Bio Psych Chapter 8

Professor Steinberg tells her class that during a normal sleep cycle, a person will progress from _____. A. Stage 1 to 2, 3, and 4 before entering REM sleep. B. Stage 4 to 3, 2, and 1 before entering REM sleep. C. Stage 1 to 4 then back to 3 and 2, and then entering REM sleep. D. Stage 1 to 4 at the beginning of the night. Later on, the cycle is Stage 1 and 2 and then REM.

C. Stage 1 to 4 then back to 3 and 2, and then entering REM sleep.

Eugino has a large number of PGO waves. He is likely ____. A. relaxed, but awake B. in NREM sleep C. in REM sleep D. going to have narcolepsy

C. in REM sleep

Charley is currently in Stage 4 sleep. The next stage he will enter will most likely be _____. A. stage 1 B. REM sleep C. stage 3 D. paradoxical sleep

C. stage 3

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in circadian rhythms? A. Its neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves. B. Its neurons can reset the biological clock, but they do not generate it. C. It relays visual information to the biological clock. D. It relays information from the biological clock to areas that control temperature and activity.

A. Its neurons generate a 24-hour rhythm by themselves.

Which hypothesis suggests that dreams are just thinking that takes place under unusual conditions? A. Neurocognitive B. Activation-synthesis C. Evolutionary D. Freudian

A. Neurocognitive

According to the activation-synthesis hypothesis, what do dreams reflect? A. The brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity B. Unconscious motivations and emotions C. Experiences that have been part of the species' evolutionary history D. An imbalance among hormone levels Correct answer: A

A. The brain's attempt to make sense of spontaneous neural activity

Stimulation of the pontomesencephalon ____. A. awakens a sleeping individual B. decreases alertness in someone already awake C. shifts the EEG from short waves to long, slow waves D. delays the onset of the next REM period

A. awakens a sleeping individual

For a normal person, about how long does an average sleep cycle last? A. 10 minutes B. 90 minutes C. 4 hours D. 7 hours

B. 90 minutes

Research on circadian rhythms has shown that one of the best ways to increase the alertness and efficiency of workers on night shifts is to ____. A. expose them to bright lights while they work B. keep the environmental temperature constant from night to day C. have them eat a big meal before going to sleep D. allow them to catnap

A. expose them to bright lights while they work

While Arlette is sleeping, her locus coeruleus is _____. A. mostly inactive B. very active C. producing melatonin D. releasing epinephrine

A. mostly inactive

In response to emotionally arousing events, the locus coeruleus releases ____. A. norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. epinephrine D. serotonin

A. norepinephrine

The SCN is located just above the ____. A. optic chiasm B. thalamus C. hypothalamus D. visual cortex

A. optic chiasm

The ____ is a structure that extends from the medulla into the forebrain. A. reticular formation B. tectum C. tegmentum D. thalamus

A. reticular formation

Vashti has been asleep for several hours. At this point of the night, she is most likely _____. A. spending more time in REM sleep B. spending more time in slow wave sleep C. producing melatonin D. producing orexin

A. spending more time in REM sleep

Margie just had a polysomnograph taken. What did they measure? A. The action potentials of her individual neurons in the spinal cord. B. A combination of her EEG and eye-movement records. C. The rate of glucose uptake in active regions of her brain. D. The electrical resistance of her scalp.

B. A combination of her EEG and eye-movement records.

Professor Lamon tells his class that humans experience several different circadian rhythms which all last _____. A. about 12 hours B. about 24 hours C. about one year D. different times depending on a person's gender

B. about 24 hours

What happens after damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus itself? A. Light no longer resets the biological clock, but the animal continues generating a 24-hour rhythm. B. Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles. C. Animals lose their biological rhythms of temperature, but keep other circadian rhythms. D. Animals begin to maintain a constant level of activity throughout the 24-hour day.

B. Animals' activity patterns become less consistent and no longer respond to light and dark cycles.

Cari's EEG recording shows sleep spindles and K-complexes. What is happening? A. She is about to wake up. B. She has entered Stage 2 sleep. C. She has entered REM sleep. D. She is having a nightmare.

