bio mcgraw
DNA functions to help cells sustain the activities required for life. Select all of the following activities of a cell that are required for life.
Adaptation to changing environmental conditions Processing of energy and materials Reproduction Response to external stimuli
Within DNA, thymine (T) pairs with --- and cytosine (C) pairs with ---
Adenine Guanine
DNA exhibits complementary base pairing. Match each base with its complementary pair.
Adenine - Thymine Cytosine - Guanine
Which of these accurately describes the earth's biosphere?
All aspects of the biosphere are dependent on the climate of the planet.
How might genetically modified foods impact humans?
Non-food GMOs may accidentally be used for food, resulting in negative health impacts on humans.
What would happen if DNA polymerase was not added to the PCR reaction?
Nucleotides would not be added to the replicate strand.
Which process uses primers to introduce changes to a section of DNA and then replicate it in large quantities?
Site-directed mutagenesis through PCR
How might plants genetically modified to produce Bt endotoxin impact insects?
The endotoxins produced may harm non-target species, killing beneficial insects, including pollinators.
What is the fate of an enzyme after it catalyzes a chemical reaction?
The enzyme goes on to catalyze infinitely more chemical reactions.
The average weather patterns in a given area over time is called
climate
What are we referring to if we describe the patterns of rainfall and temperature in a given area over time?
climate
What is happening to the surface temperatures of the planet's oceans?
it is increasing
Which minor greenhouse gas is produced as a natural part of a biogeochemical cycle on earth?
water vapor
A group of similar-looking populations that can interbreed is a ____.
species
In biology, all of the populations of organisms that are similar in appearance and are capable of interbreeding are referred to as a
species
How are plants genetically modified to improve human health and well-being?
Potatoes are genetically modified to produce edible vaccinations for diseases.
How are mutations introduced through the PCR process?
Primers are used that contain intentional mutations.
Select all that apply to complete the sentence: Each nucleotide within a DNA molecule consists of _____.
a deoxyribose sugar a nitrogen-containing base a phosphate group
Select all that apply to complete the sentence: Each nucleotide within a DNA molecule consists of _____.
a deoxyribose sugar a phosphate group a nitrogen-containing base
The earth's biosphere can be described as
an immense area where living organisms are found that includes land, water, and extends into the atmosphere.
The __________ is defined as all the living organisms on Earth along with the physical environment in which they live.
biosphere
The planet's ---- can be described as the sum of all of the regions where living organisms can be found.
biosphere
The lateral movement of genes between species is referred to as -- -- and is a common occurrence in nature.
gene or genes transfer or transfers
The lateral movement of genes between species is called _____.
gene transfer
Plants can be genetically modified to
grow more food with fewer resources.
DNA contains the instructions for making __, meaning it is responsible for controlling all of the activities of a cell.
polypeptides, or proteins
climate change
- Refers to a change in average temperatures and precipitation - Associated with extreme weather events like heat waves and coastal flooding - Associated with droughts and extreme precipitation
global warming
- Refers to a general increase in temperature in the last few decades - Choice, Primarily concerned with surface temperatures of the planet Primarily concerned with surface temperatures of the planet - Choice, Evidence includes 1.8°F increase in the Earth's surface temperatures Evidence includes 1.8°F increase in the Earth's surface temperatures
Select all that apply. Temperatures on earth's surface and the lower atmosphere are affected most by the greenhouse effect because
- carbon dioxide is usually found close to the surface. - water vapor is usually found close to the surface.
Which of these are ways that carbon dioxide is produced?
- through the use of fossil fuels - as a by-product of digestion - in agricultural practices
Place the following steps in order to recall the process of DNA sequencing.
1. DNA polymerase and a primer are added to the Dna fragment to be sequenced. 2. Dna is replicated and fluorescent labeled nucleotides are added, halting replicate with its addition, resulting in difficult length sequences of DNA that are complementary to the original sequence. 3. A laser and photo detecter are used to read the colors of the fluorescently labeled nucleotide ending each sequence. 4. A read out displays a series of peaks, each peak corresponding to a different nucleotide.
Place the following steps in order to describe the process of gene cloning.
1. a gene of interest is isolated from a human cell 2. the gene is inserted into a bacterial plasmid, creating recombinant dna 3. the recombinant DNA plasmid is inserted into a bacterial host cell 4. the bacteria copies the gene and expresses it 4. copies of the gene or gene products are isolated from the bacterial host cells
Rank the following levels of biological organization, beginning with the most inclusive (largest) at the top.
1. biosphere 2. ecosystem 3. community 4. species 5. population
Drag the steps to the empty boxes in the order of the process of the greenhouse effect, starting with the first step at the top.
