Bio Mindtap Review Questions (Exam 2)

At the conclusion of S phase, a diploid cell with 40 chromosomes will have ____ chromosomes and _____ sister chromatids. a. 20; 40 b. 40; 80 c. 40; 40 d. 20; 20 e. 80; 80

40; 80

If you were to extract all of the proteins from a leaf and measure the composition of rubisco, you would find that it comprises about ____% of the total leaf protein. a. 25 b. 50 c. 90 d. 10 e. 75

50

How many unique chromosomes does an organism with a chromosome number of 4n=32 have? Assume that none of these are sex chromosomes, and do not count any duplicate homologous chromosomes in this number. a. 8 b. 64 c. 4 d. 16 e. 32

8

Which molecule(s) is/are responsible for delivering the high-energy electrons from the citric acid cycle to the electron transfer system? a. Both NADH and FADH2 b. NADH only c. Cyt C and Q d. ATP and ADP e. FADH2 only

Both NADH and FADH2

What is the function of NADH and FADH2? a. NADH delivers electrons, while FADH2 supplies H+. b. NADH is found only in the cytosol and FADH2 only in the matrix. c. Both release energy for glycolysis to proceed forward. d. Both produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. e. Both provide electrons to the electron transfer system.

Both provide electrons to the electron transfer system.

At the conclusion of mitosis, each daughter cell has ____. a. DNA identical to the parent cell b. half the DNA and half the cytoplasm found in the parent cell c. DNA genetically different from the parent cell d. twice the cytoplasm and the same amount of DNA as the parent cell e. twice the amount of DNA and half the cytoplasm of the parent cell

DNA identical to the parent cell

A patient with a mitochondrial disease is found to have a mutation in Gene X. A homologous gene in a Drosophila (fruit fly), did not cause a similar deficit. What does this suggest? a. Gene X is not conserved between humans and Drosophila. b. Gene X is encoded in mitochondrial DNA. c. Gene X is highly conserved between humans and Drosophila. d. Gene X is encoded in nuclear DNA. e. Gene X is a redundant protein in Drosophila.

Gene X is not conserved between humans and Drosophila.

What is the source of electrons for carbon fixation in plants? a. C6H12O6 b. O2 c. H+ d. H2O e. CO2

H2O

P700 is located in photosystem(s) ____ and is comprised of chlorophyll ____. a. I; b b. II; b c. II; a d. I; a e. I and II; a

I; a

Free radicals, highly reactive species with unpaired electrons that damage molecules and cells, can contribute to aging. Coenzyme Q (also known as ubiquinone or CoQ) is often found in lotions and moisturizers. Given what you know about the role of CoQ in cellular respiration, why would it be added to these products? a. Removing free radicals decreases the rate of metabolism and slows growth of skin cells. b. It recruits free radicals to help increase the rate of glycolysis in skin cells. c. It drives the spontaneous death of older skin cells that have accumulated too many free radicals. d. It absorbs free radicals that can cause damage to skin cells. e. It allows for the regeneration of new skin cells.

It absorbs free radicals that can cause damage to skin cells.

Rubisco has 16 subunits joined together to make a functional unit. Eight of the subunits are large, the other 8 are small. What does this tell you about this protein's structure? a. The primary sequence of all 16 subunits is identical, which is a unique property of enzymes participating in photosynthesis. b. It is an example of quaternary protein structure. c. The subunits each have 8 alpha helices to which CO2 and RuBP bind. d. The protein has tertiary structure plus secondary structure domains, but no quaternary structure. e. It's an enzyme that is extremely resistant to denaturation.

It is an example of quaternary protein structure.

Why is photorespiration more likely to occur during warm weather? a. The rubisco enzyme is very temperature sensitive and becomes less efficient in warmer temperatures, allowing it to fix O2 instead of CO2. b. Plants use up the water in their central vacuoles in warm weather, inhibiting the water-requiring light reactions; this in turn alters the activity of rubisco. c. Plants require warm weather (at least 23°C) to drive photosynthesis. d. Plants are more likely to close their stomata in the nighttime than during the day. e. Plants are more likely to dehydrate in warm weather, forcing them to close the stomata to conserve water, thus preventing CO2 from entering the leaf.

