacteria

As a sample of DNA is heated, it is said to "melt". What is occurring? A. As hydrogen bonds are broken, the two strands separate. B. The DNA is converted from a solid to a liquid state. C. The large polymeric DNA is broken down into smaller pieces as the backbone is partially hydrolyzed. D. The phosphodeoxyribose backbone of the DNA is replaced by unsaturated phospholipids.

As hydrogen bonds are broken, the two strands separate.

( The question is on the other side) At pH 7

At which pH do you expect the majority of the molecules of the compound discussed in these last few questions to have a net charge of 0? A. At pH 7. B. At pH 2. C. At pH 11. D. At any given pH, either the carboxylic or the amino groups are charged. Therefore the net charge is never zero. E. As shown in the figure, at any given pH, the net charge is always zero (the negative and positive charges cancel each other out).

How do cells keep cytoplasmic glucose concentration low? A. they don't. all glucose transporters can act against the concentration gradient B. store glucose by polymerizing it into glycogen or starch C. Channel it quickly into metabolic pathways . D. A and B E. B and C F. A, B and C

B and C

What wavelength range of electromagnetic radiation can plants utilize to perform photosynthesis? A. Only very long wavelengths (with high energy) - greater than one meter. B. Between 400 and 700 nm C. Only very short wavelength energy such as x-rays (high energy) D. Greater than 700 nm but less than 1100 nm

Between 400 and 700 nm

An allosteric inhibitor does which of the following? A. Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate. B. Binds to the active site and blocks it from binding substrate. C. Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, increasing its affinity for substrate binding. D. Binds directly to the active site and mimics the substrate.

Binds to an enzyme away from the active site and changes the conformation of the active site, decreasing its affinity for the substrate.

Which of the following is an example of the use of ATP in cells? A. The phosphorylation of glucose during glycolysis that allows glucose to be transformed into fructose (an important intermediate step that allows the reaction to move forward). B. The phosphorylation of Na+/K+ pumps that allows a conformational change in the pump - allowing sodium to be deposited outside the membrane and potassium inside the membrane. C. The hydrolysis of beta-ketones during cellular anhydrosis. D. Both A and B E. all o the above

Both A and B

A proton has a mass of "one" what is the one it is referring to? A. 1 Dalton (1 Da) B. 1 neutron (1 n) C. 1 gram (1 g) D. 1 proton (1 p) E. 1 atomic mass unit (1 amu) F. Both A and B G. Both B and c H. Both A and E

Both A and E

Both a and b

Their proteins consist of a common set of 20 different amino acids A. eukaryotes B. prokaryotes C. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. D. Neither

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Proteins are their main catalysts. A. eukaryotes B. prokaryotes C. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. D. Neither

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

They are generally susceptible to infection by viruses.A. eukaryotes B. prokaryotes C. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. D. Neither

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

They use a ribonucleoside triphosphate as their "energy currency". A. eukaryotes B. prokaryotes C. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

The atoms that make up simple carbohydrates are A. C,H, and O B. C, H, and P C. C, O, and H D. C, O, and N E. C, H, and N F. C and H

C, H, and O

cellular respiration e

C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H2O

Given the following parent strand sequence, what would the daughter strand sequence look like? Note that by convention single stranded nucleic acids are always written with their 5' ends on the left.5´ - TAC GGA CTC GGC GTC GCG GTA CTG - 3´Enter the nucleotides in groups of three below (pay attention to the ends!): FROM 5' TO 3' END

CAG-TAC-CGC-GAC-GCC-GAG-TCC-GTA

You are making three solutions with water and the following salts: sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium acetate (KCH3COO, see structural formula below), and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Match the correct formulas for the ions and their names. acetate: A. Na + B. Cl- C. K+ D. CH3COO- E. NH4+

CH3COO-

Given the following parent strand sequence, what would the daughter strand sequence look like? Note the given orientations of the strands..5´ - GAT CAC ATA CCC CGA GTC TCC TGA- 3´ FROM 5' TO 3' END

CTA-GTG-TAT-GGG-GCT-CAG-AGG-ACT

Which of the following characteristics distinguishes polysacharides from other biopolymers? A. Carbohydrates are constructed of monomers that always have a ring structure. B. Carbohydrates never contain nitrogen. C. Carbohydrates are not synthesized based on a template. D. Carbohydrates do not have an inherent directionality (two distinct ends).

Carbohydrates are not synthesized based on a template.

Correctly match the following terms with their definition. The process of converting inorganic CO2 gas into organic compounds A. RuBisCO B. Carbon fixation C. chlorophyll D. Light independent reaction E. Absorption spectrum F. photosystem G. Light-dependent reaction H. chloroplast

Carbon fixation

When large molecules are broken down into smaller ones (and energy is released) this is an example of... A. Anabolism B. Catabolism

Catabolism

When large molecules are broken down into smaller ones (and energy is released) this is an example of... A. anabolism B. Catabolism

Catabolism

Which of the following is not used by both plants and cyanobacteria to perform photosynthesis? A. Chlorophyll B. Chloroplasts C. Water D. Oxygen

Chloroplasts

Which of the following is the likely origin of the chloroplasts of plants and backed up by many supporting pieces of evidence? A. Chloroplasts are modified nuclei from the plant cells. B. Chloroplasts were originally free-living bacteria that have been incorporated into the cells of plants, a process called endosymbiosis. C. Chloroplasts were originally free-living bacteria that have been incorporated into the cells of plants, a process called endosymbiosis. D. Chloroplasts are believed to have originated as chemiautotrophs (found in such places as hot springs and deep sea thermal vents).

Chloroplasts were originally free-living bacteria that have been incorporated into the cells of plants, a process called endosymbiosis.

FADH2 is a product of ________. A. Calvin Cycle B. light dependent reactions C. light independent reactions D. Glycolysis E. Citric Acid Cycle

Citric Acid Cycle

Cl-

(The question is on the other side) The surface area-to-volume ratio of C. threemicronium is 3 times smaller than the surface area-to-volume ratio of C. onemicronium.

Compare the surface area-to-volume ratios of two closely related species of bacteria Cubist onemicronium and Cubist threemicronium. The cells of both species resemble a cube with a side length of either 1 µm and 3 µm respectively. A. The surface area-to-volume ratio of C. threemicronium is 3 times smaller than the surface area-to-volume ratio of C. onemicronium. B. The surface area-to-volume ratio of C. threemicronium is 9 times larger than the surface area-to-volume ratio of C.onemicronium. C. The surface area-to-volume ratio of C. threemicronium is 6 times smaller than the surface area-to-volume ratio of C. onemicronium. D. The surface area-to-volume ratio of C. threemicronium is 3 times smaller than the surface area-to-volume ratio of C. onemicronium. E. The surface area-to-volume ratio of C. threemicronium is 9 times smaller than the surface area-to-volume ratio of C. onemicronium. F. The surface area-to-volume ratio of C. threemicronium is 3 times larger than the surface area-to-volume ratio of C. onemicronium G. The ratio does not change: both the surface area and the volume C. threemicronium are greater than the respective values of C. onemicronium and therefore their ratios remain the same.

Enzymes can be regulated in a number of ways to promote or reduce their activity. When there is some substance (an inhibitor molecule) that is similar enough to the actual substrate that it can bind to the active site of the enzyme and simply block the substrate from binding this is an example of _______________. A. Normal enzyme activity B. Competitive inhibition C. Noncompetitive inhibition D. Disfunctional enzyme activity

Competitive inhibition

In the figure below, which is the protein that moves along DNA ahead of the the replication fork and prevents the DNA from becoming hopelessly entangled? (IMAGE ON OTHER SIDE) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J K. K

In Griffith's experiments, when heat-killed S strain pneumococci were injected into a mouse along with live R strain pneumococci, _______. A. DNA from the live R was taken up by the heat-killed S, converting the latter to R and killing the mouse. B. DNA from the heat-killed S was taken up by the live R, converting the latter to S and killing the mouse. C. proteins released from the heat-killed S killed the mouse. D. RNA from the heat-killed S was translated into proteins that killed the mouse.

DNA from the heat-killed S was taken up by the live R, converting the latter to S and killing the mouse.

DNA is less susceptible than RNA to hydrolysis. Which of the following contributes most to this difference? A. DNA has 2' hydrogen atoms, whereas RNA has 2' hydroxyl groups. B. DNA seldom adopts stable tertiary structure folds, whereas RNA does so more readily. C. DNA includes thymine bases, whereas RNA includes uracil bases. D. DNA seldom forms non−Watson-Crick base pairs, whereas RNA does so more readily. E. DNA is double stranded, whereas RNA is single stranded.

DNA has 2' hydrogen atoms, whereas RNA has 2' hydroxyl groups.

In addition to showing that DNA carries genetic information, the experiments of Avery, McCleod, and McCarty demonstrated that _____________. A. eukaryotic cells may be genetically transformed. B. DNA is a double helix. C. DNA may be taken up by bacterial cells and transform them. D. DNA binds to the cell wall of the bacterium. E. DNA is present in bacteriophage.

DNA may be taken up by bacterial cells and transform them.

In bacteria, the enzyme that removes the RNA primers is called _____. A. DNA ligase. B. primase. C. reverse transcriptase. D. helicase. E. DNA polymerase I.

DNA polymerase I.

The first repair of mistakes during DNA replication is made by __________. A. postreplication repair. B. excision repair. C. SOS repair. D. the mismatch repair system. E. DNA polymerase.

DNA polymerase.

The enzymes that function to replicate DNA in the cell are _______. A. ribonucleases. B. DNA polymerases. C. DNAses. D. DNA nucleoside triphosphates. E. restriction enzymes.

DNA polymerases.

Cellulose and starch are composed of the same monomers but have structural and functional differences. Which of the following is the characteristic that accounts for those differences? A. Different types of glyosidic linkages B. Different numbers of glucose monomers C. The monomers in starch linked via phosphodiester bonds while while those in cellulose are linked via glyosidic bonds. E. A linear shape in one versus a ring shape in the other

Different types of glyosidic linkages

The peptide bond is planar and shorter than expected. These are the hall mark of a A. Single covalent bond B. Double covalent bond C. Ionic bond D. N-C bond

Double covalent bond

In the figure below, which is the protein that use ATP to unwind the DNA duplex at the replication fork? (IMAGE ON OTHER SIDE) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J K. K

Human papillomavirus can cause cervical cancer. The virus encodes E6, a protein that binds p53. Based on this fact and what you know about p53, what effect do you think E6 binding has on p53 activity? A. E6 activates p53 B. E6 binding marks p53 for degradation C. E6 mutates p53 D. E6 inactivates p53

E6 inactivates p53

A scientist observes a mutation in the transmembrane region of EGFR that eliminates its ability to be stabilized by binding interactions during dimerization after ligand binding. Which hypothesis regarding the effect of this mutation on EGF signaling is most likely to be correct? A. EGF signaling cascades would not occur. B. EGF signaling cascades would be active for a shorter period of time in the cell. C. EGF signaling cascades would be active for longer in the cell. D. EGF signaling would be unaffected.

EGF signaling cascades would not occur.

A scientist observes a mutation in the transmembrane region of EGFR that eliminates its ability to be stabilized by binding interactions during dimerization after ligand binding. Which hypothesis regarding the effect of this mutation on EGF signaling is most likely to be correct? A. EGF signaling cascades would not occur. B. EGF signaling would be unaffected. C. EGF signaling cascades would be active for longer in the cell. D. EGF signaling cascades would be active for a shorter period of time in the cell.

EGF signaling cascades would not occur.

Why do plants have other photosynthetic pigments (such as Beta-carotene) in addition to chlorophyll? A. Each type of pigment absorbs a different wavelength of light. By working with chlorophyll these other pigments help to capture the energy from a wider range of light. B. Each type of pigment specializes in a particular type of oxidation process. By specializing, the plant cell is able to more efficiently produce chemical isomers of NADPH.

Each type of pigment absorbs a different wavelength of light. By working with chlorophyll these other pigments help to capture the energy from a wider range of light.

Which of the following physiological functions is not usually served by proteins? A. Catalysis B. Structural support C. Hormone binding D. Defense E. Energy reserve

Energy reserve

A scientist notices that when she adds a small, water soluble molecule to a dish of cells, the cells turn off transcription of a gene. She hypothesizes that the ligand she added binds to a(n) ______ receptor. A. Gated ion channel-linked B. Hormone C. Enzyme-linked D. Intracellular

Enzyme-linked

Water has unique structure and special physico-chem properties. Which of the following is not one of them? A. Polar molecule B. Forms H-bonds with itself C. Tetrahedral shape D. Excellent solvent of hydrophobic molecules. E. Forms H-bonds with other molecules

Excellent solvent of hydrophobic molecules.

For each of the following statements determine ifa) it's true and contributes to the nature of cells/organisms - Trueb) it's true but has little or no bearing on cells/organisms - not relevantc) it's false - False The density of water is less then the density of ice.

False

Once a ligand binds to its receptor (a receptor kinase) and the receptor dimerizes, all amino acids in the intracellular region of the receptor kinase are candidates for phosphorylation. A. True B. False

False

Photosystem 1 and Photosystem 2 were named as such because the energy from the photon captured by the antenna complexes in Photosystem 1 is initially used excite an electron to a high energy state. A. True B. False

False

Research has shown that photosynthesis has been perfected by nature over millions of years and cannot be improved in regards to the output of carbohydrates. A. True B. False

False

Since introns are largely genetic "junk" they do not have to be precisely removed from the primary transcript during RNA splicing. A. True B. False

False

The sigma subunit is permanent component of bacterial RNA polymerase. A. True B. False

False

True or False A 10-8 M solution of HCl has a pH of 8.

False

True or False A strong acid binds protons strongly.

False

True or False this electron micrograph of the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is this organism's flagellum?

False

The third step is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule donates a high-energy phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In this pathway, phosphofructokinase is a rate-limiting enzyme. It is active when the concentration of ADP is high; it is less active when ADP levels are low and the concentration of ATP is high. Thus, if there is "sufficient" ATP in the system, the pathway slows down. This is an example of _____________ A. Feedback inhibition with a product of the metabolic pathway, ATP, acting as the mediator. B. Positive control of enzymatic activity C. The regulatory activity of a co-enzyme, vitamin A. D. The regulatory activity of a co-factor, Magnesium.

Feedback inhibition with a product of the metabolic pathway, ATP, acting as the mediator.

The third step is the phosphorylation of fructose-6-phosphate, catalyzed by the enzyme phosphofructokinase. A second ATP molecule donates a high-energy phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate, producing fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. In this pathway, phosphofructokinase is a rate-limiting enzyme. It is active when the concentration of ADP is high; it is less active when ADP levels are low and the concentration of ATP is high. Thus, if there is "sufficient" ATP in the system, the pathway slows down. This is an example of _____________ A. Feedback inhibition with a product of the metabolic pathway, ATP, acting as the mediator. B.Positive control of enzymatic activity C.The regulatory activity of a co-enzyme, vitamin A. D.The regulatory activity of a co-factor, Magnesium.

Feedback inhibition with a product of the metabolic pathway, ATP, acting as the mediator.

Who among the following scientists contributed to the elucidation of the structure of the DNA molecule? (more than one correct answer possible) A. Wilkins B. Franklin C. Watson D. Crick E. Griffith F. Mendel G. Chase

Franklin AND Watson AND Crick

What is the difference between "free" and "attached" ribosomes? (More than one correct answer possible) A. Free ribosomes produce proteins in the cytosol, whereas attached ribosomes produce proteins that are inserted into the ER. B. Free ribosomes produce proteins that are exported from the cell, whereas attached ribosomes make proteins for mitochondria and chloroplasts. C. Attached ribosome are attached to mRNA and are actively engaged in protein synthesis, while free ribosomes are in between translation cycles. D. Free ribosomes are in the cytoplasm, whereas attached ribosomes are anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Free ribosomes produce proteins in the cytosol, whereas attached ribosomes produce proteins that are inserted into the ER AND Free ribosomes are in the cytoplasm, whereas attached ribosomes are anchored to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Look at the open-chain and ring(cyclic) forms of fructose. How would you classify fructose? (IMAGE ON THE OTHER SIDE) A. Fructose is a hexose and an aldose B. Fructose is a hexose and a ketose C. Fructose is a pentose and an aldose D. Fructose is a pentose and a ketose

Fructose is a hexose and a ketose

Which of the following base sequences corresponds to the following sequence: purine-pyrimidine-pyrimidine (in the correct order)? A. G-C-T B. G-C-A C. G-A-A D. T-A-G E. A-G-G

G-C-T

______ receptors are often associated with _________ that function in __________. A. Kinase linked, secondary messengers, signal amplification B. G-protein coupled , secondary messengers, signal amplification C. kinase linked , primary messengers, signal amplification D. G-protein coupled , primary messengers, signal amplification

G-protein coupled , secondary messengers, signal amplification

__________ would be more appropriate to use for ___________ responses whereas __________ would be best for _____________ responses. A. receptor kinases, long term, g-protein coupled receptors, longer term B. G-protein coupled receptors, immediate, receptor kinases, long term C. G-protein coupled receptors, immediate, receptor kinases, secondary messenger D. receptor kinases, immediate, G-protein coupled receptors, long term

G-protein coupled receptors, immediate, receptor kinases, long term

Which of the cell-cycle checkpoints do external forces have the greatest influence? (Can have multiple answers) A. G1 checkpoint B. G2 checkpoint C. M checkpoint D. G0 checkpoint

G1 checkpoint AND G0 checkpoint

G-protein coupled receptors (also know as G-protein linked receptors) are named as such because the hydrolyze ______ into ________. A. GTP, ADP B. glycine, guanine C. glucose, ATP D. GTP, GDP

GTP, GDP

The energy released from breakage of the ____ bond of ATP is used by cells to do work

Gamma

___________ are changes to the order of nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein. A. Tumor suppressor genes B. Gene mutations C. Proto-oncogenes D. Negative regulators

Gene mutations

Which of the following amino acids does not have an optical isomer? A.Arginine B.Cysteine C. Alanine D. Glycine E. Methionine