1. energy from the sun strikes the earth 2. solar energy is absorbed by oceans and dark portions of the plant and reflected by snow and ice 3. solar energy is gradually released back into the atmosphere as heat energy 4. the released energy is trapped by gases like water and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
Rank the following levels of biological organization, beginning with the least inclusive (smallest) at the top.
1. organism 2. population 3. species 4. community 5. eco 6. biosphere
Drag each factor to the appropriate category to identify factors that are either increasing or decreasing to indicate climate change. Instructions This is a factor that is increasing.
Extreme weather events Temperatures over land Ocean heat content Sea level
Which of these would you include in a summary of the evidence that the climate of the planet is changing? Select all that apply.
Extreme weather events like droughts, heat waves, and coastal flooding are increasing.Temperatures near the planet's surface are increasing.Glaciers, sea ice, and snow coverage are decreasing.
Which of the following enzymes is used in the CRISPR process to bind to, cut, and even replace specific nucleotide sequences?
Cas9 enzyme
Which of the following are examples of how animals may be genetically modified to improve human health and well-being?
Chickens will be genetically modified to produce vaccinations. Mice will be genetically modified to act as models of disease.
During gene transfer, -- plants would transfer herbicide-resistant genes to -- plants.
GM weed
Select the two characteristics used to define climate.
average temperature average rainfall
The changes in weather at different times of the year that we call seasons, like sunny, warm summers and cold, snowy winters, can be attributed to the fact that our planet is tilted on its
axis
Select all of the ways that carbon dioxide is produced.
fires burning coal volcanos deforestation
Which of the following are classified as gases that can contribute to the greenhouse effect?
methane water ozone
Enzymes bind with their -- to catalyze chemical reactions, releasing products.
substrates or substrate
Specific sections of DNA that control the production of proteins or other products are called
gene
For each of the following processes that may be used to alter DNA, match them to their correct description.
CRISPR genome editing - Uses the Cas9 enzyme to remove and possibly even replace specific sections of DNA. Site-directed mutagenesis through PCR - Uses primers to introduce changes to a nucleotide sequence and then replicates the mutated sequence in large quantities.
Select all of the description of the structure of a DNA molecule.
DNA has a backbone of alternating deoxyribose sugars and phosphate groups. DNA is a double helix. The inner rungs of the DNA helix are composed of complementary nitrogen bases.
Which of the following best describes the structure of a DNA molecule?
DNA is a double stranded helix that is composed of a backbone of alternating sugar and phosphate groups withan inner core of complementary nitrogen bases held together with hydrogen bonds.
Scientists use several different processes to identify and copy genes of interest. Which of these processes involves using automated processes to create millions of exact replicates of a gene or DNA segment?
DNA probes
Scientists use several different processes to identify and copy genes of interest. Which of these processes involves using fluorescent labeled single-stranded pieces of DNA to bind to specific target sequences with the goal of identifying genes of interest?
DNA probes
For each process that scientists use to identify and copy genes of interest, match it to its best description.
DNA sequencing - Uses automated processes to determine the sequence of specific sections of DNA DNA probes - Uses fluorescent labeled single-stranded pieces of DNA to bind to specific target sequences and determine the presence of genes of interest Gene cloning - Uses bacteria to create exact copies of genes or segments of DNA Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - Choice, Uses automated processes to create replicates of genes or DNA segments Uses automated processes to create replicates of genes or DNA segments
Within a molecule of DNA, one strand runs in one direction (5' to 3') and the other strand runs in the other direction (3' to 5'). This is referred to as:
DNA's anti-parallel nature.
Drag each factor to the appropriate category to identify factors that are either increasing or decreasing to indicate climate change. This is a factor that is decreasing.
Glaciers Snow coverage sea ice
Which of these is the primary characteristic that distinguishes global warming from climate change?
Global warming is concerned primarily with the surface temperatures of the earth.
How is information stored within DNA? Select the best response.
Information is stored in the order of the nitrogenous bases within a molecule of DNA. This order directs the formation of proteins, which control our traits.
What is the purpose of the first step where DNA is heated?
It causes the double helix to separate into two separate strands, allowing replication to proceed.
What is the purpose of DNA sequencing?
It determines the exact sequence of nucleotides in a gene or piece of DNA.
The greenhouse effect has which of these effects on the Earth and its inhabitants?
It warms the planet, making it habitable-suitable for living- for living organisms.
What is the overall goal of using the PCR process?
PCR creates a large quantity of replicates of a specific section of DNA.
Which of the following summarizes the ecological effects of GMOs on non-target species?
The Bt endotoxin produced by insect-resistant GM crops may harm non-pest insects, including pollinators. The heavy use of glyphosate herbicides on herbicide-resistant GMO crops is driving the selection of herbicide-resistant genes in weeds, resulting in the evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds.
What is the function of the PAM sequence used in CRISPR?