Plants are more likely to dehydrate in warm weather, forcing them to close the stomata to conserve water, thus preventing CO2 from entering the leaf.

Some organisms are not able to live in an environment where there is oxygen; these types of organisms are called obligate anaerobes. Which explanation is most plausible for how they survive without oxygen? a. These organisms use photosynthesis to produce energy. b. Sulfur is used instead of oxygen because it is chemically similar. c. They are able to survive using less energy than aerobes. d. Their mitochondria are damaged, and consequently they are short-lived. e. All of their ATP is imported into the cell from an external source.

Sulfur is used instead of oxygen because it is chemically similar.

When a photon of light is absorbed by a pigment molecule, electrons jump to an excited state. What is one possible fate of these excited electrons? a. The excited electrons jump to a lower energy level, releasing energy to a nearby pigment molecule. b. The excited electrons jump to a lower energy level, releasing energy in the form of ATP. c. The excited electrons are transferred to an electron donor molecule. d. The excited electrons release energy in the form of a photon. e. The excited electrons revert back to their ground state without releasing any energy.

The excited electrons jump to a lower energy level, releasing energy to a nearby pigment molecule.

What is the fate of electrons from NADPH during the Calvin cycle? a. They are added to 3PGA. b. They are transferred to rubisco. c. They are used to regenerate RuBP from G3P. d. They are accepted by molecular oxygen, just like in cellular respiration. e. They remain on NADPH to help drive the light reactions.

They are added to 3PGA.

When individuals have mitochondrial disorders, why are the skeletal and heart muscles and the brain most often affected? a. They have the highest energy needs. b. They are the most important organs. c. They are generally very fragile. d. They are the most complex organs. e. They have fewer mitochondria in the cell.

They have the highest energy needs.

It has been thought that many diseases now associated with aging are related to malfunctioning mitochondria. Why are the mitochondria so important to all cells? a. They carry out anaerobic respiration. b. They are located only in vital organs. c. They are extremely large. d. They are the source of all human disease. e. They produce energy in the form of ATP.

They produce energy in the form of ATP.

What are the functions of cytochrome c and ubiquinone? a. They shuttle electrons between the protein complexes. b. They produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. c. They produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. d. They translocate protons from the matrix to the inner mitochondrial space. e. They synthesize water from molecular oxygen.

They shuttle electrons between the protein complexes.

Compared to the mitochondrial intermembrane space, the mitochondrial matrix could be described as having ____ pH and _____ pyruvate concentration. a. a higher; higher b. a lower; lower c. the same; the same d. a higher; lower e. a lower; higher

a higher; lower

Which characteristic of the light-absorbing regions of chlorophylls and carotenoids most likely accounts for the ability of these molecules to absorb light? a. an extensive network of double bonds b. the presence of magnesium c. the presence of aldehyde side-groups d. ringed structures e. long hydrocarbon chain

an extensive network of double bonds

The enzymes responsible for hydrolyzing glucose into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) are found in which part of the cell? a. mitochondria b. rough ER c. cell membrane d. nucleus e. cytosol

cytosol

Photosynthesis is ____, while all other processes of life are ____. a. exergonic; endergonic b. endergonic; exergonic c. endergonic; endothermic d. exergonic; endothermic e. exergonic; exothermic

endergonic; exergonic

The C4 cycle ____. a. replaces the second stage of the Calvin cycle b. is more efficient than the Calvin cycle because less ATP is consumed in the process c. ensures that CO2 is provided to rubisco and thus prevents photorespiration d. is most commonly associated with plants living in humid climates e. supplements the activity of rubisco by providing a second source of 3PGA for the reduction stage of the Calvin cycle

