Bio M01 Exam 2
gene regulation
Ability to increase or decrease protein synthesis in the gene
Bases of DNA
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
haploid
An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes; 4
Ferns
Any of numerous flowerless, seedless vascular plants having roots, stems, and fronds and reproducing by spores.
G2 checkpoint
a cell is promoted to move through this after the genetic information has been duplicated
pedigree
a chart that shows genetic relationship within a family over several generations
What is the most similar to a hippo?
a hippo and a whale are the closest living relatives
mutation
a permanent change in the DNA sequence due to an uncorrected mismatch error
immune
a pig's pancreas is still not ready for transplant into a human even after inactivating all of the 62 porcine endogenous retrovirus genes in a pig embryo. The pig's __________ system genes would need to be manipuliated to help prevent organ rejection by the human
Why can DNA technology be used with all organisms?
all organisms share the same chemical DNA structure
result of natural selection
alleles that allow organisms to survive at a higher rate than other individuals become more common in the population
Pangaea
an ancient, giant continent
autosomes
chromosomes that are not involved in determining gender
professional scientists benefit from citizen science because
citizens help report results from studies to other citizens
fossil record
contains strong evidence that major new groups of organisms arose from previously existing organisms
citizen science
contributes to scientific research by the public participating in the collection of data
zygote
created by the successful union of one male and one female gamete to form a new single cell
G0 phase
distinguished by the absence of preparation for DNA synthesis
photosynthetic bacteria
do not have chloroplasts
nuclear envelope
eukaryotic DNA enclosed in two concentric layers forms the
Which two processes work in conjunction to create genetic diversity and maintain chromosome number?
fertilization and meiosis
Angiosperms
flowering plants that produce seeds in fruit
What information is not visible in a karyotype?
genetic mutations
What do mutations affect?
genotype, which may affect the phenotype
DNA polymerase and mutation
has the ability to proofread; if it did not have this power, more mutations would occur
gene expression
highly variable; it changes for many different reasons throughout the life of a cell
SRY gene
in humans, the master "sex switch" that determines if an embryo is male or female
angiosperm seeds
layers of tissue enclose and protect the ovules, which develop into seeds, turning the ovary wall into a fruit wall
Bryophytes
liverworts and mosses; thrive as very simple plants with extremely flat, thin bodies that can directly absorb water into their cells
cat embryo
looks the most similar to a human embryo for the longest amount of time
molecules involved in translation
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
ribosomes
manufacture proteins in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Reproduction
occurs faster than in eukaryotic cells because they have a simpler structure, which allow more rapid reproduction
Telophase
phase of mitosis in which the distinct individual chromosomes begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin
bacteria and archaea are classified as
prokaryotes
decomposers
protists that break down waste material by consuming other dead organisms and releasing nutrients into the environment to be reused by producers and cycles back into the food chain
Most human genetic disorders are inherited on what type of allele?
recessive
Which of the following groups of characteristics defines prokaryotes?
singe-celled, single loop of DNA, no membrane enclosed organelles, asexual reproduction
plasmids
small loops of extra DNA in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes
prokaryotic transcription
takes place in the cytoplasm because they lack membrane-enclosed organelles
X-linked diseases
tend to be expressed more in males than females
Why did Mendel analyze thousands of plants while conducting his research?
the likelihood of seeing a clear pattern is higher with a larger data set
common ancestor definition
the most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved; explanation of two organisms having similar features
pleiotropy
the observation that individuals afflicted with albinism also always have vision problems is an example
common ancestor
the proteins and DNA of two organisms with a common ancestor are more similar than two organisms that do not have a common ancestor
Interphase
the resting phase between successive mitotic divisions of a cell, or between the first and second divisions of meiosis.
What is the significance of crossing over?
the resulting gametes will have novel gene combinations compared to their parent cells gene combination
Mendel's Law of Segregation
the two alleles of a gene found on each of a pair of chromosomes segregate independently of one another into sex cells; displayed during mitosis
codon
three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid; UUU
DNA polymerase
used by the cell to attach DNA fragments to each other
Punnett square
used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of a genetic cross
allele
version of a gene
metaphase
when chromosomes are lined up in the middle of the cell during cell division
duplication
when two copies of the same gene are on a single chromosome