The PAM sequence prevents the Cas9 enzyme from digesting the bacterial host DNA
What is the relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and global temperatures?
There is a direct relationship: as one rises, so does the other.
Which of the following is a risk of using genetically modified plants?
There is a risk of gene transfer between plants. There is a risk of adverse human reactions, including allergic reactions. There is a risk of harming non-target species, especially with GM herbicide resistant and Bt crops.
Which of these best summarizes the evidence that the climate of the planet is changing?
There is evidence that the climate of our planet is changing in the form of increases in extreme weather events, rising temperatures over land, and decreased snow and ice coverage.
There is a -- relationship between atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and global temperatures; as carbon dioxide levels rise, temperatures increase.
direct
During the CRISPR process, -- -- directs the enzyme to bind to specific target nucleotide sequences.
guide RNA
A --- group extends from the 3' end of a DNA strand and a --- group extends from the 5' end of a DNA strand.
hydroxide phosphate
Within a DNA molecule, information is stored
in the order of nitrogenous bases within the DNA sequence.
Within a DNA molecule, information is stored _____. Multiple choice question.
in the order of nitrogenous bases within the DNA sequence.
Crop plants can be modified to resist patterns associated with climate change, including
increased heat and drought.
The intentional introduction of changes to the genetic material of a cell or organism is called
mutagenesis
Information within DNA is stored in the sequence of _____, which are used to manufacture protein molecules for the cell.
nitrogen-containing bases
Select the gases with a complex structure that can contribute to the greenhouse effect.
nitrous oxide chlorofluorocarbons carbon dioxide
Which minor greenhouse gas is formed by the interaction between solar energy and pollution in the atmosphere?
ozone
Which of the following factors are increasing to indicate climate change?
sea level coastal flooding humidity
The planet Earth is tilted on its axis and orbits around the sun so that different parts of the planet are tilted toward the sun at different times of the year. This determines a phenomenon we call
seasons
A temporary storage location for heat energy, such as the planet's oceans, is referred to as a heat
sink
Which of the following factors are decreasing to indicate climate change?
snow coverage glaciers sea ice
Match each step to a number to indicate the order of the process of the greenhouse effect.
step 1 - solar energy strikes the earth step 2 - solar energy is absorbed or reflected, depending on where it hits 3 - solar energy is released as heat 4 - some energy is trapped by gases in the atmosphere and some escapes the planet
The two characteristics used to define climate are
temperature and precipitation
Which of these ecological phenomena warms the planet, making the planet liveable, as gases in the atmosphere trap heat energy?
the greenhouse effect
Gene expression consists of transcription and translation. Match each of the following terms with the processes that occur in each.
transcription - DNA within the nucleus is converted into a complementary mRNA strand. translation - Information in an mRNA strand move to ribosomes and are changed into a polypeptide strand.
During the process of _____, information contained in an mRNA strand is changed into a polypeptide.
translation
Which of these are the main factors that determine climate in an area?
- average temperature over time - average precipitation over time
Place the following steps in order to explain how RNA interference silences genes in a plant.
1. researchers design small pieces of rna that are complementary to target rna 2. complementary rna is added to cells 3. complementary rna binds to target rna, producing double-stranded rna 4. double-stranded rna cannot be translated and is broken down by the cell, preventing gene expression
Place the following processes in order to describe the three steps of a PCR reaction.
1. the sample is heated to denature the DNA 2. the sample is cooler to lower temperatures to allow for primers to anneal 3. the sample is heated to a higher temperature to allow for DNA polymerase to add nucleotides, creating a replicate strand
Which statement best defines a gene?
A gene is a section of DNA that codes for the production of proteins or other gene products, including RNA molecules.
Which statement best summarizes the process of DNA sequencing?
Automated processes determine the exact order of nucleotides within a gene of interest or segment of DNA.
Which of the following describe successful uses of GMO animals?
Cows and goats have been genetically modified to produce products in their milk to construct drugs. Salmon are genetically modified to grow faster than wild salmon.
How are animals currently being genetically modified to improve human health and well-being?
Cows and goats produce pharmaceutical products in their milk.
Which statement best describes how enzymes function within cells?
Enzymes bind with their substrates to catalyze chemical reactions, releasing products.
Which of the following summarize health risks associated with GMO use?
GMOs that contain genes from other organisms may cause allergic reactions in individuals that are allergic to the other organism. Non-food GMOs may accidentally be used to produce food, resulting in allergic reactions or other adverse health effects for humans.
How do genes relate to the production of proteins?
Genes contain codes stored in the order of the nucleotide sequences within them. These codes contain the instructions for the production of specific proteins.
Which of the following is an example of a potential risk of using genetically modified plants?