ensures that CO2 is provided to rubisco and thus prevents photorespiration

Loosely packed regions of DNA associated with histones are called ____. a. chromosomes b. 30-nm chromatin fibers c. nucleosomes d. euchromatin e. heterochromatin

euchromatin

When a molecule is reduced, it ____. a. stores electrons b. burns energy c. loses energy d. gains electrons e. loses electrons

gains electrons

In the process of aerobic metabolism, carbon-containing molecules are broken down and the energy from the electrons is used to ____. a. alter enzyme structure b. directly supply the energy needs of an organism c. generate a proton gradient d. supply heat to stored fat e. heat the organism in a cold environment

generate a proton gradient

Glucose biosynthesis is called _____. a. glycolysis b. gluconeogenesis c. fatty acid oxidation d. glyconeogenesis e. pentose phosphate pathway

gluconeogenesis

Which of these molecules has the most potential energy? a. pyruvate b. FADH2 c. ATP d. NADH e. glucose

glucose

Which answer best describes energy flow in biological systems? a. glucose→G3P→NADH→ATP b. G3P→glucose→ATP→NAD+ c. bacteria→archaea→plants→animals d. pyruvate oxidation→glycolysis→fermentation→citric acid cycle e. NAD+→NADH→ADP→ATP

glucose→G3P→NADH→ATP

Which molecule associated with photorespiration is toxic to plant cells? a. rubisco b. G3P c. glycolate d. 3PGA e. phosphoglycolate

glycolate

A typical eukaryotic cell that has an abundant supply of glucose and O2 will generate a proton gradient in its mitochondria by ____ that is used primarily for ____. a. fermentation; NAD reduction b. the electron transport chain; substrate-level phosphorylation c. chemiosmosis; substrate-level phosphorylation d. the electron transport chain; chemiosmosis e. glycolysis; production of CO2

the electron transport chain; chemiosmosis

Which part of the ATP synthase is responsible for catalyzing ATP formation? a. the lollipop b. the electrons c. the headpiece d. the stalk e. the basal unit

the headpiece

2D chromatography is so named because ____. a. the molecules are separated into a linear arrangement, meaning two dimensions b. there are two steps: labeling with a radioactive marker and separation via chromatography c. the process separates the molecules in two directions, first along the x axis and then along the y axis d. two different solutions are used in the paper chromatography process e. two different types of radioactive markers must be used

the process separates the molecules in two directions, first along the x axis and then along the y axis

Which molecule stimulates phosphofructokinase to increase the flow of intermediates through glycolysis? a. FADH2 b. NADH c. ATP d. AMP e. acetyl CoA

AMP

Which products of the light reactions are used in the Calvin cycle? a. ADP and NADP+ b. CO2 and RuBP c. electrons and photons d. ATP and NADPH e. water, O2, and ATP

ATP and NADPH

Where is the centromere found? a. central region of a chromosome where the spindle microtubules attach b. center of the cell where the nucleus is found during prophase c. position where metaphase chromosomes align d. location where chromosomes cluster during telophase e. location where the mitotic spindle forms

central region of a chromosome where the spindle microtubules attach

The action spectrum of higher plants is bimodal, with two major peaks. Which two molecules largely determine the two peaks? a. P680 and P700 b. chlorophyll and carotenoid c. chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b d. ATP and NADH e. photosystems I and II

chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b

Where does photosynthesis occur in plant cells? a. cytosol b. plasma membrane c. mitochondria d. chloroplasts e. Golgi bodies

chloroplasts

The purpose of the Calvin cycle is to ____. a. generate the O2 gas required for cellular respiration b. recover electrons lost when water was split c. convert inorganic carbon into a useable form of carbon d. counteract increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations (global warming) e. capture photons of light to harvest solar energy