B. She has entered Stage 2 sleep.

Suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. What rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show? A. They will follow a rhythm of 18 hours. B. They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours. C. They will follow a rhythm of 21 hours. D. They will cease to show any consistent rhythm.

B. They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours.

Mia wants to take a trip, but she is worried about jet lag. What advice would you give her? A. Traveling to the east is easier. B. Traveling to the west is easier. C. The direction of travel makes no difference so she should pick her favorite place. D. The effect varies greatly from person to person so she should ask her doctor for advice.

B. Traveling to the west is easier.

An electroencephalograph displays ____. A. action potentials of individual neurons B. a net average of all the neurons' potentials C. the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain D. the electrical resistance of the scalp

B. a net average of all the neurons' potentials

Cells in the basal forebrain increase arousal and wakefulness by releasing ____. A. norepinephrine B. acetylcholine C. dopamine D. serotonin

B. acetylcholine

In comparison to NREM dreams, REM dreams ____. A. are less likely to include striking visual imagery B. are more likely to include complicated plots C. do not contain violence D. are almost always less than five minutes

B. are more likely to include complicated plots

EEG waves are larger when brain activity decreases because ____. A. the EEG measures muscle tension, which also decreases B. neurons are becoming more synchronized C. neurons are becoming more desynchronized D. blood flow is increasing

B. neurons are becoming more synchronized

Night terrors can be distinguished from nightmares in that night terrors ____. A. occur during REM sleep B. occur during NREM sleep C. are far more common in adults than children D. usually involve sleep talking

B. occur during NREM sleep

Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be ____. A. shorter than 24 hours B. exactly 24 hours C. just over 24 hours D. closer to 28 hours

C. just over 24 hours

The sequence of the bursts of neural activity during REM sleep is ____ A. lateral geniculate nucleus, pons, and occipital cortex B. occipital cortex, pons, and lateral geniculate nucleus C. pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex D. pons, occipital lobe, and lateral geniculate nucleus

C. pons, lateral geniculate nucleus, and occipital cortex

The circadian rhythm is reset by input from special ganglion cells in the retina. These ganglion cells are unusual in that they ____. A. receive input from only cones, not rods B. are located only in a doughnut-shaped band surrounding the fovea C. respond directly to light, but respond very slowly D. become active only at night or in very dim light

C. respond directly to light, but respond very slowly

With each succeeding stage of sleep (from 1 to 4), ____. A. breathing and heart rates increase B. brain activity increases C. slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number D. brain waves become smaller

C. slow, large-amplitude waves increase in number

After damage to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the body ____. A. cannot generate biological rhythms B. still has rhythms in synchrony with environmental patterns of light and dark C. still has rhythms, but they are less consistent D. still has rhythms, but they can only be reset by artificial light

C. still has rhythms, but they are less consistent

During sleep, what happens in the brain? A. Cessation of spontaneous activity in neurons B. Increased firing by dopamine neurons C. Decreased firing by dopamine neurons D. Increased firing by GABA neurons

D. Increased firing by GABA neurons

What do the EEG waves look like when brain activity is "desynchronized"? A. Long, slow waves of large amplitude B. Short, rapid waves of large amplitude C. Regular alternation between waves of large amplitude and waves of small amplitude D. Irregular waves with low amplitude

D. Irregular waves with low amplitude

Lena is taking antidepressants that increase her levels of serotonin. What is likely true about her sleep? A. She cannot sleep. B. She has enhanced dreaming. C. She experiences more REM sleep. D. She experiences less REM sleep.

D. She experiences less REM sleep.

During REM sleep, the EEG shows ____. A. regular, high-voltage slow waves B. irregular, high-voltage slow waves C. regular, low-voltage slow waves D. irregular, low-voltage fast waves

D. irregular, low-voltage fast waves

Suppose you fell into a cave and lost your watch. Without any time cues, your circadian rhythm would ____. A. increase dramatically over time B. cease to exist C. decrease over time D. remain relatively stable

D. remain relatively stable

Orexin, produced by neurons in the hypothalamus, appears to be necessary for ____. A. getting to sleep B. waking up C. raising body temperature D. staying awake

D. staying awake