Glycine

In the figure below, which is a ligase? (IMAGE ON OTHER SIDE) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J K. K

Translate the following mRNA. Note the orientation of the molecule:3´ - G A U G G U U U U A A A G U A - 5´ A. H2N-Asp-Gly-Phe-Lys-Val-COO- B. H2N-Asp-Gly-Phe-Lys-stop-COO- C. H2N-Met-Lys-Phe-Leu-stop-COO- D. H2N-Met-Lys-Phe-Trp-stop-COO- E. H2N-Met-Gly-Phe-Lys-Val-COO

H2N-Met-Lys-Phe-Trp-stop-COO-

What is the ultimate (original) source of the electrons for the chloroplast electron transport chain? A. NADPH B. ATP C. H2O D. CO2 E. FADH2

H2O

During photosynthesis in plants and algae, ____________ is oxidized and ______________ is reduced. A. NADPH; ATP B. O2; CO2 C. CO2; H2O D. H2O; CO2 E. H2O; O2

H2O; CO2

All of the following are polar except A. HCl (hydrochlic acid) B. H2O (water) C. H3C-(CH2)-CH3 (propane) D.H2C=O (formaldehyde) E. NH3 (ammonia)

H3C-(CH2)-CH3 (propane)

Beans contain a lot of raffinose. Raffinose is an oligosaccharide composed of a sucrose - table (cane) sugar - linked through its glucose to a galactose residue. Why do you think beans are known as "the musical fruit"? A. Human lack beta-galactosidase B. Human lack alpha-galactosidase C. Bacteria in the gut lack beta-galactosidase D. Bacteria in the guy lack alpha-galactosidase

Human lack beta-galactosidase

The strength of which of the following non-covalent interactions depends on the orientation of the interacting atoms? A. Ionic bonds B. Hydrophobic effect C. Hydrogen bonds D. Van der Waals interactions

Hydrogen bonds

The side chain of serine and threonine is A. Hydrophilic B. Hydrophobic C. Either, depending on the pH D. Not enough information

Hydrophilic

In the figure below, which is the Lagging DNA strand? (IMAGE ON OTHER SIDE) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J K. K

(The question is on the other side) A

In the figure above, which is the leading DNA strand? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J K. K

(The question is on the other side) G

In the figure below, which are the proteins that to allow replication by stabilizing the unwound DNA strands and preventing them from reforming the DNA duplex? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J K. K

(The question is on the other side) C

In the figure below, which is DNA Polymerase III? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J K. K

(The question is on the other side) K

In the figure below, which is an Okazaki Fragment? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J K. K

(The question is on the other side) B

In the figure below, which is the protein that ensures the processivity of DNA polymerase? A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J K. K

When mixed with water, phospholipids interact with each other and with the water around them, What kind of interactions pay between the heads of phospholipids? A. Phosphodiester bonds B. Ionic interactions and H-bonds C. Hydrophobic interactions and van der Waals interactions D. Covalent bonds

Ionic interactions and H-bonds

Why are ion channels necessary to transport ions into or out of a cell? A. Ions bind to carrier proteins in the bloodstream, which must be removed before transport into the celL B. Ions do not need ion channels to move through the membrane. C. Ions are charged particles and cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. D. Ions are too large to diffuse through the membrane.

Ions are charged particles and cannot diffuse through the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.

Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is true? (More than one correct answer possible) A. It contains pores for the passage of large molecules. B. It is composed of two membranes. C. It's inner membrane is crucial for the process of oxidative phosphorylation. D. It contains ribosomes on the inner surface. E. It allows traffic out of- but not into the nucleus.

It contains pores for the passage of large molecules. AND It is composed of two membranes.

What effect does the presence of ample glucose have on the amount of lacoperon transcription? A. It decreases the rate of transcription. B. None of these C. It increases the cAMP concentration, which in turn causes a decreased rate of transcription D. It decreases the cAMP concentration, which in turn causes an increased rate of transcription. E. It increases the rate of transcription.

It decreases the rate of transcription.

You have discovered that a molecule is hydrophilic. What else do you know about this molecule? A. It is a polar molecule. B. It cannot form hydrogen bonds. C.It is a nonpolar molecule.

It is a polar molecule

Suppose you discovered a new amino acid in the bacterium from Laguna Caliente of HW03. Its R-group contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms. Predict the behavior of this amino acid. A. Relative to the amino acids found in organisms, its interactions with water will be very high. B. It is hydrophilic. C. Relative to the amino acids found in organisms, its interactions with water will be intermediate. D. It is hydrophobic.

It is hydrophobic.

Urea was the first organic molecule that was synthesized in vitro from inorganic reactants. Urea is the main form of nitrogen waste molecule in mammals, excreted via, you guessed it, urine. Looking at its structure - how can urea affect protein structure? A. It is negatively charged and interact with positively charged amino acids. B. It is highly hydrophobic and disrupts 3° structure. C. It forms disulfide bonds. D. It disrupts disulfide bonds. E. It makes many H-bonds and disrupts 2° and 3° structures

It makes many H-bonds and disrupts 2° and 3° structures

A compound contains several hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional groups. Which of the following statements about this compound must be true ? A. It can't form hydrogen bonds with water. B. It lacks a chiral center (a carbon with four different groups attached to it) C. It should dissolve in water. D. it is hydrophobic E. It readily dissolves in oil.

It should dissolve in water.

Which characteristic of water contributes to the relatively constant temperatures of the oceans? A. It takes a large amount of heat energy to raise the temperature of water. B. Water ionizes only slightly. C. It takes a small amount of heat energy to raise the temperature of water. D. Water can contain large amounts of salt. E. Water has the ability to ionize readily.

It takes a large amount of heat energy to raise the temperature of water.

For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship.(A) The number of alpha glucose 1-4 linkages in cellulose(B) The number of alpha glucose 1-4 linkages in starch A. Item (A) is exactly or very approximately equal to item (B). B. Item (A) is greater than item (B). C. Item (A) is less than item (B). D. Whether there's more of item (A) than item (B) or vice versa, depends on the organism.

Item (A) is less than item (B).

In the figure below, which is a primer? (IMAGE ON OTHER SIDE) A. A B. B C. C D. D E. E F. F G. G H. H I. I J. J K. K

K+

Refer to the periodic table, and decide which of the following compounds is held together by ionic ionic bonds. A. LiCl B. CO2 C. Br2

LiCl

Correctly match the following terms with their definition. The reactions of photosynthesis that convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into carbohydrates using the energy and reducing power of ATP and NADPH. Can occur in the absence of light. A. RuBisCO B. Carbon fixation C. chlorophyll D. Light independent reaction E. Absorption spectrum F. photosystem G. Light-dependent reaction H. chloroplast

Light independent reaction

Correctly match the following terms with their definition. The first stage of photosynthesis where certain wavelengths of the visible light are absorbed to form two energy-carrying molecules (ATP and NADPH). Occurs in the thylakoid membrane in chloroplasts. A. RuBisCO B. Carbon fixation C. chlorophyll D. Light independent reaction E. Absorption spectrum F. photosystem G. Light-dependent reaction H. chloroplast

Light-dependent reaction

Looking at the results below, what do you expect the shape of the graph describing in simple diffusion rates of molecule X as a function of its concentration to be? A. Hyperbolic B. Exponential decay C. Linear D. Depends on X

Linear

Which of the following would most likely be used as a long-term form of energy storage in cells? A. ATP B. Glucose C. Lipids D. Both ATP and glucose

Lipids

Types of Autotrophs

Lithotrophs - minerals phototrophs - plants

Trace elements are those required by an organism in only minute quantities. Which of the following is a trace element that is required by photosynthetic organisms? A. Phosphorus (P) B. Manganese (Mn) C. Sodium (Na) D. Calcium (Ca) E. Nitrogen (N)

Manganese (Mn)

( The question is on the other side) Oak distribution will increase with rising temperatures.

Many aspects related to climate change are likely to affect forest growth and productivity. Three examples are described below: increases in temperature, changes in precipitation, and increases in carbon dioxide (CO2). It also shifts the geographic ranges of some tree species. Habitats of some types of trees are likely to move north or to higher altitudes.The figure below shows projected changes in distributions of loblolly pine trees and various types of oak trees native to the Eastern US (data based on data from the website of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)) (Links to an external site.) as temperatures are expected to continue rise into the future. Which of the following statements accurately reflects these predictions?

Which of the following can be cited as evidence in support of the endosymbiosis hypothesis that describe the origin of mitochondria and plastids as endosymbiotic Gram-negative bacteria? (More than one correct answer possible) A. Mitochondria and plastids have peptidoglycan walls B. Mitochondria and plastids have ribosomes, which are similar in structure and antibiotic sensitivity to those of bacteria (and not to those of the host cell cytoplasm). C. The inner membranes function in energy conversion. D. The organelles have their own DNA genomes with organization similar to bacterial genomes. E. The organelles are surrounded by a double membrane, similar to those of bacteria. The outer membrane has porin-like proteins that render it highly permeable. The inner membrane is impermeable to ions. F. Mitochondria and plastids have flagella that are similar in structure to those of bacteria.

Mitochondria and plastids have ribosomes, which are similar in structure and antibiotic sensitivity to those of bacteria (and not to those of the host cell cytoplasm). AND The inner membranes function in energy conversion. AND The organelles have their own DNA genomes with organization similar to bacterial genomes. AND

Which of the following is a MIS-characterization of mitochondrial DNA? A. Mitochondrial DNA is an evolutionary relic. B. Mitochondrial DNA is organized into a circular chromosome. C. Mitochondrial DNA carry very few genes that are, nonetheless, absolutely essential for cellular respiration. D. Mitochondrial DNA is transcribed by a mitochondrial RNA polymerases and the mRNA is translated by ribosomes which are identical to cytoplasmic ribosomes. E. Mitochondrial DNA is similar in organization, but not in complexity, to that of the bacterial DNA.

Mitochondrial DNA is transcribed by a mitochondrial RNA polymerases and the mRNA is translated by ribosomes which are identical to cytoplasmic ribosomes.

The envelopes surrounding which of the following cellular organelles are composed of double membrane (two membrane bilayers)? Mark all that fit. A. Ribosome B. Phagosome C. vaccuole D. Mitochondrion E. Lysosome F. Chloroplast G. Nucleus

Mitochondrion AND Chloroplast AND Nucleus

Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway constriction associated with an allergic response. If a mutation in the associated G-protein's alpha subunit prevented the hydrolysis of GTP how would the allergic response change? A. Less severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. B. No change compared to normal G-protein signaling. C. More severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. D. No allergic response.

More severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling.

Histamine binds to the H1 G-protein-linked receptor to initiate the itchiness and airway constriction associated with an allergic response. If a mutation in the associated G-protein's alpha subunit prevented the hydrolysis of GTP how would the allergic response change? A. No change compared to normal G-protein signaling. B. Less severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling. C. No allergic response. D. More severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling.

More severe allergic response compared to normal G-protein signaling.

It is possible to fuse a mouse cell and a human cell to create a "hybridoma". This involves, naturally, the fusion of the murine (mouse) and human cell membranes. What is the most accurate description of what happens next? A. Mouse proteins will be free to diffuse into the human membrane and vice versa, because many proteins can move laterally (around) within the bilayer. B. Because all proteins are anchored within the membrane, the mouse proteins will stay segregated from the human proteins. C. Because all proteins in the plasma membrane of mice are peripheral, many of the human proteins will be detached from the membrane. D. The outer leaflet of phospholipids of the mouse membrane will become the inner leaflet of the human membrane and vice versa.

Mouse proteins will be free to diffuse into the human membrane and vice versa, because many proteins can move laterally (around) within the bilayer.

Which of the following is the most important product of the fermentation pathway in animal cells? A. lactic acid B. ATP C. pyruvate D. NAD+ E. Acetyl-CoA

NAD+

Which of the following is the most important product of the fermentation pathway in animal cells? A. lactic acid B. ATP C. Pyruvate D. NAD+ E. Acetyl-CoA

NAD+

When a single pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA, the other products of the reaction are: A. CO2 and ATP B. NADH and CO2 C. ATP and NADH D. Pi and FADH2 E. FADH2 and ATP F. NADH and O2

NADH and CO2

Which of the following represents the REDUCED forms of the two major electron carriers? A. NAD+ and FAD B. NAD+ and FADH2 C. NADH and FAD D. NADH and FADH2

NADH and FADH2

Which of the following represents the REDUCED forms of the two major electron carriers? A.NAD+ and FAD B.NAD+ and FADH2 C.NADH and FAD D.NADH and FADH2

NADH and FADH2

Molecular interactions between biological molecules are predominantly non-covalent. But non-covalent interactions (NCI) are very weak. How can such weak interactions be entrusted with such an important task? A. NCI are really strong in the presence of water and most biological interactions happen in aqueous environments B. NCI are weakened by water but rather strong in the hydrophobic part of membranes were essentially all biological interaction take place. C. NCI are just the first step in establishing such molecular interactions. Covalent bonds then "clinch deal" D. NCI between individual atoms are weak but there are many of them-there; strength in numbers

NCI between individual atoms are weak but there are many of them-there; strength in numbers

NH4+

Na+

They mainly use ribonucleic acid molecules to store genetic information. A. eukaryotes B. prokaryotes C. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. D. Neither

Neither

Is ATP suitable as a long-term energy storage option for cells? A. Yes, ATP is the ideal energy currency of the cell - and is often 'banked' long-term for future energy needs. B. No, ATP is rather unstable and is not suited to long-term storage of chemical potential energy.

No, ATP is rather unstable and is not suited to long-term storage of chemical potential energy.

Very low concentrations of detergent make membranes leaky to small molecules and ions without damaging proteins. In isolated mitochondria exposed to detergent, the molecules of the electron transport chain and ATP synthase remain intact. Do you expect ATP synthesis to continue in the presence of low concentrations of detergent? A. Yes, because all enzymes and electron carriers are functional. B. No, because with a leaky membrane, the proton gradient cannot be maintained. C. No, because leaky membranes do not allow NADH and FADH2 to donate their electrons to the electron transport chain. D. No, because leaky membranes inhibit glycolysis.

No, because with a leaky membrane, the proton gradient cannot be maintained.

For each of the following statements determine ifa) it's true and contributes to the nature of cells/organisms - Trueb) it's true but has little or no bearing on cells/organisms - not relevantc) it's false - False Water can be formed by reduction of molecular oxygen (O2).

Not relevant

(The question is on the other side) 3'

Now, identify the orientation of the nucleic acids by matching their ends with the designation on the side. Not all designations are used and some may be used more than once. What is 5? A. 3' B. 5'

(The question is on the other side) 5'

Now, identify the orientation of the nucleic acids by matching their ends with the designation on the side. Not all designations are used and some may be used more than once. What is 6? A. 3' B. 5'

(The question is on the other side) 5'

Now, identify the orientation of the nucleic acids by matching their ends with the designation on the side. Not all designations are used and some may be used more than once. What is 7? A. 3' B. 5'

(The question is on the other side) 3'

Now, identify the orientation of the nucleic acids by matching their ends with the designation on the side. Not all designations are used and some may be used more than once. What is 8? A. 3' B. 5'

The electron transport chain uses _________ as the final electron acceptor. A. FADH2 B. O2 C. H2O D. CO2 E. NAD+

During DNA replication, any of the following things happen EXCEPT __________. A. Each origins of replication gives rise to two replication forks. B. Each of the template strands come back together with the newly synthesized strand after the passage of the replication fork. C. One strand is synthesized continuously while the other is synthesized in consecutive sections. D. the template strands separate so that both can be copied. E. One template strand must be degraded to allow the other strand to be copied.

One template strand must be degraded to allow the other strand to be copied.

Which of the following statements about covalent bonds is not true? A. Only a single covalent bond can form between two atoms. B. A covalent bond is stronger than a hydrogen bond. C. A covalent bond can form between atoms of the same element. D. A covalent bond results from the sharing of electrons by two atoms. E. A covalent bond can form between atoms of different elements.

Only a single covalent bond can form between two atoms.

Match the following structural and regulatory components of the lac operon with their function. Note that not all items will be used. DNA binding site for the Lac Repressor A. promoter B. lacY C. cAMP D. adenylyl cyclase E. allolactose F. Operator G. lac repressor H. lacZ

Operator

Types of Heterotrophs

Organotrophs - humans

Which of the following investigators was/were responsible for the following discovery?Chemicals from heat-killed S cells were purified. The chemicals were tested for the ability to transform live R cells. The transforming agent was found to be DNA. A. Erwin Chargaff B. Frederick Griffith C. Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod D. Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase E. Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl

Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, and Colin MacLeod

Which of the following is NOT a product of cellular respiration? A. Carbon dioxide B. Oxygen C. ATP D. Water

Oxygen

Which of the following is NOT a product of cellular respiration? A. Carbon Dioxide B. Oxygen C. ATP D. Water

Oxygen

What are the two most important products that result from photosynthesis (from an animal's perspective)? A. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide B. ATP and Carbon Dioxide C. Carbon Dioxide and Sugars/Carbohydrates D. Oxygen and Sugars/Carbohydrates

Oxygen and Sugars/Carbohydrates

During translation initiation, the first site occupied by a charged tRNA is the A. B site. B. T site. C. A site. D. web site. E. P site. F. E site.

P site.

The loss of flagellin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa exosed to CF patients' mucus may have an adventage as described in the previous question, however this is certainly a case of fitness tradeoff. What do the bacteria give up when they stop producing flagellin? A. P. aeruginosa that repress their flagellin production are greatly impaired in their ability to translate other protiens. B. P. aeruginosa that repress their flagellin production lose their ability to exchange DNA fragments. C. P. aeruginosa that repress their flagellin production can no longer regulate the movement of molecules into and out of the cell. D. P. aeruginosa that repress their flagellin production have a higher tendency to get dehydrated. E. P. aeruginosa that repress their flagellin production cannot swim.