convert inorganic carbon into a useable form of carbon

Suppose we hypothesize that potato plants use uncoupling proteins (UCPs) in a similar way as mammals. What would be the evidence to support this hypothesis? a. increased cytosolic pH b. increased internal tissue temperature c. increased amounts of ATP production d. decreased mitochondrial catabolism e. decreased sugar metabolism

increased internal tissue temperature

Where would you expect to find proteins responsible for controlling the substances that enter and leave mitochondria? a. outer mitochondrial membrane b. nuclear membrane c. inner mitochondrial membrane d. lysosomal membrane e. plasma membrane of the cell

inner mitochondrial membrane

Malate produced by the CAM pathway in CAM plants ____. a. is stored in mesophyll cells b. is stored during the day in the stroma c. is immediately used in cellular respiration d. diffuses to bundle sheath cells for degradation in the lysosomes e. is stored during the night in the central vacuole

is stored during the night in the central vacuole

A plant cell with three sets of chromosomes is ____. a. hexaploid b. tetraploid c. triploid d. diploid e. haploid

triploid

The Warburg effect is the observation that cancer cells produce energy using a high rate of glycolysis followed by fermentation rather than oxidative phosphorylation. Although the exact cause is still under investigation, which explanation is most plausible? a. Tumor formation upregulates glycolytic proteins. b. Tumors attract blood vessels to increase levels of available oxygen. c. In order to grow quickly, high levels of ATP are required. d. Mutations in phosphofructokinase prevent feedback inhibition. e. Rapid cell proliferation damages mitochondrial function.

. Rapid cell proliferation damages mitochondrial function.

If a plant synthesized a molecule of sugar that has 12 carbons, how many turns of the Calvin cycle would be needed? a. 6 b. 3 c. 2 d. 24 e. 12

12

Per molecule of glucose, oxidation occurs ____ times during the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5 e. 1

2

In order to completely oxidize glucose, it takes two turns of the citric acid cycle, which yields a net of 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH2. How many of the 32 total ATP molecules produced in cellular respiration come from the citric acid cycle, including the contribution from the NADH and FADH2? a. 24 b. 16 c. 28 d. 32 e. 20

20

How efficient is cellular respiration in extracting the energy stored in the bonds of glucose? a. 25% b. 45% c. 50% d. 80% e. 33%

33%

If a cell has 36 chromosomes at the beginning of G1, how many chromosomes will be present at the end of G2? a. 18 b. 64 c. 44 d. 72 e. 36

36

For every glucose molecule that goes through cellular respiration, how many carbon atoms are fully oxidized to CO2 in the citric acid cycle? a. 3 b. 5 c. 2 d. 1 e. 4

4

I'm a botanist looking for new species of C4 plants. Where should I focus my search? a. Quebec, Canada b. Maine c. equatorial rainforest d. The Everglades (in Florida) e. Arizona

Arizona

Ultimately, the carbon molecules in pyruvate end up in which molecule? a. ATP b. acetate c. CoA d. NADH e. CO2

CO2

Photosynthesis must provide a source of electrons and H+ because ____. a. CO2 must be reduced to produce sugars b. atmospheric CO2 must be oxidized by adding electrons c. hydrogen atoms are added to oxygen to form water d. hydrogen ions and electrons are converted into oxygen gas e. hydrogen ions and electrons react to produce hydrogen gas

CO2 must be reduced to produce sugars

Which molecule is responsible for carrying the acetyl group from pyruvate into the citric acid cycle? a. NADH b. ATP c. FADH2 d. oxaloacetate e. CoA

CoA

We study cellular respiration because it is one of the most important pathways in biology. In fact, nearly all carbohydrates at some point in their catabolism are directed through cellular respiration. Why is it unnecessary to have multiple independent pathways to break down different molecules? a. Greater complexity would lead to an eventual failure of the biological system. b. Using cellular respiration is theoretically the most efficient way to break down sugars and other molecules. c. Energy-containing macromolecules can be converted to products that can enter at various points in the cellular respiration pathway. d. Most biological cells only catabolize one or two different types of sugars and only need one main pathway. e. Oxygen must be used in the breakdown of all molecules in order to yield ATP.