Genes for herbicide resistance could transfer to weed species, resulting in "super weeds" that were resistant to herbicides.
Which of the following is a risk associated with gene transfer?
Genes for herbicide resistance may transfer from genetically modified plants to weed species, creating "super weeds" that are resistant to herbicides.
Which statement best summarizes the process of gene cloning?
Genes of interest or segments of DNA are inserted into bacteria so that exact copies of the gene can be created.
Which of the following describe examples of genetically modified plants?
Genetically modified potatoes that do not produce harmful chemicals when fried. Crop plants that produce more food with fewer resources.
How might genetically modified organisms cause allergic reactions in humans?
Humans may have allergic reactions when they consume food products that contain genes from other species that may cause allergies. Humans may have allergic reactions when non-food GMOs are accidentally used in food products.
What benefit is provided by genetically modified AquaAdvantage Salmon?
It grows faster than wild salmon. AquaAdvantage Salmon grow faster than wild salmon.
What happens to the recombinant DNA created during the process of gene cloning?
It is inserted into a bacterial host cell.
What are the two ways that RNA interference silences specific genes?
It produces double-stranded RNA, which cannot be translated, halting protein synthesis and silencing that gene from being expressed. It produces double-stranded RNA, which is recognized as foreign to cells and is targeted for enzymatic destruction, preventing protein synthesis of that gene product.
If genes for herbicide-resistance transfer from genetically modified crop plants to native weed species, which of the following outcomes is most likely?
It would drive the evolution of "super weeds" that are resistant to glyphosate herbicides.
Which statement best describes an example of how animals have been successfully genetically modified?
Mice have been genetically modified to act as models of human disease.
Which statement best describes the purpose of polymerase chain reactions (PCR)?
PCR creates exact replicates of a gene or section of DNA in large quantities in a short period of time.
Which statement best summarizes the direction being taken by researchers as they develop the next generation of GMOs?
Plants are being developed to resist the impacts of climate change.
Which statements best summarize the research being done to develop the next generation of GMO plants?
Plants are being modified to resist the impacts of climate change. Plants are being modified to lack harmful chemicals contained in wild plants.
Scientists use several different processes to identify and copy genes of interest. Which of these processes involves using automated processes to create millions of exact replicates of a gene or DNA segment?
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Which statement best describes site-directed mutagenesis through PCR?
Primers used for the PCR process introduce intentional mutations, so that all replicated segments of DNA contain the mutation.
Which process allows scientists to transform plants into genetically modified plants?
RNA interference Using A. tumefaciens as a vector Microparticle bombardment
Which statement best defines mutagenesis?
The intentional introduction of changes to the genetic material of a cell or organism.
How are the sequence of nucleotides determined during DNA sequencing?
The order of fluorescently labeled end-series nucleotides is read with a laser and photo detector
How are the sequence of nucleotides determined during DNA sequencing?
The order of fluorescently labeled end-series nucleotides is read with a laser and photo detector.
Which statement depicts how DNA sequencing can be used to analyze genomes?
The sequence of nucleotides can be compared to determine the presence of mutations or differences that may result in genetic disorders.
How are crop plants genetically modified to adapt to climate change?
They have resistance to heat and drought.
Once scientists have identified genes of interest and isolated them from their original cells and introduced any necessary changes to them, what must occur before a GMO plant can be created?
Those genes of interest must be incorporated into the genome of the plant.
Which statement best describes how allergic reactions may occur from the consumption of genetically modified species?
Transgenic organisms contain genes and therefore protein products from other species. If individuals are allergic to the other species, exposure to the transgenic organism may cause an allergic reaction.
Match each of the following processes with their correct explanation for how they produce GMOs.
Use of A. tumefaciens - Uses bacteria as a vector to infect plants and allow a gene of interest to incorporate into the plant's genome. RNA interference - Uses small pieces of RNA to bind to complementary RNA, creating double-stranded RNA that cannot be translated into proteins. Microparticle bombardment - Uses a gene gun to insert small pieces of DNA into a plant's tissue, allowing it to be incorporated into the plant's genome.
DNA nucleotides pair in a pattern known as complementary base pairing. According to this pattern, thymine always pairs with __ and cytosine always pairs with __ in a DNA molecule.
adenine; guanine
DNA is composed of repeating elements called , each of which consist of a deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group.
nucleotides
Researchers have genetically modified crops such as tomatoes, bananas and -- to produce edible vaccinations for diseases.
potatoes
A form of Ebola treatment was developed from GM _____ and used during the West African Ebola outbreak in 2014-2016.
tobacco
During the process of --- DNA within the nucleus is converted into a complementary mRNA strand.
transcription
Scientists are concerned with the idea that herbicide-resistant genes may transfer from GMO species to _____.
weed species, creating "super weeds" that are resistant to herbicides.