P. aeruginosa that repress their flagellin production cannot swim.

As mentioned above, the loss of flagellin expression "allows P. aeruginosa to avoid [...] phagocytosis". What does "phagocytosis" likely mean in this context? A. Phagocytosis, a word derived from the same root-word that gave us "spigot", is the way that cells control the flow of water through their membranes. Because the loss of flagellin leads to avoidance of phagocytosis, P. aeruginosa cells that repress their flagellin production have a higher tendency to dry out. However this is a small price to pay for avoiding immune survailance by the patients. B. Phagocytosis is the process by which cells can regulate the movement of molecules into and out of the cell. The loss of flagellin leads to the loss of such control and thus helps P. aeruginosa avoid phagocytosis. C. Phagocytosis is the process by which cells can engulf large particles or even entire cells. For example, types of white blood cells which constitute part of our immune system, can "gobble" up foreign substances like invading bacteria. D. Phagocytosis is the process by which cells can engulf large particles or even entire cells. For example some unicellular eukaryotic organisms (protists) feed this way, which explains how P. aeruginosa can feed on mucus.

Phagocytosis is the process by which cells can engulf large particles or even entire cells. For example, types of white blood cells which constitute part of our immune system, can "gobble" up foreign substances like invading bacteria.

How does NF-κB induce gene expression? A. NF-κB is phosphorylated and is then free to enter the nucleus and bind DNA. B. NF-κB is a kinase that phosphorylates a transcription factor that binds DNA and promotes protein production. C. Phosphorylation of the inhibitor Iκ-B dissociates the complex between it and NF-κB, and allows NF- κB to enter the nucleus and stimulate transcription. D. A small, hydrophobic ligand binds to NF-κB, activating it.

Phosphorylation of the inhibitor Iκ-B dissociates the complex between it and NF-κB, and allows NF- κB to enter the nucleus and stimulate transcription.

Which of the following statements BEST represents the relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis? A. Respiration stores energy in organic molecules, while photosynthesis releases it. B. Respiration only occurs in animals and photosynthesis only in plants. C. Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it. D. Photosynthesis occurs only during the day and respiration only at night.

Photosynthesis stores energy in organic molecules, while respiration releases it.

(The question is on the other side) nuclear pore

Please match the following structures/compartments in this electron micrograph of a large eukaryotic organelle with their appropriate names. What is A? A. nuclear pore B. endoplasmic reticulum C. nuclear envelope D. nucleolus E. nucleoplasm (chromatin) F. nucleus G. nucleoid

(The question is on the other side) endoplasmic reticulum

Please match the following structures/compartments in this electron micrograph of a large eukaryotic organelle with their appropriate names. What is B? A. nuclear pore B. endoplasmic reticulum C. nuclear envelope D. nucleolus E. nucleoplasm (chromatin) F. nucleus G. nucleoid

nuclear envelope

Please match the following structures/compartments in this electron micrograph of a large eukaryotic organelle with their appropriate names. What is C? A. nuclear pore B. endoplasmic reticulum C. nuclear envelope D. nucleolus E. nucleoplasm (chromatin) F. nucleus G. nucleoid

nucleolus

Please match the following structures/compartments in this electron micrograph of a large eukaryotic organelle with their appropriate names. What is D? A. nuclear pore B. endoplasmic reticulum C. nuclear envelope D. nucleolus E. nucleoplasm (chromatin) F. nucleus G. nucleoid

nucleoplasm (chromatin)

Please match the following structures/compartments in this electron micrograph of a large eukaryotic organelle with their appropriate names. What is E? A. nuclear pore B. endoplasmic reticulum C. nuclear envelope D. nucleolus E. nucleoplasm (chromatin) F. nucleus G. nucleoid

(The question is on the other side) matrix

Please match the following structures/compartments in this excellent electron micrograph of a mitochondrion with their appropriate names. What is A? A. matrix B. cristae C. inner mitochondrial membrane D. outer mitochondrial membrane E. intermembrane F. mitochondrial DNA G. thylakoids H. thylakoid lumen

(The question is on the other side) cristae

Please match the following structures/compartments in this excellent electron micrograph of a mitochondrion with their appropriate names. What is B? A. matrix B. cristae C. inner mitochondrial membrane D. outer mitochondrial membrane E. intermembrane space F. mitochondrial DNA G. thylakoids H. thylakoid lumen

(The question is on the other side) inner mitochondrial membrane

Please match the following structures/compartments in this excellent electron micrograph of a mitochondrion with their appropriate names. What is C? A. matrix B. cristae C. inner mitochondrial membrane D. outer mitochondrial membrane E. intermembrane space F. mitochondrial DNA G. thylakoids H. thylakoid lumen

(The question is on the other side) outer mitochondrial membrane

Please match the following structures/compartments in this excellent electron micrograph of a mitochondrion with their appropriate names. What is D? A. matrix B. cristae C. inner mitochondrial membrane D. outer mitochondrial membrane E. intermembrane space F. mitochondrial DNA G. thylakoids H. thylakoid lumen

(The question is on the other side) intermembrane space

Please match the following structures/compartments in this excellent electron micrograph of a mitochondrion with their appropriate names. What is E? A. matrix B. cristae C. inner mitochondrial membrane D. outer mitochondrial membrane E. intermembrane space F. mitochondrial DNA G. thylakoids H. thylakoid lumen

How can the leading and lagging strands be synthesized in a coordinated fashion? A. Pol III is a dimeric holoenzyme, and the looped lagging strand allows the enzyme to proceed in the same direction with each strand. B. Specific enzymes control the size of the DNA opening. C. The lagging strand is extended in the 3´-to-5´ direction and the leading strand is extended in the 5´-to-3´ direction. D. Lagging-strand binding proteins inhibit leading-strand replication if the strands become disproportionate in size.

Pol III is a dimeric holoenzyme, and the looped lagging strand allows the enzyme to proceed in the same direction with each strand.

Which part of the photosynthetic reactions would be affected if the cell could not produce RuBisCO? A. Primarily The Light-Dependent reactions. B. Both reactions would be affected. C. Primarily the Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle). D. Neither reaction would be affected.

Primarily the Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle).

In which of the following do you expect to find RNA? (Choose all that applies) A. Prokaryotic cell B. Mitochondrion C. Ribosome D. Prokaryotic flagellum E. Nucleus F. Eukaryotic flagellum

Prokaryotic cell, Mitochondrion, Ribosome, Nucleus

Which of the following physiological functions is usually served by proteins? A. Proteins catalyze catabolic reactions that provide the energy that the cell needs. B. Proteins are the primary storage molecules for energy and the first to be utilized when blood glucose levels are low. C. They are the most important constituents of the exoskeletons of insects. D. Proteins form a semi-permeable barrier between the inside of a cell and the outside of the cell. E. Proteins serve as receptors for many kinds of communication molecules like hormones.

Proteins serve as receptors for many kinds of communication molecules like hormones.

Transcription is the process by which _____. A. DNA is synthesized from RNA. B. RNA is synthesized from nucleotides according to a protein template. C. proteins are synthesized from amino-acids according to an RNA template. D. DNA is synthesized from nucleotides according to an RNA template. E. RNA is synthesized from ribonucleotides according to a DNA template.

RNA is synthesized from ribonucleotides according to a DNA template.

Ribosomes are made up of ________. (mark all that applies) A. RNA B. DNA C. proteins D. peptidoglycan

RNA, proteins

(The question is on the other side) newly synthesized RNA emerging from the RNA polymerase

Refer to the diagram below showing a schematic view of a transcription bubble. Some of the features were left out. First, identify the nucleic acids by matching the numbers on the diagram with the designation on the side. Not all designations are used and some may be used more than once. What is 1? A. newly synthesized RNA emerging from the RNA polymerase B. DNA double helix C. sense DNA strand D. template DNA E. rRNA F. tRNA

(The question is on the other side) DNA double helix

Refer to the diagram below showing a schematic view of a transcription bubble. Some of the features were left out. First, identify the nucleic acids by matching the numbers on the diagram with the designation on the side. Not all designations are used and some may be used more than once. What is 2? A. newly synthesized RNA emerging from the RNA polymerase B. DNA double helix C. sense DNA strand D. template DNA E. rRNA F. tRNA

(The question is on the other side) sense DNA strand

Refer to the diagram below showing a schematic view of a transcription bubble. Some of the features were left out. First, identify the nucleic acids by matching the numbers on the diagram with the designation on the side. Not all designations are used and some may be used more than once. What is 3? A. newly synthesized RNA emerging from the RNA polymerase B. DNA double helix C. sense DNA strand D. template DNA E. rRNA F. tRNA

(The question is on the other side) template DNA

Refer to the diagram below showing a schematic view of a transcription bubble. Some of the features were left out. First, identify the nucleic acids by matching the numbers on the diagram with the designation on the side. Not all designations are used and some may be used more than once. What is 4? A. newly synthesized RNA emerging from the RNA polymerase B. DNA double helix C. sense DNA strand D. template DNA E. rRNA F. tRNA

More than ten human DNA polymerases have been identified. Which of the following statements about them is true? A. The functions of DNA polymerase, helicase, and primase are known; the functions of the others are unknown. B. Each DNA polymerase requires a specific primer to function. C. They all are involved in DNA replication. D. One of the DNA polymerases opens the replication fork, one forms the primer, another removes the primer, and the rest are involved in protein synthesis. E. Replication is mostly catalyzed by DNA polymerases delta (δ) and epsilon (ε); the others are involved in initial primer elongation, primer removal and DNA repair.

Replication is mostly catalyzed by DNA polymerases delta (δ) and epsilon (ε); the others are involved in initial primer elongation, primer removal and DNA repair.

Correctly match the following terms with their definition. The enzyme present in plant chloroplasts, involved in fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide during photosynthesis. A. RuBisCO B. Carbon fixation C. chlorophyll D. Light independent reaction E. Absorption spectrum F. photosystem G. Light-dependent reaction H. chloroplast

RuBisCO

Question 212.33 / 2.33 pts The most abundant protein on Earth is ___________. A. RuBisCO B. ATP synthase C. phosphofructokinase D. hemoglobin E. catalase F. NADP+ reductase

RuBisCO

Chromosomes are duplicated during what stage of the cell cycle? A. S phase B. mitotic phase C. prometaphase D. prophase E. G1 phase

S phase

Refer to the following paragraph and accompanying figure to answer the following questions. (IMAGE ON OTHER SIDE) Since structure correlates well with function, scientists always look for new ways to probe the complex structure of proteins in order to understand what they do and how they do it. One of the most powerful techniques in existence today is X-ray crystallography. The main difficulty with this technique is getting the protein to crystallize. Once crystallized, the protein is bombarded with X-rays. When the X-ray photons hit the atoms within the protein crystals they diffract (= their paths shift from its original course sideways) and can captured by a detector where they create a pattern that can be analyzed mathematically to determine the three-dimensional structure of the protein. This analysis has been performed by Palczewski (2000) on the protein rhodopsin, which is a light-sensitive protein found in species ranging from ancient bacteria (archaea) to humans. The structure (schematically shown above, where each letter represents an amino acid) is characterized by a single polypeptide chain with several α-helical segments that loop back and forth across the cell membrane. Another notable feature is the disulfide bond (-S-S-) that can be seen at the bottom of the third transmembrane segment. [Figure adapted from K. Palczewski et al., Science 289 (2000): 739.]The region labeled "W" is __________ A. Schematic representation of the phospholipid bilayer (membrane) B. schematic representation of the cytoplasm C. schematic representation of carbohydrates forming the cell wall. D. schematic representation of other, non-relevant membrane proteins

Schematic representation of the phospholipid bilayer (membrane)

Scientists can separate DNA fragments according to their size using a technique known as gel electrophoresis. In this process, DNA is loaded onto the top of gel, submerged in a solution through which an electric current is run. Large DNA molecules move more slowly than shorter DNA molecules. After a period of time, shorter DNA fragments would be observed toward the bottom of the gel, whereas longer DNA fragments would be detected closer to the top of the gel. Based on what you know about the properties of DNA, how is the electric current arranged in this process? (IMAGE ON OTHER SIDE) A) Side view of a gel electrophoresis apparatus. DNA samples are loaded into "wells", small indentations at the "top" of the gel (gray slab in the center). Electrodes (pink and purple) supply electric current. B) Top view of the gel after the DNA samples were separated by electrophoresis and stained to make the DNA fragements visible. Shorter fragments move faster toward the "bottom" of the gel. A. Since DNA is positively charged, the negative end is placed at the top of the gel, and the positive end is placed at the bottom of the gel. B. Since DNA is positively charged, the positive end is placed at the top of the gel, and the negative end is placed at the bottom of the gel. C. Since DNA is negatively charged, the negative end is placed at the top of the gel, and the positive end is placed at the bottom of the gel. D. Since DNA is uncharged, the placement of the positive end and negative end does not matter. E. Since DNA is negatively charged, the positive end is placed at the top of the gel, and the negative end is placed at the bottom of the gel.

Since DNA is negatively charged, the negative end is placed at the top of the gel, and the positive end is placed at the bottom of the gel.

Which of the bonds is stronger and which is longer 1. single bond 2. double bond 3. triple bond A. Strength: 1 > 2 > 3; Length: 1 > 2 > 3 B. Strength: 1 < 2 < 3; Length: 1 < 2 < 3 C. Strength: 1 > 2 > 3; Length: 1 < 2 < 3 D. Strength: 1 < 2 < 3; Length: 1 > 2 > 3 E. Strength: 1 = 2 = 3; Length: 1 = 2 = 3

Strength: 1 < 2 < 3; Length: 1 > 2 > 3

What is the most important result of the Calvin Cycle? (IMAGE ON THE OTHER SIDE) A. The 'fixing' of 3 molecules of CO2 to yield one molecule of G3P. B. The creation of a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane - in order to make ATP. C. The oxidation of H2O to give O2 D. The creation of ATP and NADPH

The 'fixing' of 3 molecules of CO2 to yield one molecule of G3P.

What is the entry point of proteins into pathways of cellular respiration? A. Glycolysis B. Pyruvate Oxidation C. The Citric Acid Cycle D. The Electron Transport Chain E. Fermentation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Which of the following best characterizes the relationship between amino acids and tRNAs? A. A tRNA is a six-nucleotide RNA molecule consisting of an anticodon followed by a CCA sequence that accepts amino acids. B. A tRNA binds to its appropriate amino acid through a covalent linkage of the amino acid's side chain to the base of the nucleotide immediately 5' of the anticodon. C. The activation of an amino acid by formation of an aminoacyl-tRNA is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP + 2 Pi. D. Formation of the ester linkages between a tRNA and its corresponding amino acid is catalyzed by the tRNA itself. E. The conformation of an aminoacyl-tRNA facilitates the direct interaction between the amino acid and its appropriate codon in the mRNA-ribosome complex.

The activation of an amino acid by formation of an aminoacyl-tRNA is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP to AMP + 2 Pi.

Which of the two strains of S.pneumoniae do you think is more virulent (causing a more severe disease) and why? A. The aptly named "rough" strain because of its sharp edges, which destroy the cells in the lungs. B. The "smooth" and "sneaky" strain, because its capsule acts as an "invisibility cloak" allowing it to evade the body's immune system. C. Both are virulent: the rough is more virulent in mice, but the smooth is more virulent in humans

The aptly named "rough" strain because of its sharp edges, which destroy the cells in the lungs. AND The "smooth" and "sneaky" strain, because its capsule acts as an "invisibility cloak" allowing it to evade the body's immune system. AND Both are virulent: the rough is more virulent in mice, but the smooth is more virulent in humans

What determines if a molecule is polar? A. The asymmetry of the molecule and the differences in the electronegativities of the atoms it contains. B. The number of protons C. The bond distances D. The ionic charges E. The distance of the electrons from the nucleus

The asymmetry of the molecule and the differences in the electronegativities of the atoms it contains.

Which of the following directly affects the movement of molecules across the membrane by facilitated diffusion? (More than one correct answer possible) A. The availability of carrier molecules B. ATP C. The concentration gradient D. Temperature

The availability of carrier molecules, The concentration gradient, Temperature

Which of the following regarding the cell in question is true? A. One can find only prokaryotic ribosomes in this cell. B. The cell is a bacterium. C. The cell is eukaryotic. D. The cell is most likely to be heterotrophic. E. One can find only eukaryotic ribosomes in this cell.

The cell is eukaryotic.

What can science tell us about the origins of the proteins that mediate Redox reactions in photosynthesis? A. The chemical pathways of photosynthesis were likely borrowed from other pre-photosynthetic organisms - which developed these pathways to capitalize on chemical gradient present on the early earth. B. The chemical pathways necessary for photosynthesis are too complex to have evolved without an intelligent designer. C. Although complex, the chemical pathways necessary for photosynthesis evolved independently in photosynthetic organisms. D. The chemical pathways of photosynthesis were assembled in spite of the first and second law of thermodynamics.

The chemical pathways of photosynthesis were likely borrowed from other pre-photosynthetic organisms - which developed these pathways to capitalize on chemical gradient present on the early earth.

( The question is on the other side) an amino acid

The compound in the previous question, shown here again for convenience, is ____________. A. an amino acid B. a fatty acid C. a nucleic acid D. carbonic acid E. acetic acid

Based on the results of your dialysis experiment and on your interpretation of those results, what might have been the concentration of the sucrose solution in the beaker? (IMAGE ON OTHER SIDE) At the beginning of the experiment (t=0 hr), the dialysis bag contains a 15% sucrose solution and the outside medium contains a sucrose solution of an unknown concentration. A. The concentration of sucrose in the beaker was well over 15% (>>15%). B. There isn't enough information to determine the concentration of sucrose in the beaker. C. The concentration of sucrose in the beaker was well below 15% (<<15%). D. The concentration of sucrose in the beaker was exactly 15% (=15%).

The concentration of sucrose in the beaker was well below 15% (<<15%).

HER2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase. In 30 percent of human breast cancers, HER2 is permanently activated, resulting in unregulated cell division. Lapatinib, a small and largely hydrophobic molecule/drug used to treat breast cancer, inhibits HER2 receptor tyrosine kinase autophosphorylation (the process by which the receptor adds phosphates onto itself), thus reducing tumor growth by 50 percent. Besides autophosphorylation, which of the following steps would be inhibited by Lapatinib? A. Dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. B. Phosphatase activity, dimerization, and the downsteam cellular response. C. Signaling molecule binding, dimerization, and the downstream cellular response. D. The downstream cellular response.