Energy-containing macromolecules can be converted to products that can enter at various points in the cellular respiration pathway.

What directly supplies the electrons for the electron transfer system? a. oxygen and water b. ATP and ADP c. various enzymes d. pyruvate and acetate e. FADH2 and NADH

FADH2 and NADH

Generally, which phase of the cell cycle varies the most in length? a. All phases are the same length among cells b. G1 c. G2 d. S e. M

G1

What is the fate of CoA after it delivers an acetyl group into the citric acid cycle? a. It is reused to start glycolysis. b. It remains in an inactive form until the cell dies. c. It is degraded and used for energy. d. It is used in protein synthesis. e. It is recharged with another acetate.

It is recharged with another acetate.

As a result of fermentation, cells produce ____. a. FAD b. NAD+ c. O2 d. NADH e. ADP

NAD+

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle all produce ____. a. H2O b. ATP c. FADH2 d. CO2 e. NADH

NADH

What supplies the electrons for oxidative phosphorylation? a. NADH and FADH2 b. ATP c. ATP synthase d. glucose e. the proton gradient

NADH and FADH2

Why does NADH produce more energy than FADH2? a. NADH has a high free energy and can be oxidized more readily than FADH2. b. FADH2 requires more ATP to produce it and gives more energy back. c. FADH2 donates electrons to protein complex III as opposed to complex II. d. NADH and FADH2 are synthesized in different steps of cellular respiration. e. NADH supplies fewer electrons that are of a higher energy state than FADH2.

NADH has a high free energy and can be oxidized more readily than FADH2.

Chloroplasts kept in the dark can continue to make sugar if provided with ____. a. NADPH, ATP, and CO2 b. CO2 and ATP c. NADPH, CO2, and ADP d. water and ATP e. NADPH and ATP

NADPH, ATP, and CO2

At the end of cellular respiration, oxygen combines with electrons of a very low energy level. How are the specific properties of oxygen beneficial to the organism that uses it as a final electron acceptor? a. Oxygen is strongly electronegative and helps pull the electrons through the electron transport chain. b. Oxygen is highly reactive and readily oxidizes methane. c. Oxygen is highly reactive and readily accepts electrons. d. Oxygen is the only molecule that can act as a final electron acceptor. e. Oxygen allows a maximum output of energy for ATP synthesis.

Oxygen allows a maximum output of energy for ATP synthesis.

In order to elucidate the Calvin cycle, Calvin and his colleagues used two-dimensional paper chromatography to analyze the presence of different molecules under different conditions. What did they conclude from the accumulation of RuBP when CO2 levels were low? a. RuBP only reacts with CO2 when concentrations of ATP are low. b. CO2 serves as a noncompetitive inhibitor of rubisco. c. RuBP is the last substrate to react in the Calvin cycle. d. RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2. e. RuBP only reacts with CO2 in the sunlight.

RuBP is the first substrate to react with CO2.

Replication of DNA occurs during ____. a. G1 phase b. cytokinesis c. G0 phase d. prophase e. S phase

S phase

Which statement correctly summarizes the two phases of photosynthesis? a. The light-dependent reactions produce water as a byproduct; the light-independent reactions produce carbon dioxide as a waste product. b. The products of the light-dependent reactions are ADP, NADP+, and O2; the products of the light-independent reactions are ATP, NADPH, and sugar. c. The light-dependent reactions occur in the cytosol; the light-independent reactions occur in the stroma. d. The products of the light-dependent reactions are ATP, NADPH, and O2; the products of the light-independent reactions are ADP, NADP+, and sugar. e. The light-dependent reactions occur only during the daylight hours; the light-independent reactions occur only when it is dark.

The products of the light-dependent reactions are ATP, NADPH, and O2; the products of the light-independent reactions are ADP, NADP+, and sugar.

If the inner membrane of the mitochondria were compromised in some way, what effect would this have on cellular respiration? a. The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane would dissipate. b. The cell would generate more ATP. c. The ATP synthase enzyme would relocate to the mitochondrial matrix. d. ATP would no longer be made anywhere in the cell by any mechanism. e. The transport of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane would not occur.

The proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane would dissipate.

What is the ultimate fate of the atoms in oxygen gas (O2) in cellular respiration? a. They are respired as CO2. b. They accept electrons in glycolysis. c. They are attached to pyruvate. d. They are attached to glucose. e. They are incorporated to water.

They are incorporated to water

Oxidative phosphorylation is the process by which ____. a. ATP is made using high energy intermediates of cellular respiration b. NAD+ is regenerated to allow glycolysis to continue c. high-energy NADH is made to supply the cell with its needed energy d. a final electron acceptor is used indirectly to facilitate the production of ATP e. specific enzymes are regulated to control cellular respiration

a final electron acceptor is used indirectly to facilitate the production of ATP

Fluorescence occurs when ____. a. a high-energy electron returns to its ground state by releasing energy in a photon b. a high-energy electron leaves its nucleus and moves to a different molecule c. the energy from an electron is transferred to a different molecule while the electron returns to the ground state d. a low-energy electron moves to a high-energy state by absorbing heat e. a pigment molecule accepts a high-energy electron and releases a photon of energy

a high-energy electron returns to its ground state by releasing energy in a photon

Which plant cell structure is comprised of approximately 300 chlorophyll molecules and about 40 carotenoid pigments, organized together to optimize the capture of light energy? a. chlorophyll b. reaction center c. stomata d. antenna complex e. cytochrome complex

antenna complex

To reach the mitochondrial matrix, protons travel through a channel made by the ____ of ATP synthase. a. lollipop b. three catalytic sites c. stalk d. basal unit e. headpiece

basal unit

During which stages of cellular respiration is CO2 released? a. pyruvate oxidation b. electron transport system c. glycolysis d. citric acid cycle e. both pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

both pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle

Where can you find ATP synthase in a plant cell? a. in the thylakoid membrane only b. in the mitochondrial inner membrane only c. only in the nucleus d. both the thylakoid and inner mitochondrial membranes e. embedded in the plasma membrane

both the thylakoid and inner mitochondrial membranes

What is the correct order of the three phases of the Calvin cycle? a. carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration b. oxidation, carbon fixation, regeneration c. carbon fixation, regeneration, oxidation d. carbon fixation, oxidation, regeneration e. carbon fixation, regeneration, reduction

carbon fixation, reduction, regeneration

In higher plants, thylakoids are arranged into stacks called ____. a. grana b. stromal lamellae c. stroma d. stomata e. photosystems

grana

If you want to buy a colored light bulb for your indoor plants, which color would be the least effective? a. yellow b. blue c. orange d. red e. green

green

About 10-20% of patients with Leigh Syndrome, a mitochondrial disease, have a mutation in MT-ATP6, a gene that codes for ATP synthase. These patients often experience high levels of _____ in their cells due to an increase in levels of pyruvate that are unable to convert to acetyl-CoA. a. NADH b. ethanol c. FADH2 d. carbon dioxide e. lactate

lactate

The oxidation of which macromolecule yields the most energy by weight? a. lipids b. starch c. protein d. glucose e. glycogen

lipids

The chemical structure of chlorophyll is based on a complex organic ring structure, with a long hydrophobic side chain and a(n) ____ atom in the center of the ring. a. manganese b. nitrogen c. magnesium d. iron e. carbon

magnesium

The separation of duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei is known as ____. a. cytokinesis b. fertilization c. meiosis d. mitosis e. binary fission

mitosis

When does a CAM plant take in atmospheric CO2? a. daytime only b. nighttime only c. winter only d. anytime the Calvin cycle is occurring e. summer only