The downstream cellular response.

What is the effect of an inhibitor binding an enzyme? A. The enzyme is degraded. B. The enzyme is inactivated. C. The enzyme is activated. D. The complex is transported out of the cell.

The enzyme is inactivated.

DNA replication in eukaryotes differs from replication in bacteria because A. The eukaryotic DNA replicons are linear which creates a problem for the replication of the edges of the lagging strands, whereas the circular bacterial chromosomes do not have such a challenge. B. there are many replication origins in the single bacterial chromosome and only one in each chromosome of eukaryotic cells. C. synthesis of the new DNA strand is from 5´ to 3´ in eukaryotes and from 3´ to 5´ in bacteria. D. Okazaki fragments are produced in eukaryotic DNA replication but not in prokaryotic DNA replication. E. DNA replication is bidirectional in eukaryotes and unidirectional in bacteria.

The eukaryotic DNA replicons are linear which creates a problem for the replication of the edges of the lagging strands, whereas the circular bacterial chromosomes do not have such a challenge.

So in 1668, Francesco Redi, decided to perform a series of experiments. In one set of experiments, he put similar pieces of meat into identical jars. Several jars were left open to the air, and several others were sealed with cork. Carefully observing the jars over several days, Redi noticed flies flying around the jars and entering the open jars almost as soon as the experiment commenced, but many more flies appeared after a few days. Soon thereafter maggots showed up in all of the open jars but only in the open jars. What would a reasonable person conclude from the results of this experiment? A. The experiment was inconclusive because it did not run long enough. B. The experiment was inconclusive because Redi used only one kind of meat. C. The experiment supports the hypothesis that rotting meat is sufficient for the spontaneous generation of maggots. D. The experiment supports the hypothesis that rotting meat is necessary but insufficient for the spontaneous generation of maggots and that a necessary ingredient was missing from the sealed jars.

The experiment supports the hypothesis that rotting meat is necessary but insufficient for the spontaneous generation of maggots and that a necessary ingredient was missing from the sealed jars.

Paramecium is a unicellular organism that lives in fresh water. Suppose you are studying two populations of this organism: one population lives in a pond in northern Ontario, Canada, and the other lives in a pond in southern Florida. If you examined the plasma membranes of both of these populations at the same time of year, what difference would you expect to find between the two populations' cell membranes? Phase-microscope picture of a paramecium cell. Surrounding the plasma membrane one can see fine protrusions - these are the cilia that give the group to which paramecium belong (ciliates). The cilia allows the organism to move about and also assist in capture of food and the paramecium "mouth". One can see ingested unicellular algae that were devoured by the paramecium. (IMAGE ON OTHER SIDE) A. The fatty acid side chains in the membrane phospholipids of the Florida Paramecia would generally be shorter and would be more saturated compared to those in the membranes of the Canada Paramecia. B. The fatty acid side chains in the membrane phospholipids of the Florida Paramecia would generally be shorter and would be less saturated compared to those in the membranes of the Canada Paramecia. C. The fatty acid side chains in the membrane phospholipids of the Florida Paramecia would generally be longer and would be more saturated compared to those in the membranes of the Canada Paramecia. D. The fatty acid side chains in the membrane phospholipids of the Florida Paramecia would generally be longer and would be less saturated compared to those in the membranes of the Canada Paramecia.

The fatty acid side chains in the membrane phospholipids of the Florida Paramecia would generally be longer and would be more saturated compared to those in the membranes of the Canada Paramecia.

( The question is on the other side) 7, 9, 1, 10, 3

The figure below shows hydrogen bonding between two strands of DNA. Identify in the figure the H-bond acceptors.

( The question is on the other side) thermal energy

The figure below shows the relative energies of covalent bonds and various non covalent interactions in reference to the thermal energy of the environment at normal room temperature. Bond energies are defined as the energy required to break a particular type of linkage. What is letter A? A. thermal energy B. hydrogren bonds C. van der waals interaction D. ionic interactions E. covalent bonds

( The question is on the other side) van der Waals interactions

The figure below shows the relative energies of covalent bonds and various non covalent interactions in reference to the thermal energy of the environment at normal room temperature. Bond energies are defined as the energy required to break a particular type of linkage. What is letter B? A. thermal energy B. hydrogren bonds C. van der waals interaction D. ionic interactions E. covalent bonds

( The question is on the other side) ionic interactions

The figure below shows the relative energies of covalent bonds and various non covalent interactions in reference to the thermal energy of the environment at normal room temperature. Bond energies are defined as the energy required to break a particular type of linkage. What is letter C? A. thermal energy B. hydrogren bonds C. van der waals interaction D. ionic interactions E. covalent bonds

( The question is on the other side) hydrogen bonds

The figure below shows the relative energies of covalent bonds and various non covalent interactions in reference to the thermal energy of the environment at normal room temperature. Bond energies are defined as the energy required to break a particular type of linkage. What is letter D? A. thermal energy B. hydrogren bonds C. van der waals interaction D. ionic interactions E. covalent bonds

( The question is on the other side) covalent bonds

The figure below shows the relative energies of covalent bonds and various non covalent interactions in reference to the thermal energy of the environment at normal room temperature. Bond energies are defined as the energy required to break a particular type of linkage. What is letter E? A. thermal energy B. hydrogren bonds C. van der waals interaction D. ionic interactions E. covalent bonds

In another experiment, Redi again put meat pieces into identical jars, and as before. several jars were left open to the air, and several others were sealed with cork. This time around, though, Redi also added a third group of flies that he covered with gauze with small enough holes as to prevent flies from getting through the gauze. As before, Redi noticed flies flying around the jars and entering prior to the appearance of maggots in all of the open jars but not in the cork-sealed or gauze covered jars. What is the most likely role that the gauze-covered jars play in this experiment? A. The gauze-covered jars were a control that allowed refuting a hypothesis that lack of fresh air in the sealed jars prevented spontaneous generation of maggots. B. The inside of the gauze-covered jars was more easily observable than that of the sealed jars and allowed more careful observations. C. The gauze-covered jars were a control that allowed testing the hypothesis that cotton fibers are required in addition to rotting meat for the generation of maggots. D. The gauze-covered jars were a control that allowed testing the hypothesis that the type of meat used affects the likelihood of spontaneous generation.

The gauze-covered jars were a control that allowed refuting a hypothesis that lack of fresh air in the sealed jars prevented spontaneous generation of maggots.

A new species of prokaryote was discovered in a deep-sea thermal vent. Without any further characterization, which one of the following statements could you make about this species with a high degree of certainty? A. These organisms store their genetic information in a compartment enclosed in a double membrane. B. The genetic Information of the organism is encoded in its DNA, transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein. C. Information in RNA is transcribed into DNA and then translated into protein. D. None of the statements can be made with certainty. E. The organisms are from the domain Archaea.

The genetic Information of the organism is encoded in its DNA, transcribed into RNA and then translated into protein.

Based on the information in the previous question what can you surmise about the nature of the genetic material of SARS-CoV-2? A. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is likely single-stranded RNA B. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is likely double-stranded RNA C. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is double-stranded DNA D. The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is likely single-stranded DNA

The genome of SARS-CoV-2 is likely single-stranded RNA

(The question is on the other side) D

The graph below shows the relationship between glucose concentration outside a cell and the rate of glucose diffusion across a cell membrane that has carrier proteins to facilitate diffusion. Which of the following represents saturation of the carrier proteins? A. C B. E C. A D. D E. B

( The question is on the other side) cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules

The illustration above shows a representation of urea. Urea is a humble molecule being found in large quantities in - you guessed it - urine. However it holds an important place in the history of science as it was the first organic molecule to be synthesized in the lab from inorganic reactants - putting another nail in the coffin of vitalism.Which of the following is false about urea based on its structure as seen in the figure _____. A. has a flat configuration around the carbon atom B. is uncharged C. is held together by covalent bonds D. cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules E. consists of rather polar covalent bonds

Which property of water do the water-striders (the insect and the robot) utilize in their aquatic-acrobatics? A.They depend on the high boiling temperature of water. The bubbles that forms during boiling carry them upwards. B. The heat stored in water because of its large heat capacity creates a fuel cell that both the insects and their mimic robots use to power their jump. C. They rely on the adhesive property of water as water molecules stuck to their legs form growing chains that push them upwards. D. The insects and robots make use of the strong surface tension of water. Their legs push against the water surface without breaking it while moving to a vertical position. The stored energy in their elastic legs is released and like a loaded spring now propels their body upwards.

The insects and robots make use of the strong surface tension of water. Their legs push against the water surface without breaking it while moving to a vertical position. The stored energy in their elastic legs is released and like a loaded spring now propels their body upwards.

From a recent report in Science: "Researchers report today [...] that they discovered [...] pea-sized amphibians on the side of the Gunung Serapi mountain in Borneo, chirping amid the tiny Nepenthes pitcher plants they call home. Named Microhyla nepenthicola, after the plants, the male frogs measure only 10.6 to 12.8 mm long, making them the tiniest frogs in Europe, Asia, and Africa (the females are almost twice as long)."Which of the following statements is correct? A. The females' higher surface-to-volume ratio means that they lose water less quickly than the males. B. The males' higher surface-to-volume ratio means that they lose water more quickly than the females. C. The females' higher surface-to-volume ratio means that they lose water more quickly than the males. D. The males' higher surface-to-volume ratio means that they lose water less quickly than the females.

The males' higher surface-to-volume ratio means that they lose water more quickly than the females.

What property prevents the ligands of cell-surface receptors from entering the cell? A. The ligands are able to penetrate the membrane and directly influence gene expression upon receptor binding. B. The molecules are attached to transport proteins that deliver them through the bloodstream to target cells. C. The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane. D. The molecules bind to the extracellular domain.

The molecules are hydrophilic and cannot penetrate the hydrophobic interior of the plasma membrane.

How is a dNTP added to a growing DNA strand? A. The oxygen of the free 5'-OH of the incoming dNTP chain attacks the α-phosphate on the 3'-carbon of the terminal nucleotide of the growing chain and forms a covalent bond with it concomitantly with the displacement of the β and γ-phosphate groups. B. The oxygen of the free 5'-OH of the growing chain attacks the α-phosphate on the incoming dNTP and forms a covalent bond with it concomitantly with the displacement of the β and γ-phosphate groups. C. The oxygen of the free 3'-OH of the growing chain attacks the α-phosphate on the incoming dNTP and forms a covalent bond with it concomitantly with the displacement of the β and γ-phosphate groups. D.The oxygen of the free 3'-OH of the incoming dNTP chain attacks the α-phosphate on the 5'-carbon of the terminal nucleotide of the growing chain and forms a covalent bond with it concomitantly with the displacement of the β and γ-phosphate groups. .

The oxygen of the free 3'-OH of the growing chain attacks the α-phosphate on the incoming dNTP and forms a covalent bond with it concomitantly with the displacement of the β and γ-phosphate groups.

Which of the following statements must be true in order for mitochondrial ATP synthase to function properly? A. There must be no difference in pH between the mitochondrial matrix and the intermembrane space. B. The pH of the intermembrane space must be lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix. C. The pH of the intermembrane space must be higher than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix. D. The pH must be equal on all compartments of the mitochondria to ensure proper function of pathway. E. pH is not a factor in this process.

The pH of the intermembrane space must be lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix.

Which of the following statements must be true in order for mitochondrial ATP synthase to function properly? A.There must be no difference in pH between the mitochondrial matrix and the intermembrane space. B.The pH of the intermembrane space must be lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix. C.The pH of the intermembrane space must be higher than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix. D.The pH must be equal on all compartments of the mitochondria to ensure proper function of pathway. E.pH is not a factor in this process.

The pH of the intermembrane space must be lower than the pH of the mitochondrial matrix.

Which of the following statements must be true in order for chloroplast ATP synthase to function properly? A. The pH of the stroma must be lower than the pH of the lumen. B. There must be no difference in pH between the chloroplast stroma and the lumen. C.

The pH of the lumen must be lower than pH of the stroma.

( The question is on the other side) negatively charged

The picture depicts models of water molecules and a solute in their midst. Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute depicted here is most likely _____. A. nonpolar B. negatively charged C. positively charged D. without charge E. hydrophobic

Some bacteria live in very hypotonic environments. Which of the following characteristics keeps them from taking in too much water from their environment? A. The presence of a cell wall, which allows for a buildup of turgor pressure, preventing additional water from entering the cell B. The capacity of the cell to expel water as quickly as it takes it up C. The presence of a cell membrane, which allows for a buildup of tonic pressure, preventing additional water from entering the cell D. None of the above E. The presence of an active water pump

The presence of a cell wall, which allows for a buildup of turgor pressure, preventing additional water from entering the cell

In order to understand the reason(s) behind the apparent vulnerability of the elderly to COVID-19, a scientist proposed to test the effects of the novel coronavirus in a strain of mice susceptible to the virus. The scientist plans to this by injecting the virus into old mice of this strain (18-24 months old mice are equivalent to 56-69 year-old humans). A request to fund the proposed experiment was sent to a review panel at the National Institutes of Health. The scientist's request was denied. Which of the following reasons raised by the panel makes most sense based on the information in the previous two questions?

The proposed experiment lacks proper controls.

What will happen if a red blood cell with an internal salt concentration of about 0.85 percent is placed in a saline solution that is 4 percent? A. The red blood cell will gain water and burst. B. The red blood cell will lose water and shrivel. C. The turgor pressure in the cell will decrease greatly. D. The turgor pressure in the cell will increase greatly. E. The cell will remain unchanged.

The red blood cell will lose water and shrivel.

Which of the following takes place when the eukaryotic translational machinery encounters the UAG codon? A. This codon is not recognized by any factors that ultimately cause the translational machinery to stop. B. The termination factors recognize this codon and translation ends. C. This codon is recognized by the corresponding anticodon of an empty tRNA molecule that is not linked to an amino acid. D. The bound preinitiation complex stops scanning and positions the intiatory Met-tRNAMet at this site.

The termination factors recognize this codon and translation ends.

Which of the following statements is true for all organisms and all nonliving matter? A. They are subject to the basic laws of chemistry and physics. B. They can transition between three main phases (gas, liquid or solid). C. They maintain order by a constant input of free energy. D. They consist of units that maintain an internal environment which is kept relatively constant and is different from the external environment. E. They reproduce.

They are subject to the basic laws of chemistry and physics.

Where do DAG and IP3 originate? A. They are the cleavage products of the inositol phospholipid, PIP2. B. They are formed by phosphorylation of cAMP. C. They are ligands expressed by signaling cells. D. They are hormones that diffuse through the plasma membrane to stimulate protein production.

They are the cleavage products of the inositol phospholipid, PIP2.

How are the NADPH and G3P molecules made during photosynthesis similar? A. They are both produced from carbon dioxide B. They both store energy in chemical bonds. C. They are both substrates for photosynthesis. D. They are both end products of photosynthesis

They both store energy in chemical bonds.

What property enables the residues of the amino acids serine, threonine, and tyrosine to be phosphorylated? A. They are polar. B. They contain a hydroxyl group. C. They occur more frequently in the amino acid sequence of signaling proteins. D. They are non-polar.

They contain a hydroxyl group.

How do enzymes influence metabolic chemical reactions? A. They tend to make the reactions more exergonic. B. They tend to make the reactions more endergonic. C. They lower the activation energy required to reach the transition state. D. They increase the activation energy needed to reach the transition state.

They lower the activation energy required to reach the transition state.

(The question is on the other side) eukaryotic cell

This diagram is a eukaryotic cell or prokaryotic cell

Which statement about thylakoids in eukaryotes is not correct? A. Thylakoids contain chlorophyll. B. Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes. C. The space surrounding thylakoids is called stroma. D. Thylakoids are assembled into stacks.

Thylakoids exist as a maze of folded membranes.

Which of the following best characterizes the average rates and error frequencies of DNA synthesis and RNA synthesis in vivo? A. Transcription is slower and more error-prone than DNA replication. B. The rate of transcription increases when the error frequency of DNA replication increases. C. The rate of transcription decreases when the error frequency of DNA replication increases. D. Transcription is faster and more error-prone than DNA replication. E. Transcription is faster and less error-prone than DNA replication.

Transcription is slower and more error-prone than DNA replication.

A mutation occurs such that a spliceosome cannot remove one of the introns in a gene. What effect will this have on that gene? A. Translation will continue, but a nonfunctional protein is likely to be made. B. Transcription will terminate early and the protein will not be made. C. Translation will continue and will skip the intron sequence. D. It will have no effect; the gene will be transcribed and translated into protein. E. Transcription will proceed, but translation will stop at the site where the intron remains.

Translation will continue, but a nonfunctional protein is likely to be made.

What would happen if a mutation occurred in DNA such that the second codon of the resulting mRNA was changed from UGG to UAG? A. Translation would continue, but the second amino acid in the protein would be different. B. Translation would continue and the second amino acid would be the same. C. Translation would continue, but the reading frame of the ribosome would be shifted. D. Nothing. The ribosome would skip that codon and translation would continue. E. Translation would stop at the second codon, and no functional protein would be made.

Translation would stop at the second codon, and no functional protein would be made.

A key feature of receptor activation is a conformational change in the receptor when its ligand binds to it. A. True B. False

True

ATP is highly unstable and spontaneously dissociates into ADP and Pi. A. True B. False

True

Eukaryotic mNRA molecules carry 3' OH groups on both their 5' and 3' ends. A. True B. False

True

For each of the following statements determine ifa) it's true and contributes to the nature of cells/organisms - Trueb) it's true but has little or no bearing on cells/organisms - not relevantc) it's false - False Water is a polar molecule and hence an excellent solvent for polar compounds and ions.

True

For each of the following statements determine ifa) it's true and contributes to the nature of cells/organisms - Trueb) it's true but has little or no bearing on cells/organisms - not relevantc) it's false - False Water molecules are extensively hydrogen-bonded to each other.

True

In cell signaling, receptors can can be found on the plasma membrane and in the cytoplasm. A. True B. False

True

The activation energy for ATP hydrolysis is high. A. True B. False

True

The consequences of errors in transcription are less than those of errors in DNA replication. A. True B. False

True

True or False A weak acid only partially dissociates into the conjugate base and proton True

True

True or False AA 10-2 M solution of HCl has a pH of 2.

True

True or False the electron microscopy picture, the Cell Wall of the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is highlighted.

True

True or False this electron micrograph of the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is this organism's flagellum?

True

True or False this electron micrograph of the unicellular green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii shows a few the organism's vacuoles?

True

(The question is on the other side) Molecule 2 and molecule 3

Use the "Three Molecules" figure above to answer the following question. Which of the three molecules represented in the "Three Molecules" figure above is/are components(s) of a biological membrane? A. Molecule 1 B. Molecule 1 and Molecule 2 C. All three Molecules. D. Molecule 2 E. Molecule 1 and Molecule 3 F. Molecule 2 and Molecule 3 G. None of the Molecules. H. Molecule 3

(The question is on the other side) The viral envelope mediates entry into the cell, the capsid mediates attachment to the nuclear membrane, and the viral genome is all that enters the nucleus.

Use the following information to answer the question below. (terms in bold and brown are explained in the glossary below)Herpes viruses are important enveloped DNA viruses that cause disease in animals. Some of the human species are Herpes simplex virus (HSV) types I and II, causing facial and genital lesions, and the Varicella zoster virus (VSV), causing chicken pox and shingles. Each of these three viruses actively infects nervous tissue. Infection with Herpes viruses is chronic: the virus is not cleared from the host following the primary infection. Instead, viral genomes are maintained in cells in a latent phase as episomes, miniature chromosomes. The virus can later reactivate, replicate again, and infect other cells and be transmitted to other individuals. The DNA genome of the virus is encapsidated inside a complex protein capsid, which in turn is enveloped by the viral membrane.Researchers followed the sequence of events during viral infection by a kinetic study in which cell cultures were incubated with virus and sampled at different time points and processed for electron microscopy (see figure below). Electron micrographs shown are representative of many other similar micrographsIn the resulting electron micrograph of a cell soon after introduction of virus into the growth medium, enveloped HSV particles can be seen interacting with specific regions on the cell membrane. A micrograph taken later in the infection cycle, shows viral capsid packed with electron-dense material in the cytoplasm. Finally, a micrograph taken late in the infection process shows an "empty" capsid outside of the nuclear envelope near a nuclear pore. Which of the following descriptions best fits these observations? Figure 1. Ultrathin-sectioning TEM visualization of the HSV-1 infection process showing viral DNA ejection from HSV-1 capsid into a host nucleus. Artificially colored electron micrographs of ultrathin sections of Vero cells infected with HSV-1 with "full" virus particles at the cell membrane (A), in transport to the nucleus (B), and bound "empty" at a nuclear pore complex (NPC) embedded within the nuclear envelope (C). The dsDNA genome appears as an electron-dense region within the capsid, which is visible in (A) and (B), but absent in (C) due to DNA ejection upon NPC binding. The extracellular space is colored gray. The plasma membrane and the viral envelope membrane are colored yellow-brown. The cytoplasm The nuclear envelope is colored purple A. Viral capsids are required for the cell to become infected, because only the capsids enter the nucleus. B. The viral envelope is not required for infecting the cell, since the envelope does not enter the nucleus. C. The viral capsid mediates entry into the cell, and only the genomic DNA enters the nucleus, where it may or may not replicate. D. Only the genetic material of the virus is involved in the cell's infectivity, and is injected into the cell across the plasma membrane like the genome of a bacteriophage. E. The viral envelope mediates entry into the cell, the capsid mediates attachment to the nuclear membrane, and the viral genome is all that enters the nucleus.

One of your friends is arguing that viruses are "alive." Which of the following arguments can you bring to convince him otherwise? A. Viruses contain either RNA or DNA. B. Viruses cannot carry out metabolic reactions. C. Viruses typically have protein coats, which are distinct from plasma membrane. D. Viruses can carry out metabolic reactions, independent of their environment. E. Viruses are much more closely related to archaeons compared to bacteria.

Viruses cannot carry out metabolic reactions.

Which of the following statements about water is true? A. Water has a high specific heat.. B. When water freezes, it gains energy from the environment. C. Water has a low heat of vaporization. D. Solid water is denser than liquid water.

Water has a high specific heat..

(The question is on the other side) Dispersive replication

What is A? A. Dispersive replication B. semiconservative C. conservative replication D. improbable

(The question is on the other side) semiconservative

What is B? A. Dispersive replication B. semiconservative C. conservative replication D. improbable

(The question is on the other side) conservative replication

What is C? A. Dispersive replication B. semiconservative C. conservative replication D. improbable

(The question is on the other side) improbable

What is D? A. Dispersive replication B. semiconservative C. conservative replication D. improbable

(The question is on the other side) triglyeride

What is molecule 1? A. triglyceride B. phospholipid C. nucleic acid D. cholesterol E. amino acid F. fatty acid

(The question is on the other side) phospholipid

What is molecule 2? A. triglyceride B. phospholipid C. nucleic acid D. cholesterol E. amino acid F. fatty acid

(The question is on the other side) cholesterol

What is molecule 3? A. triglyceride B. phospholipid C. nucleic acid D. cholesterol E. amino acid F. fatty acid

(The question is on the other side) electron donor

What is proper description of molecule 1? A. electron donor B. electron acceptor C. oxidized donor D. reduced acceptor E. reduction F. oxidation

(The question is on the other side) electron acceptor

What is proper description of molecule 2? A. electron donor B. electron acceptor C. oxidized donor D. reduced acceptor E. reduction F. oxidation

(The question is on the other side) oxidized donor

What is proper description of molecule 3? A. electron donor B. electron acceptor C. oxidized donor D. reduced acceptor E. reduction F. oxidation

(The question is on the other side) reduced acceptor

What is proper description of molecule 4? A. electron donor B. electron acceptor C. oxidized donor D. reduced acceptor E. reduction F. oxidation

(The question is on the other side) reduction

What is proper description of molecule 5? A. electron donor B. electron acceptor C. oxidized donor D. reduced acceptor E. reduction F. oxidation

(The question is on the other side) oxidation

What is proper description of molecule 6? A. electron donor B. electron acceptor C. oxidized donor D. reduced acceptor E. reduction F. oxidation

(The question is on the other side) adenosine

What is structure 1? A. adenosine B. ribose C. alpha D. beta E. gamma

(The question is on the other side) ribose

What is structure 2? A. adenosine B. ribose C. alpha D. beta E. gamma

(The question is on the other side) alpha

What is structure 3? A. adenosine B. ribose C. alpha D. beta E. gamma

(The question is on the other side) beta

What is structure 4? A. adenosine B. ribose C. alpha D. beta E. gamma

(The question is on the other side) gamma

What is structure 5? A. adenosine B. ribose C. alpha D. beta E. gamma

(The question is on the other side) Golgi apparatus.

What might be the organelle encircled in the picture below? A. rough endoplasmic reticulum. B. Golgi apparatus. C. chloroplast. D. smooth endoplasmic reticulum. E. flagellum. F. mitochondrion.

(The question is on the other side) envelope

What structure/compartment is A? A. envelope B. grana C. thylakoids D. stroma lamellae E. stroma F. starch granule G. cristae H. chlorophyll I. endoplasmic reticulum J. glycogen granule

(The question is on the other side) grana

What structure/compartment is B? A. envelope B. grana C. thylakoids D. stroma lamellae E. stroma F. starch granule G. cristae H. chlorophyll I. endoplasmic reticulum J. glycogen granule

(The question is on the other side) stroma lamellae

What structure/compartment is C? A. envelope B. grana C. thylakoids D. stroma lamellae E. stroma F. starch granule G. cristae H. chlorophyll I. endoplasmic reticulum J. glycogen granule

(The question is on the other side) stroma

What structure/compartment is D? A. envelope B. grana C. thylakoids D. stroma lamellae E. stroma F. starch granule G. cristae H. chlorophyll I. endoplasmic reticulum J. glycogen granule

(The question is on the other side) starch granule

What structure/compartment is E? A. envelope B. grana C. thylakoids D. stroma lamellae E. stroma F. starch granule G. cristae H. chlorophyll I. endoplasmic reticulum J. glycogen granule

(The question is on the other side) thylakoids

What structure/compartment is F? A. envelope B. grana C. thylakoids D. stroma lamellae E. stroma F. starch granule G. cristae H. chlorophyll I. endoplasmic reticulum J. glycogen granule

Why does a starchy food, like bread, become hard and stale when it dries out? A. Water and heat cause the polysaccharide chains to bind together. B. The release of carbon dioxide causes the bread to harden. C. Mold growth interferes with α linkages, causing the bread to harden. D. Cellulose molecules aggregate in the absence of water. E. When the bread dries out, separate chains of starch are "glued" together through hydrogen bonds that form between them instead of the hydrogen bonds that formely existed between them and (the now evaporated) water molecules.

When the bread dries out, separate chains of starch are "glued" together through hydrogen bonds that form between them instead of the hydrogen bonds that formely existed between them and (the now evaporated) water molecules.

(The question is on the other side) 1

Which number hides the label for the cytosol? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

(The question is on the other side) 2

Which number hides the label for the nucleus? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

(The question is on the other side) 3

Which number hides the label for the plasma membrane A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

( The question is on the other side) 3,5

Which of the carbons of the compound below, is chiral? (select all the correct answers). A. 3 B. 5 C. 1 D. 2 E. 4 F. 6 G. None

( The question is on the other side) 1. tryptophan 6. acetate 4. lysine

Which of the molecules shown below contain at least one carboxyl group? There could be any number of answers. If you can't find any molecule that fits the bill, choose (8).

(The question is on the other side) Molecule 3

Which of the three molecules represented in the "Three Molecules" figure above can maintain membrane fluidity at low temperatures and keep membranes from becoming too fluid at higher temperatures? A. Molecule 1 B. Molecule 1 and Molecule 2 C. All three Molecules. D. Molecule 2 E. Molecule 1 and Molecule 3 F. Molecule 2 and Molecule 3 G. None of the Molecules. H. Molecule 3

(The question is on the other side) Molecule 2

Which of the three molecules represented in the "Three Molecules" figure above include(s) at least one unsaturated fatty acid? A. Molecule 1 B. Molecule 1 and Molecule 2 C. All three Molecules. D. Molecule 2 E. Molecule 1 and Molecule 3 F. Molecule 2 and Molecule 3 G. None of the Molecules. H. Molecule 3

(The question is on the other side) M-simple N-facilitated

Which trace represents facilitated diffusion and which represents diffusion? A. M-simple N-facilitated B. N-simple M-facilitated C. M-simple N-facilitated M-facilitated D. M-simple N-simple E. Not enough information

(The question is on the other side) Protein - 35S, DNA - 32P

Which two isotopes are best for exclusively tagging (labeling) proteins or DNA? A. Protein - 32P, DNA - 15N B. Protein - 35S, DNA - 15N C. Protein - 32P, DNA - 35S D. Protein - 35S, DNA - 32P E. Protein - 15N, DNA -35S F. Protein - 15N, DNA - 32P

Stone quarries provided slabs of limestone, granite and marble since antiquity. An ancient technique, perfected by the Romans but probably predating them, was to widen existing cracks in the face of the rock enough to allow inserting a wedge made from a very dry wood. The quarrymen kept the wooden wedges continually wet until the swelling of the wood burst the rock allowing the recovery of a flat slab of stone. What is the property of the wood that allows it take in water and swell? A.The wood consists of dead plant tissue consisting of the cellulose-containing cell walls of what used to be living plant cells. Each "cell" is now full of air instead of the watery cytoplasm. When the wood is soaked with water, the water replaces the air. Because liquids (water) occupy a larger volume than gas (air) of equal mass, the wood becomes swollen. B. Wood is made primarily of cellulose, the main constituent of plants' cell walls. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose, a hexose with high capacity to form ionic bonds. Salt ions situated between the cellulose strand make the wood strong. When water penetrates the wood, water molecules solubilize the salt ions, causing the cellulose fibers to weaken pushing them apart and making the wood soft and swollen. C. Wood is made primarily of cellulose, the main constituent of plants' cell walls. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose, a hexose with high capacity to form hydrogen bonds. In the dry wood the glucose monomers of one cellulose strand make strong H-bonds with adjacent cellulose strands, making the wood strong and compact. When water penetrates the wood, water molecules very effectively compete on making H-bonds with the cellulose strands, pushing them apart and making the wood soft and swollen. D. The wood is a living tissue. With the supply of water, the cells in the wood start to grow, divide, and continue to grow and divide. The rejuvenated cytoplasm pushes against the cell walls creating turgor pressure which causes further swelling in the wood.

Wood is made primarily of cellulose, the main constituent of plants' cell walls. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose, a hexose with high capacity to form hydrogen bonds. In the dry wood the glucose monomers of one cellulose strand make strong H-bonds with adjacent cellulose strands, making the wood strong and compact. When water penetrates the wood, water molecules very effectively compete on making H-bonds with the cellulose strands, pushing them apart and making the wood soft and swollen.

Information sources used by Watson and Crick to determine the structure of DNA included _______ . A. electron micrographs of individual DNA molecules (taken by Watson and Crick themselves). B. light micrographs of bacteriophage particles (taken by Hershey and Chase). C. light micrographs of individual bacterial chromosomes (taken by Fredrick Griffith). D. nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of DNA (done by Edwin Chargaff). E. X-ray crystallography of double-stranded DNA (completed by Rosalind Franklin).

X-ray crystallography of double-stranded DNA (completed by Rosalind Franklin).

Does the length of the phospholipids' hydrophobic tails affect membranes' fluidity, and if so - how? A. Yes; longer phospholipids make more van der Waals interactions than short ones → membrane is more rigid. B. Yes; longer phospholipids are more flexible and therefore move more → membrane more fluid. C. No; lipids exclude water (=fluids) no matter what their length is and therefore the membrane is uniformly not fluid D. No; fluidity depends on the interactions of the hydrophilic heads

Yes; longer phospholipids make more van der Waals interactions than short ones → membrane is more rigid.

H3C-COOH -> H3C-COO- + H+ pKa = 4.7 <- What are the relative concentrations of acetate [A-] and acetic acid [HA] at pH 4.7? A. [A-] = 1/470 * [HA] B. [A-] = 470 * [HA] C. [A-] = 4.7 * [HA] D. [A-] = 1/4.7 * [HA] E. [A-] = [HA]

[A-] = [HA]

Which of the following is true for pure water? A. [H+] = [H2O] B. [H+] = [OH-] C. [H+] / [OH-] = [H2O] D. [H+] + [OH-] = [H2O] E. Impossible to tell, the concentration

[H+] = [OH-}

The pH of beer is ~3.5 The pH of human urine is ~6.5 Compare the [H+] concentrations of the two solutions A.[H+]urine = 3 * [H+]beer B. [H+]urine = 30 * [H+]beer C. [H+]urine = 1000 * [H+]beer D. [H+]beer = 3 * [H+]urine E. [H+]beer = 1000 * [H+]urine

[H+]beer = 1000 * [H+]urine

What is the side chain's functional group for aspartic acid, glutamic acid? A. hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains B. a positively charged amine, guanidium or imidazole ring C. amide -CONH2 D. thiol-SH E. hydrogen atom F. thioether-CH2-S-CH3 G. an aliphatic chain binding to the backbone of the amino acid (alpha carbon and the amino nitrogen) at both ends. H. hydroxyl I. aromatic (double - single bond conjugated system) ring(s)

a carboxylic acid

The plastid depicted in the Figure above (SLIDE 244 and it is also on the back of this slide) is likely to be ____. A. an amyloplast. B. a chloroplast. C. a leukoplast. D. a kinetoplast. E. a chromoplast.

a chloroplast.

In January 2020, health authorities in China, followed by the World Health Organization and the US Centers of Disease Control expressed concerns that a novel (previously unknown) coronavirus similar to the SARS virus may be the cause of the Wuhan pneumonia cases. Their concern is an example of _____.

a hypothesis

Intrigued by this phenomenon of maggots appearing in rotting meat, Francesco Redi, the personal physician and apothecary of the rich and influential Medici family in Florence Italy, was unsatisfied by the explanation that the maggots were spontaneously generated by the decaying meat. Dead carcasses attract flies. Could it be that these flies might be responsible for the appearance of the maggots? The purple and bolded sentence is _________. A. an observation. B. a hypothesis. C. an experiment. D. a conclusion

a hypothesis.

What is the side chain's functional group for arginine, lysine, histidine? A. hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains B. a positively charged amine, guanidium or imidazole ring C. carboxylic acid D. thiol-SH E. hydrogen atom F. thioether-CH2-S-CH3 G. an aliphatic chain binding to the backbone of the amino acid (alpha carbon and the amino nitrogen) at both ends. H. hydroxyl I. aromatic (double - single bond conjugated system) ring(s)

a positively charged amine, guanidium or imidazole ring

What is cellular respiration?

a series of chemical reactions that convert the chemical energy in fuel molecules into the chemical energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

In a hydrogen molecule, the two atoms are held together by A. gravity B. ionic attractions C. a shared pair of electrons D. hydrogen bonds E. van der Waals forces

a shared pair of electrons

Quorum sensing is triggered to begin when ___________. A. a sufficient number of bacteria are present B. bacterial protein expression is switched on C. bacteria release growth hormones D. treatment with antibiotics occurs

a sufficient number of bacteria are present

Quorum sensing is triggered to begin when ___________. A. bacterial protein expression is switched on B. treatment with antibiotics occurs C. a sufficient number of bacteria are present D. bacteria release growth hormones

a sufficient number of bacteria are present

The process of transcription requires ___________. A. a temporary stopping of DNA replication. B. the co-initiation of DNA replication C. destruction of one of the strands of the DNA template. D. a temporary separation of the strands in the DNA template.

a temporary separation of the strands in the DNA template.