nighttime only

In the C4 pathway, which molecule is formed after the addition of CO2 to PEP? a. oxaloacetate b. 3PGA c. phosphoenolpyruvate d. pyruvate e. malate

oxaloacetate

During glycolysis, glucose molecules are broken down by breaking the carbon-hydrogen bonds that are present and forming carbon-oxygen bonds. In this process, glucose is ____. a. completely oxidized b. completely reduced c. partially oxidized d. hydrolyzed e. partially reduced

partially oxidized

Which phase(s) of the Calvin cycle require ATP? a. phase III only b. phase I only c. phase II only d. phases I and II only e. phases II and III only

phases II and III only

The initial step of glycolysis involves the ____ of glucose. a. oxidation b. reduction c. phosphorylation d. hydrolysis e. condensation

phosphorylation

The synthesis of ATP coupled to the transfer of electrons energized by photons of light is called ____. a. photophosphorylation b. phosphorylative oxidation c. photorespiration d. photosynthesis e. oxidative phosphorylation

photophosphorylation

In the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, an excited electron from photosystem II is passed along an electron transport chain to ____. a. NADH b. water c. NAD+ d. photosystem I e. oxygen

photosystem I

What is directly responsible for pumping protons out of the mitochondrial matrix? a. cytochrome c and ubiquinone b. protein complexes I and III c. protein complexes I, III, and IV d. protein complexes I, II, III, and IV e. NADH and FADH2

protein complexes I, III, and IV

The primary purpose of the light-dependent reactions is to ____. a. provide electrons and energy for the light-independent reactions b. transfer electrons to the primary electron acceptors c. produce sugars such as glucose d. generate O2 gas e. make ADP in cyclic photophosphorylation

provide electrons and energy for the light-independent reactions

The final product of glycolysis is ____. a. glucose b. fructose c. carbon dioxide d. pyruvate e. glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

pyruvate

Which of these waves has the longest wavelength? a. red visible light b. blue visible light c. gamma rays d. x-rays e. UV rays

red visible light

What type of chemical reaction must occur for electrons to flow from one molecule to the next and supply the energy for metabolism? a. acid/base b. phosphorylation c. exothermic d. reduction/oxidation e. trimolecular

reduction/oxidation

What is the purpose of the third phase of the Calvin cycle? a. oxidation of NADPH b. reduction of NADPH c. carbon fixation d. regeneration of RuBP e. generation of ATP

regeneration of RuBP

Which plant structure is responsible for gas exchange? a. thylakoid b. stomata c. stroma d. grana e. stromal lamellae

stomata

After one minute without oxygen, brain cells begin to die. After three minutes, this damage is likely to cause severe neurological deficits. The dependence of brain cells on oxygen for survival indicates that these cells are ____. a. transitional aerobes b. facultative aerobes c. strict anaerobes d. facultative anaerobes e. strict aerobes

strict aerobes

What is the proton-motive force? a. the free energy associated with the removal of hydrogen from NADH b. the amount of energy required to protonate a glucose molecule c. the combination of a proton and voltage gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane d. the force needed to move protons into the inner mitochondrial space e. the synthesis of ATP from a proton gradient

the combination of a proton and voltage gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane

What is the purpose of cyclic electron flow? a. to protect the cell when CO2 is unavailable and the Calvin cycle is not operating b. to increase the net production of ATP in times when CO2 is unavailable c. to prevent the loss of light energy when the ATP production pathway is saturated d. to prevent the formation of NADPH and excessive reactive oxygen species e. to ensure that all of the energy harvested by the sun is converted into ATP

to prevent the formation of NADPH and excessive reactive oxygen species

The final step of the citric acid cycle oxidizes malate to oxaloacetate and reduces NAD+. What is the purpose of this step? a. to produce ATP by oxidative phosphorylation b. to regenerate oxaloacetate to attach another acetate molecule c. to replenish the supplies of NAD+ d. to replenish free CoA e. to produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation

to regenerate oxaloacetate to attach another acetate molecule