What is the main prerequisite for clearance at the G2 checkpoint? A. accurate and complete DNA replication B. an adequate stockpile of nucleotides C. cell has reached a sufficient size D. proper attachment of mitotic spindle fibers to kinetochores

accurate and complete DNA replication

You are making three solutions with water and the following salts: sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium acetate (KCH3COO), and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Predict whether the resultant solutions will be acidic, neutral or basic. Match the salt with your prediction. NH4Cl: A. neutral B. acidic C. basic

acidic

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

Match the following structural and regulatory components of the lac operon with their function. Note that not all items will be used. Synthesizes cAMP from ATP. A. promoter B. lacY C. cAMP D. adenylyl cyclase E. allolactose F. Operator G. lac repressor H. lacZ

adenylyl cyclase

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

all energy transfers involve losing some energy in an unusable form such as heat, resulting in entropy

Apoptosis can occur in a cell when the cell is ________________. A. damaged B. infected by a virus C. all of the above D. no longer needed

all of the above

The alpha carbon is A. a chiral center B. asymmetric C. bound to 4 different chemical groups D. all of the above E. none of the above F. the head of the pack

all of the above

The enzyme RuBisCO __________. A. is the most abundant protein (by weight) on Earth B. is capable of reacting with CO2 in the Calvin Cycle. C. catalyzes the first step in the Calvin Cycle D. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following are useful model systems for learning about cellular processes that contribute to cancer in humans? A. cultured human cells B. Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly). C. Mus musculus (mouse). D. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast). E. all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following stages of glycolysis are control points for cellular respiration? A. hexokinase, the first enzyme in the pathway B. phosphofructokinase, the third enzyme in the pathway C. pyruvate kinase, the last enzyme in the pathway D. all of the above

all of the above

When E. coli are grown in a medium with lactose, A. no enzymes of the lactose operon are present. B. the mRNA of the lactose operon is not present at all. C. all the enzymes of the lactose operon are present in very small quantities. D. β-galactosidase and permease are present in small quantities, but transacetylase is present in large quantities. E. all the enzymes of the lactose operon are present in large quantities.

all the enzymes of the lactose operon are present in large quantities.

Match the following structural and regulatory components of the lac operon with their function. Note that not all items will be used. Changes the conformation of the repressor by binding to it. A. promoter B. lacY C. cAMP D. adenylyl cyclase E. allolactose F. Operator G. lac repressor H. lacZ

allolactose

Elements found on the left side of the periodic table contain outer shells that are _____; these elements tend to form _____ in solution. A. almost full; anions B. almost empty; cations C. almost full; cations D. almost empty; anions

almost empty; cations

Double-stranded DNA looks a little like a ladder that has been twisted into a helix, or a spiral. Following this analogy, the side supports of the ladder are __________. A. individual nitrogenous bases. B. alternating bases and sugars. C. alternating bases and phosphate groups. D. alternating sugars and phosphates. E. alternating bases, sugars, and phosphates.

alternating sugars and phosphates.

What is the side chain's functional group for asparagine, glutamine? A. hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains B. a positively charged amine, guanidium or imidazole ring C. amide -CONH2 D. thiol-SH E. hydrogen atom F. thioether-CH2-S-CH3 G. an aliphatic chain binding to the backbone of the amino acid (alpha carbon and the amino nitrogen) at both ends. H. hydroxyl I. aromatic (double - single bond conjugated system) ring(s)

amide -CONH2

In a brilliant and elegant experiment, Benzer and co-workers have shown that the decoding function tRNAs is wholly dependent on anticodon-codon interactions. If the tRNA is charged with a wrong amino-acid, it will allow its incorporation in a wrong place within the sequence. To use the linguistic analogy, the decoding function of tRNA is really that of transliteration (rendering of the letters or characters of one alphabet in those of another) and not translation (translation implies knowing the meaning of the word). Nonetheless, there is a certain group of molecules that "speak" both the language of bases and the language of amino acids. These are: A. Spliceosome B. Initiation factors C. 16S rRNA (prokaryotes) and 18S rRNA (eukaryotes) D. aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases E. ribosomes

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

Which one of the following is least likely to be found in a nucleotide? A. a five-carbon sugar B. an -SH (thiol, or sulfhydryl) group C. a nitrogen-containing base D. All of the choices are equally likely to be found in a nucleotide. E. one or more phosphate groups

an -SH (thiol, or sulfhydryl) group

What is the side chain's functional group for proline? A. hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains B. a positively charged amine, guanidium or imidazole ring C. carboxylic acid D. thiol-SH E. hydrogen atom F. thioether-CH2-S-CH3 G. an aliphatic chain binding to the backbone of the amino acid (alpha carbon and the amino nitrogen) at both ends. H. hydroxyl I. aromatic (double - single bond conjugated system) ring(s)

an aliphatic chain binding to the backbone of the amino acid (alpha carbon and the amino nitrogen) at both ends.

The most common secondary structure found in membrane-spanning proteins is A. an alpha helix of nonpolar amino acids that passes through the membrane. B. triple helix of collagen. C. a helix-turn-helix arrangement of the peptide strands. D. an alpha helix of charged amino acids that passes through the membrane. E. none of these.

an alpha helix of nonpolar amino acids that passes through the membrane.

Spontaneous generation was a firmly held conviction by scholars for millennia. Simply put, it says that living organisms routinely spring to life from non-living matter. Barnacle geese were never seen to be nesting in Europe, so where do they come from? why, from barnacles of course! And these of course spontaneously appear on the bottom of boats of negligent fishermen. And after all, who has never seen a pristine piece of meat left outside only to be swarming within a few days with maggots that would later metamorphose into flies, The prevailing common sense dictated that maggots sprang to life from the dead carcass or piece of meat. In other words, living organisms arise spontaneously from the non-living matter. The blue and bolded sentence is _________. A. an observation. B. a hypothesis C. a controlled experiment D. a conclusion

an observation.

Would the replication of DNA - where a parent strand acts as a template and a daughter strand is constructed - be considered a catabolic process or an anabolic process? A. catabolic B. anabolic

anabolic

Would the replication of DNA - where a parent strand acts as a template and a daughter strand is constructed - be considered a catabolic process or an anabolic process? A. catabolic B. anabolic

anabolic

If the M checkpoint is not cleared, what stage of mitosis will be blocked? A. anaphase B. prometaphase C. metaphase D. prophase

anaphase

The portion of the tRNA molecule that contains a complementary sequence that base-pairs with the mRNA is called the _________ loop. Choose a term from the following list: anticodon, acceptor, amino acid, codon, complementary.

anticodon

Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases ________. (more than one correct answer possible) A. activate the amino acid by binding it to GTP B. have wide specificity for a number of chemically-closely related amino acids C. are sometimes referred to as the second genetic code D. link the correct amino acid to the anticodon loop of the cognate tRNA. E. link the correct amino acids with their cognate tRNAs.

are sometimes referred to as the second genetic code AND link the correct amino acids with their cognate tRNAs.

What is the side chain's functional group for phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan? A. hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains B. a positively charged amine, guanidium or imidazole ring C. carboxylic acid D. thiol-SH E. hydrogen atom F. thioether-CH2-S-CH3 G. an aliphatic chain binding to the backbone of the amino acid (alpha carbon and the amino nitrogen) at both ends. H. hydroxyl I. aromatic (double - single bond conjugated system) ring(s)

aromatic (double - single bond conjugated system) ring(s)

Which one of the following amino acids is most likely to participate in hydrogen bonding with water? A. phenylalanine B. valine C. alanine D. asparagine E. leucine

asparagine

Gene expression can be regulated ______________. A. at any (or all) of these steps. B. at none none of these steps C. before transcription. D. during transcription and before translation. E. during translation. F. after translation.

at any (or all) of these steps.

Which one of the following types of organisms are likely to be the most closely resembling the first cells on Earth? A. bacteria B. algae C. fungi D. animals E. plants

bacteria

What is the model needed to represent a molecule to best illustrate both the three-dimensional position of the atoms and the order of the bonds (single, double, or triple between them?

ball-and-stick model (an example of ball-and-stick model of water)

The cellular structures that are almost identical to centrioles are the A. microfilaments. B. chromoplasts. C. microbodies. D. basal bodies. E. centromeres.

basal bodies.

basic

When a reaction product acts to regulate its own further production (as seen in the illustration below), this is an example of.... A. cofactor B. feedback inhibition C. substrate scarcity control D. allosteric modulation E. both B and D could be correct

both B and D could be correct

When a reaction product acts to regulate its own further production (as seen in the illustration below), this is an example of.... (IMAGE ON THE OTHER SIDE) A. a cofactor B. feedback inhibition C. substrate scarcity control D. allosteric modulation E. both b and d could be correct.

both b and d could be correct.

In condensation reactions, the atoms that make up a water molecule are derived from A. only one of the reactants. B. enzymes C. both of the reactants D. oxygen E. carbohydrates

both of the reactants

Type of catabolic pathways

breakdown of complex molecules, cellular respiration

The backbone of RNA differs from that of DNA A. by having 5' to 5' phosphodiester bonds instead of 3' to 5' such linkages. B. by consisting of dideoxyribose sugars instead of deoxyibose sugars. C. by having 5' to 3' phosphodiester bonds instead of 3' to 5' such linkages. D. None of these - only the bases are different, but not the backbone. E. by consisting of ribose sugars instead of deoxyibose sugars.

by consisting of ribose sugars instead of deoxyibose sugars.

Match the following structural and regulatory components of the lac operon with their function. Note that not all items will be used. Binds the CAP protein and allows it to bind to its binding-site on the DNA. A. promoter B. lacY C. cAMP D. adenylyl cyclase E. allolactose F. Operator G. lac repressor H. lacZ

cAMP

Secondary messengers include: (Mark all that apply) A. cAMP B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. AMP E. cATP F. ATP

cAMP AND Ca2+

Primary and secondary active transport both A. are based on passive movement of Na+ ions. B. include the passive movement of glucose molecules. C. use ATP directly. D. can move solutes against their concentration gradients. E. generate ATP.

can move solutes against their concentration gradients.

Many of the negative regulator proteins of the cell cycle were discovered in what type of cells? A. diploid B. stem cells C. haploid D. cells in G0 E. cancer cells F. gametes

cancer cells

A molecule with the formula C6H12O6 is a A. protein B. nucleic acid C. lipid D. carbohydrate E. hydrocarbon

carbohydrate

The Calvin-Benson Cycle can be thought to occur in 3 stages: Stage 1: A. carbon fixation B. reduction of 3-PGA C. regeneration of RuBP

carbon fixation

Which of the following functional groups is most polar at pH 12? A. amino (pKa ~9.5) B. carboxyl (pKa ~4.5) C. aldehyde D. hydroxyl

carboxyl (pKa ~4.5)

Match the cell type and the major constituent of its cell wall. Plant cells: A. cellulose B. peptidoglycan C. chitin D. motor proteins such as kinesin E. intermediate filaments F. Collagen G. Membrane-linked channels called plasmodesmata

cellulose

What does the term insoluble fiber refer to on food packages? A. chitin B. amylopectin C. starch D. cellulose E. polypeptides

cellulose

Which of the following subcellular structures is found in plants but not in animals? (more than one answer possible). A. ribosomes B. none of these C. nuclei D. mitochondria E. cellulose cell walls F. centrioles G. plastids

cellulose cell walls AND plastids

The mitotic spindles arise from which cell structure? A. cell plate B. centromere C. kinetochore D. centrosome E. cleavage furrow

centrosome

Alternative splicing can result in which of the following? (more than one correct answer possible) A. incorporation of novel (not one of the 20 standard) amino acids. B. change in reading frame resulting in two or more proteins that differ in their function C. production of different mRNA molecules from the same gene D. translation of different proteins from the same gene

change in reading frame resulting in two or more proteins that differ in their function AND production of different mRNA molecules from the same gene AND translation of different proteins from the same gene

During strenuous exercise when oxygen supply becomes limited, muscles may need to shift from aerobic metabolism (respiration) to anaerobic metabolism which results in formation of lactic acid (you will learn about metabolism later in the course). Because high concentrations of lactic acid are detrimental (the source of cramps and damage), lactic acid is removed into the blood stream. However kicking the can down the road - the acidification of the blood - is problematic by itself (acidosis, very dangerous condition!), unless the body has ways to deal with it. Luckily, carbonic acid and sodium bicarbonate act as buffers in the blood.When a small amount of lactic acid reaches the blood, the H+ ions are used up as they combine with the bicarbonate ions. When this happens, the pH of the blood. ________. A. its irreversible B. becomes much more acidic C. becomes much more basic D. ionizes E. changes very little

changes very little

Amino acids can be classified by the A. number of monosaccharides they contain. B. number of carbon-carbon double bonds in their fatty acids. C. number of peptide bonds they can form. D. number of disulfide bridges they can form. E. characteristics of their side chains, or "R" groups.

characteristics of their side chains, or "R" groups.

Match the cell type and the major constituent of its cell wall. fungal cells: A. cellulose B. peptidoglycan C. chitin D. motor proteins such as kinesin E. intermediate filaments F. Collagen G. Membrane-linked channels called plasmodesmata

chitin

Correctly match the following terms with their definition. A green pigment, present in all green plants and in cyanobacteria, responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis. A. RuBisCO B. Carbon fixation C. chlorophyll D. Light independent reaction E. Absorption spectrum F. photosystem G. Light-dependent reaction H. chloroplast

chlorophyll

Correctly match the following terms with their definition. The organelle (derived from cyanobacteria) in plants where photosynthesis takes place. A. RuBisCO B. Carbon fixation C. chlorophyll D. Light independent reaction E. Absorption spectrum F. photosystem G. Light-dependent reaction H. chloroplast

chloroplast

In eukaryotes, most nuclearly-encoded mRNAs have long stretches of adenine nucleotides at one of their ends. This so-called poly-A tail is _______________ A. coded for by DNA. B. attached to its 5´ end. C. composed of extra-chromosomal poly T DNA molecules. D. important for mRNA stability. E. All of these

coded for by DNA.

Dietary vitamins including Vitamin A and Folic acid are common examples of..... A. cofactors B. coenzyme C. substrate D. inhibitor

coenzyme

The strands in a DNA molecule are ____. (choose all that apply) A. complementary B. antiparallel C. covalently bonded to each other D. perpendicular E. identical

complementary AND antiparallel

In DNA replication, each newly-made strand is _____. A. identical in DNA sequence to the strand from which it was copied. B. complementary in sequence to the strand from which it was copied. C. oriented in the same 3´-to-5´ direction as the strand from which it was copied. D. an incomplete copy of one of the parental strands.

complementary in sequence to the strand from which it was copied.

All cells in a complicated multicellular organism

control the expression of the genome.

In an experiment to test a candidate vaccine against HIV-1, researchers injected a group mice the new immunogen that they (the researchers, not the mice!) developed. The immunogen was solubilized in immunization buffer. Another group of mice was injected with identical doses of the immunization buffer alone (without the immunogen). This is an example of a _______ experiment.

controlled

DNA polymerase lengthens a polynucleotide strand by A. threading the existing DNA through a replication complex. B. building short DNA fragments and linking them together. C. adding lost DNA sequences to the 3´ end. D. covalently linking new nucleotides to a previously existing strand. E. linking purines with pyrimidines.

covalently linking new nucleotides to a previously existing strand.

Which protein is a positive regulator that phosphorylates other proteins when activated? A. retinoblastoma protein (Rb) B. p53 C. cyclin D. cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

Glycolysis takes place in the ________. A. ER B. cytoplasm C. lysosome D. stroma E. mitochondrial matrix F. mitochondrial intermembrane space

cytoplasm

Purines include all of the following EXCEPT ____________. A. cytosine B. adenine C. guanine

cytosine

Juxtacrine signaling requires ________ to communicate/signal. A. intracellular receptors B. systemic travel of the signal molecule C. airborne travel of the signaling molecule D. direct contact between cells E. short travels distances of the signaling molecule

direct contact between cells

Which of the following molecules is most likely to have the most potential energy? A. disaccharide B. GTP C. NADH D. ATP E. saccharide

disaccharide

How many structural and cis/trans isomers does dichlorothene (formula C2H2Cl2) have? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

The number of protons in a neutral atom equals the number of A. neutrons B. electrons C. neutrons minus electrons D. isotopes E. electrons plus neutrons

electrons

The DNA of mitochondria A. directs photosynthesis. B. is needed to hydrolyze monomers. C. controls the cell's activities. D. synthesizes polysaccharides for the plant cell wall. E. encodes for proteins needed for cellular respiration.

encodes for proteins needed for cellular respiration.

The secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland is an example of _______________. A. direct signaling across gap junctions B. paracrine signaling C. autocrine signaling D. endocrine signaling

endocrine signaling

A scientist notices that when she adds a small and water soluble molecule to a dish of cells, the cells turn off transcription of a gene. She hypothesizes that the ligand she added binds to a(n) ______ receptor. A. hormone B. No answer text provided. C. enzyme-linked D. gated ion-channel E. intracellular

enzyme-linked

Protein-encoding genetic material constitute only a small portion of their genomes. A. eukaryotes B. prokaryotes C. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. D. Neither

eukaryotes

Their DNA is typically found within sub-cellular organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts but mainly in the nucleus A. eukaryotes B. prokaryotes C. Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

eukaryotes

Do eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells generate energy ATP via cellular respiration inn the mitochrondia?

eukaryotic

Ideally, PCR _______ increases the amount of DNA during additional cycles. A. systematically B. exponentially C. linearly D. gradually E. additively

exponentially

The guanosine triphosphate (GTP) cap that is added to the 5' end of primary mRNA A. contains all the coding and noncoding sequences of the DNA template. B. provides the mRNA molecule with a poly A tail. C. is linked to the first transcribed base via hydrogen bonds. D. helps transfer amino acids to the ribosomes. E. facilitates the binding of mRNA to ribosomes.

facilitates the binding of mRNA to ribosomes.

Kombucha, ethanol alcohol, and yogurt are types of drinks and consumable products that result from the _______________ of carbohydrates with the aid of a multispecies community of microorganisms (including yeast and bacteria). A. glycosylation B. oxygenation C. alkinization D. fermentation E. phosphorylation

fermentation

When oxygen is not present after glycolysis, the next stage is ___________. A. electron transport chain B. the same, the TCA cycle C. pyruvate reduction D. fermentation E. CO2 fixation F. glucose reduction

fermentation

Reduction is the ________ of _______. A. decrease, ATP B. decrease, charge C. gain, electrons D. gain, charge E. gain, ATP

gain, electrons

An organism's traits are determined by the specific combination of inherited _____. A. genes B. cells C. plasmids D. proteins E. chromatids

genes

Ribosomes are the structures in which A. chemical energy is stored in the form of ATP. B. sunlight energy is converted into chemical energy. C. genetic information is used to make proteins. D. new organelles are made. E. cell division is controlled.

genetic information is used to make proteins.

You are trying to find a maximum source of energy for an organism. Which of the following compounds would you choose? A. glucose B. oxygen C. ATP D. pyruvate E. NADH

glucose

Which of the following amino acids have very similar side chains with extremely similar chemical properties? (mark as many as applicable) A. glycine B. glutamate C. aspartate D. serine E. glutamine

glutamate and aspartame

Which of the following pairs of amino acids do you expect to be commonly found in beta-turns? A. aspartate and glutamate B. glycine and proline C. tryptophan and tyrosine D. leucine and isoleucine E. alanine and phenylalanine

glycine and proline

Cellular respiration occurs in 4 stages. Those stages are: Stage 1: A. glycolysis B. pyruvate oxidation C. The citric acid cycle D. oxidation phosphorylation

glycolysis

A pair of atoms joined by a polar covalent bond ______. A. has the charge spread evenly across both atoms. B. has a slight positive charge on one atom and a slight negative charge on the other. C. mixes well with nonpolar solvents. D. is unlikely to form hydrogen bonds with water.

has a slight positive charge on one atom and a slight negative charge on the other.

Calcium has an atomic number of 20 and an atomic weight of 40.08. From this information it can be determined that this element A. forms isomers B. has a pH of 7 C. is radioactive D. is an ion E. has isotopes

has isotopes

The rough ER _______. A. is the cytoplasmic space between the Golgi and the ER (round Golgi haze). B. is connected to the Golgi apparatus. C. is the site of steroid synthesis. D. has ribosomes attached to its membrane. E. was the name of a long-running TV series starring George Clooney. F. is evolutionarily and developmentally older then the smooth ER.

has ribosomes attached to its membrane.

Hemoglobin is the O2 carrier protein in red blood cells. It consists of two alpha-subunits and two beta-subunits. Therefore, hemoglobin is a A. homotetramer B. double helix C. heterotetramer D. Heterotrimer E. Hemomer F. Has 2 alpha-helices and 2 beta-strands

heterotetramer

A simple sugar with the formula C6H12O6 can be classified as a A. hexose B. polysaccharide C. disaccharide D. pentose E. sucrose

hexose

The pH in the stroma of the chloroplast should be ____________ compared with the thylakoid lumen due to the ___________ concentration of protons in the thylakoid lumen. A. higher; lower B. higher; higher C. lower; higher D. lower; lower

higher; higher

The first level of DNA organization in a eukaryotic cell is maintained by which molecule? A. condensin B. chromatin C. cohesin D. histone E. primarysin

histone

What is the side chain's functional group for alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine? A. hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains B. a positively charged amine, guanidium or imidazole ring C. carboxylic acid D. thiol-SH E. hydrogen atom F. thioether-CH2-S-CH3 G. an aliphatic chain binding to the backbone of the amino acid (alpha carbon and the amino nitrogen) at both ends. H. hydroxyl I. aromatic (double - single bond conjugated system) ring(s)

hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains

What is the side chain's functional group for glycine? A. hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains B. a positively charged amine, guanidium or imidazole ring C. carboxylic acid D. thiol-SH E. hydrogen atom F. thioether-CH2-S-CH3 G. an aliphatic chain binding to the backbone of the amino acid (alpha carbon and the amino nitrogen) at both ends. H. hydroxyl I. aromatic (double - single bond conjugated system) ring(s)

hydrogen atom

In double stranded-DNA, the nitrogenous bases are held together by ___________. A. weak van der Waals forces. B. covalent bonds. C. hydrogen bonds. D. ionic interactions

hydrogen bonds.

What is the side chain's functional group for serine, threonine? A. hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains B. a positively charged amine, guanidium or imidazole ring C. carboxylic acid D. thiol-SH E. hydrogen atom F. thioether-CH2-S-CH3 G. an aliphatic chain binding to the backbone of the amino acid (alpha carbon and the amino nitrogen) at both ends. H. hydroxyl I. aromatic (double - single bond conjugated system) ring(s)

hydroxyl

In lab, a dialysis tube is filled with a 15% sucrose solution, sealed, and placed in an unlabeled beaker filled with a sucrose solution of unknown concentration. The dialysis tube is made of a semipermeable membrane that allows the free passage of water, but is not permeable to sucrose. After two hours, the bag in the beaker increases in size and becomes turgid (swollen). This observation suggests that at the beginning of the experiment the solution in the beaker was__________________ in relation to the solution in the bag. (IMAGE ON OTHER SIDE) A. hypertonic B. isotonic C. gin-and-tonic D. hypotonic

hypotonic

What is ATP used for?

immediate work for the cell, and energy for the cell

Chargaff's rule states that _________. A. DNA must be replicated before a cell can divide. B. viruses enter cells without their protein coat. C. only protein from the infecting phage can also be detected in progeny phage. D. only nucleic acids enter the cell during infection. E. in the DNA, the amount of deoxyribose-purines equals the amount of deoxyribose-pyrimidines.

in the DNA, the amount of deoxyribose-purines equals the amount of deoxyribose-pyrimidines.

According to the graph in the previous question, as the concentration of glucose molecules increases, the rate of diffusion _____________. A. increases indefinitely B. decreases C. can either increase or decrease D. remains the same E. increases until a plateau is reached

increases until a plateau is reached

Which of the following are NOT required by DNA polymerase in the process of replication?(more than one correct answer possible) A. DNA template B. inorganic phosphate C. Primer with a free 3'-hydroxyl D. ribonucleotide triphosphates E. deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates

inorganic phosphate AND ribonucleotide triphosphates

All organisms require ______ to drive the synthesis of ATP. A. input of free energy from their environment B. the availability of other organisms from which to extract energy C. solar energy D. high temperature in order to be able to E. glucose

input of free energy from their environment

Which of the following cellular compartments is acidic (has pH lower than 7) (more than one correct answer possible) A. lumen of the ER. B. mitochondrial matrix. C. inside of the lysosome (ATP driven proton pumps) D. thylakoid lumen (light-driven proton pumping) E. mitochondrial intermembrane space (cellular respiration driven proton pumping)

inside of the lysosome (ATP driven proton pumps) AND thylakoid lumen (light-driven proton pumping) AND mitochondrial intermembrane space (cellular respiration driven proton pumping)

Trigliceride is a molecule composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen atoms. Therefore, one would expect a trigliceride to be A. a base B. a polar molecule C. a buffer D. insoluble in water E. an acid

insoluble in water

Which term best describes the type the protein rhodopsin in the figure in the previous quesiton? A. internal membrane protein B. external membrane protein C. peripheral membrane protein D. integral membrane protein

integral membrane protein

When a cell talks to itself it is called _________ signaling. A. endorine B. introspective C. paracrine D. intracrine E. pheromonal

intracrine

A secondary lysosome is a lysosome that A. is smaller than a primary lysosome. B. has exocytosed. C. provides a backup to the primary lysosomes. D. is a primary lysosome that has fused with a phagosome. E. will become a primary lysosome when it fuses with a phagosome.

is a primary lysosome that has fused with a phagosome.

Facilitated diffusion _________. A. is carried out by specific membrane lipids. B. is carried out by proteins that exhibit specificity for the molecules they transport. C. can transport a molecule against its concentration gradient. D. does not show saturation of the rate of transport at high concentrations of the molecule transported.

is carried out by proteins that exhibit specificity for the molecules they transport.

Surface/volume ratio of a typical prokaryotic cell A. is similar to that of a typical eukaryotic cell. B. is smaller than that of a typical eukaryotic cell. C. is smaller than that of a cell-walled eukaryotic cell but larger than that of a naked eukaryotic cell. D. is larger than that of a typical eukaryotic cell.

is larger than that of a typical eukaryotic cell.

The base in the wobble position of a codon ______________. A. is the 5´ (first) base. B. often contains inosine. C. is the 3´ (third) base. D. is the second base.

is the 3´ (third) base.

The "Smooth ER" ________. A. is connected to the Golgi apparatus. B. is an internal membrane system found within the rough ER and resembling the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. C. is the site of steroid synthesis. D. has ribosomes attached to its membrane. E. is the cellular equivalent of the saying: "To ER is human and silence is Golgi". F. is where proteins such as insulin start their journey through the secretory pathway.

is the site of steroid synthesis.

Water exhibits high surface tension because ______________. A. its molecules bind to each other with ionic bonds. B. its molecules are bound to each other through a tight network of hydrogen bonds. C. it's wet. D. its molecules are nonpolar. E. it's more dense than ice.

its molecules are bound to each other through a tight network of hydrogen bonds.

What are the types of energy?

kinetic energy, potential energy, free energy

Match the following structural and regulatory components of the lac operon with their function. Note that not all items will be used. Codes for the lactose transporter (permease). A. promoter B. lacY C. cAMP D. adenylyl cyclase E. allolactose F. Operator G. lac repressor H. lacZ

lacY

Match the following structural and regulatory components of the lac operon with their function. Note that not all items will be used. Codes for the β-galactosidase enzyme. A. promoter B. lacY C. cAMP D. adenylyl cyclase E. allolactose F. Operator G. lac repressor H. lacZ

lacZ

What is a catabolic pathway?

large molecules break down into smaller ones, Energy is released

The ________ occur in the __________ whereas the _________ take place in the __________. A. light dependent reactions, stroma, light independent reactions, thylakoid membranes B. light dependent reactions, thylakoid membranes, light independent reactions, apoplast C. light dependent reactions, thylakoid membranes, light independent reactions, chloroplast stroma D. light dependent reactions, plasma membrane, light independent reactions, chloroplast membranes

light dependent reactions, thylakoid membranes, light independent reactions, chloroplast stroma

Which of the following could be used to visualize subcellular structure in living cells? A. X-ray crystallography B. scanning electron microscopy. C. light microscopy. D. transmission electron microscopy.

light microscopy.

Which of the following would most likely be used as a long-term form of energy storage in cells? A. ATP B. glucose C. lipids D. Both ATP and glucose

lipids

Oxidation is the ____ of ______. A. gain, electrons B. loss, electrons C. loss, R groups D. gain, R groups

loss, electrons

The pH in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria should be __________ compared with the matrix due to the higher concentration of protons in the intermembrane space. A. the same B. lower C. higher

lower

ATP hydrolysis drives the pumping of protons across the ___________. A. stroma of the chloroplasts B. thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts C. lysosome membrane D. inner membrane of mitochondria E. outer membrane of mitochondria

lysosome membrane

Which of the following molecules convey protein-coding information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm? A. T-DNA B. ribonucleoprotein particles C. Proteins D. tRNA E. mRNA

mRNA

Nuclear pores allow traffic of __________. A. chromosomes during cell division. B. out of the membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. C. Proteins into the mitochondrial matrix. D. mRNAs out of the nucleus E. ribosomal subunits into of the nucleus

mRNAs out of the nucleus

The role of a buffer is to A. turn students into chemistry buffs. B. allow the pH of a solution to vary widely. C. make a solution more acidic. D. allow pH to vary widely. E. maintain a constant pH. F. make a solution basic.

maintain a constant pH.

Which of the following is not an isomer of glucose? A. galactose B. mannose C. maltose D. fructose.

maltose

In which of the following sets of organisms would translation of the sequence(s) in the preveious question yield identical peptides? (more than one correct answer possible) A. mammals, yeast B. plants, yeast C. green algae, mammals D. none of these sets. E. green algae, yeast F. plants, mammals

mammals, yeast AND plants, yeast AND green algae, mammals AND green algae, yeast AND plants, mammals

Which type of molecule acts as a signaling molecule in yeasts? A. autoinducer B. steroid C. second messenger D. mating factor

mating factor

The low incidence of protein or lipid flip-flop in a membrane preserves A. all of these. B. membrane melting temperatures. C. membrane fluidity. D. none of these. E. membrane asymmetry.

membrane asymmetry.

The total chemical activity of a living organism is called its

metabolism

What is the model needed to write down information about a molecule, but needed to indicate the only the type and number of atoms it contains?

molecular formula (an example of molecular formula of water)

The electron transport chain uses the energy in electrons to _________. A. move protons into the mitochondrial intermembrane space B. move protons into the TCA cycle to reduce NAD+ C. move protons into the mitochondrial matrix D. oxidize water and produce the CO2 we exhale E. reduce ATP synthase

move protons into the mitochondrial intermembrane space

Nucleic acid are typically _______. A. positively-charged B. negatively-charged C. neutral D. positively charged, negatively-charged, or neutral, depending on the sequence

negatively-charged

neutral

In eukaryotes, ribosomal RNA is synthesized in the __________. A. nucleolus B. nucleoid C. chromosome D. nucleus E. nuclear envelope

nucleolus

A molecule consisting of a five-carbon sugar connected to a purine or pyrimidine base is most accurately referred to as a ____. A. nucleus B. nucleolus C. nucleotide D. nucleoside

nucleoside

What is the very large organelle depicted in the figure has genetic control of a cell's activities? A. nuclear pore B. endoplasmic reticulum C. nuclear envelope D. nucleolus E. nucleoplasm (chromatin) F. nucleus G. nucleoid

nucleus

A series of severe pneumonia cases with unusually high mortality rate, particularly among elderly patients was reported by physicians in Wuhan, China in December 2019. The symptoms of the disease and its course reminded these physicians of a similar outbreak first noted in China's Guangdong Province and Hong-Kong in winter 2002/3 and that was determined to be caused by a human virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae (whose members are known as coronaviruses) These are good examples of _____.

observations

Exons are ____________. A. often translated. B. found in most prokaryotic gene C. typically much longer than introns. D. removed during RNA processing.

often translated.

A mutated gene that codes for an altered version of Cdk that is active in the absence of cyclin is a(n) _____. A. oncogene B. tumor suppressor gene C. kinase inhibitor D. proto-oncogene

oncogene

Oxygen can form _______ double covalent bond(s), carbon can form _______, and hydrogen can form _______. A. one; two; zero B. two; four; one C. one; two; one D. two; three; zero E. three; one; one F. two; two; one G. two; two; zero H. two; three; zero

one; two; zero

During infection of E. coli cells by bacteriophage T2, _______________. A. proteins are the only phage components that enter the infected cell. B. both proteins and nucleic acids enter the cell. C. only protein from the infecting phage can also be detected in progeny phage. D. only nucleic acids enter the cell E. more than one infecting phage particle is required to produce infection.

only nucleic acids enter the cell

Cellular respiration occurs in 4 stages. Those stages are: Stage 4: A. glycolysis B. pyruvate oxidation C. The citric acid cycle D. oxidation phosphorylation

oxidation phosphorylation

Pyruvate __________ begins in the _______ and ends in the __________. A. oxidation, mitochondria, cytoplasm B. reduction, cytoplasm, cytoplasm C. oxidation, cytoplasm, stroma D. reduction, mitochondria, stroma E. oxidation, cytoplasm, mitochondria

oxidation, cytoplasm, mitochondria

Cells ________. _________ in a ___________ process to _________ release energy from chemical bonds. A. reduce, glucose, stepwise, quickly B. oxidize, glucose, stepwise, slowly C. oxidize, glucose, singular, slowly D. reduce, glucose, stepwise, slowly E. oxidize, glucose, stepwise, quickly

oxidize, glucose, stepwise, slowly

A molecule that is ______ loses electrons, and a molecule that is ________ gains electrons. A. reduced; oxidized B. negative; positive C. oxidized; reduced D. weak; polar

oxidized; reduced

A molecule that is ______ loses electrons, and a molecule that is ________ gains electrons. A. reduced; oxidized B. negative; positive C. oxidized; reduced D. weak; polar

oxidized; reduced

Which molecule is a Cdk inhibitor that is controlled by p53? A. cyclin B. p21 C. Rb D. anti-kinase

p21

Which negative regulatory molecule can trigger cell suicide (apoptosis) if vital cell cycle events do not occur? A. retinoblastoma protein (Rb) B. p53 C. cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) D. p21

p53

The rungs of the DNA ladder are ________. A. individual nitrogenous bases. B. pairs of bases. C. alternating bases and phosphate groups. D. alternating sugars and bases. E. alternating bases, sugars, and phosphates.

pairs of bases.

The prokaryotes constitute a ____________.

paraphyletic group

Which of the following does NOT represent a correct monomer/polymer pairing? A. glucose/cellulose B. ATP, CTP, GTP and UTP/RNA C. peptide/polypeptide D. amino acid/protein

peptide/polypeptide

Match the cell type and the major constituent of its cell wall. bacterial cells: A. cellulose B. peptidoglycan C. chitin D. motor proteins such as kinesin E. intermediate filaments F. Collagen G. Membrane-linked channels called plasmodesmata

peptidoglycan

Single-celled animals, such as amoebas, engulf entire cells for food. This manner of "eating" is called A. osmosis. B. phagocytosis. C. exocytosis. D. active transport. E. facilitative transport.

phagocytosis.

Identify the hydrophobic amino acids from the list below (more than one correct answer possible). A. threonine B. glutamate C. phenylalanine D. leucine E. valine

phenylalanine, leucine, valine

The control of which enzyme exerts the most control on glycolysis? A. hexokinase B. pyruvate kinase C. phosphofructokinase D. aldolase E. glucose-6-phosphatase

phosphofructokinase

Correctly match the following terms with their definition. A group of proteins, chlorophyll, and other pigments that are used in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis to absorb light energy and convert it into chemical energy. A. RuBisCO B. Carbon fixation C. chlorophyll D. Light independent reaction E. Absorption spectrum F. photosystem G. Light-dependent reaction H. chloroplast

photosystem

From which component of the light-dependent reactions does NADPH form most directly? A. ATP synthase B. plastocyanin C. photosystem 2 D. photosystem 1 E. cytochrome complex

photosystem 1

The light capturing molecules in photosynthesis are called __________ and are primarily _________ and ___________ A. glycolipids, chlorophyll a, b-carotene B. lipids, b-carotene, chlorophyll a C. pigments, b-carotene, chlorophyll c D. pigments, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a E. glycolipids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b F. lipids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b

pigments, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll a

Specialized cellular appendages of prokaryotes that help bacteria adhere to one another when they exchange genetic material are called A. All of these B. pili. C. the Golgi apparatus. D. flagella. E. cilia.

pili.

A water molecule contains what type of bond? A. hydrogen B. ionic C. polar covalent D. van der Waals interactions

polar covalent

The energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP is_______. A. primarily stored between the beta and gamma phosphates B. primarily stored between the alpha and beta phosphates C. transferred across membranes to move protons D. harnessed as potential energy by the cell to oxidize electron carriers E. harnessed as heat energy by the cell to perform work

primarily stored between the beta and gamma phosphates

Attachment of the mitotic spindle fibers to the kinetochores is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis? A. anaphase B. prometaphase C. prophase D. telophase E. metaphase

prometaphase

Match the following structural and regulatory components of the lac operon with their function. Note that not all items will be used. Determines the site of transcription initiation. A. promoter B. lacY C. cAMP D. adenylyl cyclase E. allolactose F. Operator G. lac repressor H. lacZ

promoter

The chromosomes become visible under a light microscope during which stage of mitosis? A. prophase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. prometaphase

prophase

Earlier on, the hereditary material was thought to be made of proteins rather than nucleic acids because ______________. A. nucleic acids are made up of 20 different bases, whereas proteins are made up of only five amino acids. B. protein subunits can combine to form larger proteins. C. proteins seemed to be much more chemically diverse. D. proteins can be enzymes. E. None of the other answers are correct.

proteins seemed to be much more chemically diverse.

The biochemical reactions of biological membranes are mostly carried out by _______ that may be either in contact with the interior of the bilayer (_______ to the membrane) or arranged on either side of the bilayer (_______ to the membrane). A. proteins; integral; peripheral B. proteins; peripheral; integral C. lipids; integral; peripheral D. polysaccharides; intrinsic; exterior E. lipids; integral; attached

proteins; integral; peripheral

A gene that codes for a positive cell-cycle regulator is called a(n) _____. A. proto-oncogene B. tumor supressor gene C. oncogene D. kinase inhibitor

proto-oncogene

Which of the following correctly pairs the particles of an atom with their physical properties? A. proton-negatively charged; neutron-uncharged; electron-positively charged B. proton-positively charged; neutron-uncharged; electron-negatively charged C. proton-negatively charged; neutron-uncharged; electron-positively charged D. proton-positively charged; neutron-negatively charged; electron-uncharged

proton-positively charged; neutron-uncharged; electron-negatively charged

The number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of A. protons plus neutrons B. isotopes C. protons D. neutrons E. electrons plus neutrons

protons

Cellular respiration occurs in 4 stages. Those stages are: Stage 2: A. glycolysis B. pyruvate oxidation C. The citric acid cycle D. oxidation phosphorylation

pyruvate oxidation

The __________ forms of the electron carriers NAD+/NADH and FAD+/FADH2 have high potential energy. A. oxidized B. reduced C. phosphorylated D. carboxylated

reduced

The __________ forms of the electron carriers NAD+/NADH and FAD+/FADH2 have high potential energy. A. oxidized B. reduced C. Phosphorylated D. carboxylated

reduced

The Calvin-Benson Cycle can be thought to occur in 3 stages: Stage 2: A. carbon fixation B. reduction of 3-PGA C. regeneration of RuBP

reduction of 3-PGA

The Calvin-Benson Cycle can be thought to occur in 3 stages: Stage 3: A. carbon fixation B. reduction of 3-PGA C. regeneration of RuBP

regeneration of RuBP

The function of the nuclear pores is to _______. A. regulate movement of materials across the nuclear membrane. B. synthesize and repair DNA, the unit of genetic information. C. give structural support to the nuclear envelope. D. assemble ribosomes from raw materials that are synthesized in the nucleus.

regulate movement of materials across the nuclear membrane.

chemical reactions ______ energy when energy-storing bonds break A. release B. require

release

All viruses ______. A. rely on their host cells to carry out some, or all, of the basic genetic processes (replication, transcription and translation) and metabolism needed to support these processes. B. are not considered living because they lack phospholipid membranes. C. can replicate their DNA on their own. D. use RNA instead of DNA as their genetic information storage molecule. E. probably evolved before cellular organisms

rely on their host cells to carry out some, or all, of the basic genetic processes (replication, transcription and translation) and metabolism needed to support these processes.

What is ATP made up?

ribose, adenine, and three phosphates (alpha, beta, and gamma), it has two high energy bonds between the beta and gamma phosphates

Which of the following complexes is comprised of RNA and proteins? A. lysosome B. endosome C. ribosome D. centrosome

ribosome

Which of the following events does not occur during some stages of interphase? A. separation of sister chromatids B. DNA replication C. increase in cell size D. DNA repair E. organelle duplication

separation of sister chromatids

Which of the following parts of an animo acid gives it its specific chemical character? A. side chain B. carboxyl group C. hydrogen D. alpha carbon E. amino acid

side chain

Carbon has four electrons in its valence shell. What types of covalent bonds is it capable of forming? A. double bonds only B. single and double only C. single, double, or triple D. single bonds only

single, double, or triple

A receptor tyrosine kinase is an enzyme-linked receptor with a _______________ region, _________, and _________ domains. A. multi-pass helical transmembrane, interpecies, intraspecies B. single-pass helical transmembrane, intercellular, extracellular C. single-pass helical transmembrane, extracellular, intracellular D. multi-pass helical transmembrane, intermembrane, acidic

single-pass helical transmembrane, extracellular, intracellular

Identical copies of chromatin held together by cohesin at the centromere are called _____. A. nucleosomes B. chromatin C. homologous plasmids D. histones E. sister chromatids

sister chromatids

What is a anabolic pathway?

small molecules assemble into larger ones. energy is required

Which of the following factors contain(s) RNA as an essential functional component? (More than one correct answer possible) ___________. A. capping enzyme B. small ribosomal subunit C. DNA polymerase. D. spliceosome E. telomerase F. large ribosomal subunit

small ribosomal subunit AND spliceosome AND telomerase AND large ribosomal subunit

What is the model needed to represent a molecule to best illustrate the relative sizes of the atoms involved and their spatial configurations?

space-filling model (an example of space-filling model of water)

The three codons in the genetic code that do notspecify amino acids are called A. initiator codons. B. stop codons. C. start codons. D. missense codons. E. promoters.

stop codons.

What is the model needed to quickly draw by hand the most simple graphic representation of a small molecule indicating how the atoms are connected to each other including bond orders and give some hints on the structure?

structural formula (also called Lewis structure)

Type of anabolic pathways

sugars, DNA, proteins

Photosynthesis is the pathway used to synthesize carbohydrates from: A. sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water B. sunlight, carbon dioxide, and oxygen C. carbon dioxide D. sunlight E. oxygen

sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water

When the lagging daughter strand of DNA is synthesized, unreplicated gaps are formed on the parental DNA. Lagging strand synthesis fills these gaps by A. filling in those gaps with new strands of complementary DNA as the replication fork proceeds. B. synthesizing multiple short RNA primers to initiate DNA replication. C. All of these D. synthesizing short Okazaki fragments in a 5´-to-3´ direction. E. using DNA polymerase I to remove RNA primers from Okazaki fragments.

synthesizing short Okazaki fragments in a 5´-to-3´ direction.

Sweating is a useful cooling device for humans because water ___________. A. takes up a great deal of heat in changing from its liquid state to its gaseous state. B. takes up a great deal of heat in changing from its solid state to its liquid state. C. can exist in three states at temperatures common on Earth. D. is an outstanding solvent. E. ionizes readily.

takes up a great deal of heat in changing from its liquid state to its gaseous state.

Unpacking of chromosomes and the formation of a new nuclear envelope is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis? A. interphase B. prometaphase C. metaphase D. anaphase E. telophase

telophase

The structural attribute of DNA that enables its replication into an identical copy is ______. A. the identical sugar-phosphate backbone of each of the DNA's two strands. B. that each strand provides the template for synthesis of the opposite strand. C. the energy spent by release of pyrophosphate when each incoming nucleotide is forming a phosphodiester bond with the previous nucleotide. D. its twisting into a helix. E. the fact that two strands are antiparallel to each other.

that each strand provides the template for synthesis of the opposite strand.

In the DNA sequence 5'-TGAC-3', the phosphodiester linkage between the guanine and the adenine connects _____. A. the 5' end of the guanine to the 1' end of the adenine. B. the 2' end of the adenine to the 3' end of the guanine. C. the 3' end of the guanine to the 5' end of the adenine. D. the 5' end of the guanine to the 2' end of the adenine. E. the 3' end of the adenine to the 5' end of the guanine.

the 3' end of the guanine to the 5' end of the adenine.

When describing the strands that make up DNA as "antiparallel", scientists mean that ________. A. one strand is positively charged, and the other is negatively charged. B. the base pairings create unequal spacing between the two DNA strands. C. the 5´-to-3´ direction of one strand is counter to the 5´-to-3´ direction of the other strand. D. the twisting of the DNA molecule has shifted the two strands. E. purines bond with purines and pyrimidines bond with pyrimidines.

the 5´-to-3´ direction of one strand is counter to the 5´-to-3´ direction of the other strand.

what is energy?

the ability to do work

Cellular respiration releases energy. In cellular respiration: A. organic molecules such as carbohydrates are converted to kinetic energy that can be used to do the work of the cell. B. the chemical potential energy stored in organic molecules is converted to chemical energy that can be used to do the work of the cell C. chemical potential energy in the bonds of ADP is transferred to the chemical potential energy in the bonds of ATP.

the chemical potential energy stored in organic molecules is converted to chemical energy that can be used to do the work of the cell

Cellular respiration releases energy. In cellular respiration: A.organic molecules such as carbohydrates are converted to kinetic energy that can be used to do the work of the cell. B.the chemical potential energy stored in organic molecules is converted to chemical energy that can be used to do the work of the cell. C.chemical potential energy in the bonds of ADP is transferred to the chemical potential energy in the bonds of ATP.

the chemical potential energy stored in organic molecules is converted to chemical energy that can be used to do the work of the cell.

Cellular respiration occurs in 4 stages. Those stages are: Stage 3: A. glycolysis B. pyruvate oxidation C. The citric acid cycle D. oxidation phosphorylation

the citric acid cycle

What is the entry point of proteins into pathways of cellular respiration? A. glycolysis B. pyruvate oxidation C. the citric acid cycle D. the electron transport chain E. fermentation

the citric acid cycle

Consider a phylogenetic tree like the one below depicting the evolutionary relationship between the human virus causing COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and several bat and pangolin viruses. The node at the bottom of the tree (i.e., the "root", marked with a pink arrow) would represent which of the following? (the picture is on the back) A. the common ancestor of all organisms (several coronaviruses in this case) included in the tree. B. Nothing; the node serves only as the starting point of the tree. C. an organism that is the common ancestor for organisms not included in the tree (other type of viruses, in this case). D. the common ancestor of a subset of the organisms (coronaviruses in this case) included in the tree E. an organism that is unrelated to all other organisms (coronaviruses in this case) included in the tree .

the common ancestor of all organisms (several coronaviruses in this case) included in the tree.

Protein movement within a membrane may be restricted by ________ A. tight junctions and desmosomes. B. cell adhesion. C. the cytoskeleton. D. glycolipids and glycoproteins. E. closure of gated channels.

the cytoskeleton.

The partial negative charge around the oxygen in a molecule of water occurs because _____. A. the oxygen atom donates an electron to each of the hydrogen atoms B. the oxygen atom forms hybrid orbitals that distribute electrons unequally around the oxygen nucleus C. the electrons are unequally shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms and the molecule is non-linear. D. one of the hydrogen atoms donates an electron to the oxygen atom E. the oxygen atom has two pairs of electrons in its valence shell that are not neutralized by hydrogen atoms

the electrons are unequally shared between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms and the molecule is non-linear.

In the term trace element, the modifier trace means A. the element enhances health but is not essential for the organism's long-term survival. B. the element is very rare on Earth. C. the element is required in very small amounts. D. the element can be used as a label to trace atoms through an organism's metabolism. E. the element passes rapidly through the organism.

the element is required in very small amounts.

Water crosses the plasma membrane at a rate faster than expected for simple diffusion because of _____. (More than one correct answer possible) A. helical water pumps (Archimedean screwpumps) B. the hydration of the ions as they pass through. C. water channels called aquaporins. D. ATP-deriven pumps

the hydration of the ions as they pass through, water channels called aquaporins.

Endocrine signals are transmitted more slowly than paracrine signals because ___________. A. the ligands are degraded rapidly B. the ligands are transported through the bloodstream and travel greater distances C. the ligands don't bind to carrier proteins during transport D. the target and signaling cells are close together

the ligands are transported through the bloodstream and travel greater distances

You have discovered a previously unknown unicellular organism in a deep ice core punched out of one of the major ice sheets that cover Greenland. The organism has small, rod-like cells about 2 µm in length and about 1 µm across. Its DNA is found without a surrounding membrane in the cytoplasm. From this you may conclude that _______________. A. the organism is a prokaryote B. the organism belongs to the domain Bacteria. C. the organism is a eukaryote. D. the organism is a virus

the organism is a prokaryote

What does cellular respiration do?

the process by which glucose is metabolized to produce ATP

What is negative ΔG?

the reaction's products have less free energy because free energy was released during the reaction

Cholesterol is synthesized by A. mitochondria. B. the smooth ER. C. the Golgi. D. chloroplasts. E. lysosomes.

the smooth ER.

During translation elongation, the existing polypeptide chain is transferred to A. the large subunit's 28S rRNA B. a signal recognition particle. C. the tRNA occupying the P site. D. the small subunit's 18S rRNA. E. the tRNA occupying the A site.

the tRNA occupying the A site.

Fewer different tRNA molecules exist than might have been expected for the complexity of its function. This is possible because_______________. A. the second position of the codon does not have to pair conventionally. B. the third position of the codon can form non-conventional base-pairing. C. there are fewer amino acids than there are possible codons. D. the anticodon's third position can form non-conventional base-pairing. E. the code is degenerating.

the third position of the codon can form non-conventional base-pairing.

What is the side chain's functional group for methionine? A. hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains B. a positively charged amine, guanidium or imidazole ring C. carboxylic acid D. thiol-SH E. hydrogen atom F. thioether-CH2-S-CH3 G. an aliphatic chain binding to the backbone of the amino acid (alpha carbon and the amino nitrogen) at both ends. H. hydroxyl I. aromatic (double - single bond conjugated system) ring(s)

thioether-CH2-S-CH3

What is the side chain's functional group for cysteine? A. hydrocarbon (aliphatic) chains B. a positively charged amine, guanidium or imidazole ring C. carboxylic acid D. thiol-SH E. hydrogen atom F. thioether-CH2-S-CH3 G. an aliphatic chain binding to the backbone of the amino acid (alpha carbon and the amino nitrogen) at both ends. H. hydroxyl I. aromatic (double - single bond conjugated system) ring(s)

thiol-SH

The antenna system complexes of photosynthesis are in the ________ membranes. A. vacuole B. thylakoid C. inner plasma membrane D. leaf E. mitochondrial

thylakoid

Enzymes whose function is to relax supercoiled DNA are A. DNA polymerases. B. topoisomerases. C. restriction enzymes. D. DNA ligases E. primases.

topoisomerases.

Cows can, but humans cannot, digest cellulose because ______. A. unlike humans, cow harbor cellulose-hydrolyzing bacteria in their digestive tract. B. unlike cows, humans lack the enzymes to metabolize the monomers of cellulose. C. unlike cows, humans do not express the enzymes to hydrolyze cellulose into its monomers. D. unlike cows, humans have bacteria in their gut that produce methane gas when they digest cellulose.

unlike humans, cow harbor cellulose-hydrolyzing bacteria in their digestive tract.

What is Gibbs free energy?

usable energy or energy is available to do work

What is free energy?

used to quantitate energy transfer, that is the energy released from one reaction to another

What force(s) stabilize(s) the lipid bilayers? (More than one correct answer possible) A. covalent bonds between the lipid tails B. covalent bonds between the lipids and membrane proteins C. van der Waals interactions D. electrostatic (ionic) and hydrogen bonding among the polar heads and between them and surrounding water

van der Waals interactions, electrostatic (ionic) and hydrogen bonding among the polar heads and between them and surrounding water

The function of the thylakoid membrane, stroma, and ATP synthase in chloroplasts can be compared to a: A. water powered generator (at the base of a waterfall) with a solar pump bringing water back to the top of the hill. B. a nuclear chain reaction. C. a hydrogen fuel cell. D. a thermocycler located in a nuclear power plant.

water powered generator (at the base of a waterfall) with a solar pump bringing water back to the top of the hill.

( The question is on the other side) Methyl group

what type of functional group is number 1?

( The question is on the other side) methyl

what type of functional group is number 4?

( The question is on the other side) alpha-carbon

what type of functional group is number 5?

( The question is on the other side) carboxylate

what type of functional group is number 6?

( The question is on the other side) amino group

what type of functional group is number 7?

What is the equation of Gibbs Free energy equation?

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS ΔH is enthalpy ΔS is Entropy T is temperature

Microtubules are composed of monomers of A. ρ- and σ-myosin. B. κ actinomin C. δ- and λ-actin. D. α- and β-tubulin. E. κ tubules.

α- and β-tubulin.

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