Bio Review - Final

An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. If an individual with wavy hair mates with an individual with straight hair, what is the probability that their child will have curly hair? 75% 50% 0% 25%

0%

Assume that having three nostrils is inherited as a sex-linked trait on the Y chromosome. A man with three nostrils has a daughter who has a son with a man who has only two nostrils. What is the probability that the three-nostriled man's grandson has three nostrils? 25% 50% 100% 0%

0%

Ten kilocalories are equivalent to ________ calories. 10,000 100 1,000 0.1

10,000

In aerobic respiration, how many molecules of acetic acid are produced from six molecules of glucose? 6 12 1 38

12

For a species with four pairs of chromosomes, ________ chromosome combinations are possible. 16 20 4 8

16

Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What genotypic ratio is expected when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? 1:2:1 2:1 1:1 3:1

1:1

Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds (y). What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between an RrYy and an rryy individual? 1:2:1 9:3:3:1 3:1 1:1:1:1

1:1:1:1

Anaerobic respiration produces a maximum of ________ ATP per glucose. 10 0 2 38

2

Sulfur has an atomic number of 16. How many covalent bonds can sulfur form? 1 0 2 4

2

Large amounts of oxygen gas first appeared in Earth's atmosphere about ______ years ago. 2.7 billion 3.5 billion 500,000 10 million

2.7 billion

How many amino acids are common to all living systems? 20 100 10 30

20

You have a 2-kg bottle of liquid water at 0°C. About how many Calories are needed to heat up the water to 100°C? 10,000 Calories 200 Calories 100 Calories 2,000 Calories

200 Calories

How many oxygen atoms are in the products of the following reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O 6 12 24 18

24

A fossil was found and determined by radiometric dating to be 11,400 years old. What is the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 in this fossil compared to its environment? 12.5% 50% 25% 37.5%

25%

In humans, free earlobes (E) are dominant to attached earlobes (e) and the presence of freckles (F) is dominant to the absence of freckles (f). If an individual heterozygous for both of these traits were to mate with an individual with attached earlobes and no freckles, what is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes and freckles? 100% 0% 25% 50%

25%

How many chromosomes does an individual with Turner syndrome have? n + 1 n - 1 2n - 1 2n + 1

2n - 1

The human genome consists of about ______ chemical letters. 300,000 1 million 3 billion 300 billion

3 billion

A dihybrid cross produces 30 recombinant offspring out of a total of 1,000 offspring. What is the recombination frequency of the two gene pairs? 6% 3% 1.5% 30%

3%

If adenine makes up 20% of the bases in a DNA double helix, what percent of the bases is guanine? 40% 20% 30% 60%

30%

Aerobic cellular respiration generates about ______ ATP from one glucose. The number generated depends on whether the end product of aerobic respiration is lactic acid or ethyl alcohol. 2 6 32

32

Humans convert approximately ________ of the energy stored in food to useful work. 55% 99.9% 34% 22%

34%

A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The F1 plants have yellow seeds. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of seed color of the offspring of an F1 × F1 cross? 3:1 2:1 1:2:1 9:3:3:1

3:1

A single carbon atom can form a maximum of ________ covalent bond(s). 4 0 2 1

4

What chromosomes belong to a typical human female? 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome 22 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes 46 autosomes and two X chromosomes 44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes

44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes

What chromosomes belong to a typical human male? 22 autosomes and two Y chromosomes 46 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome 44 autosomes and two Y chromosomes 44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome

44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome

Most human cells contain ______ chromosomes. 2 23 36 46

46

Beryllium's atomic mass is 9, and its atomic number is 4. How many neutrons are found in a beryllium atom? 4 5 13 9

5

A couple has two female children. What is the probability that their next child will be male? 50% 33% 67% 25%

50%

Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a dominant allele. The homozygous dominant genotype causes death, so individuals who have this condition are all heterozygotes. If a person with achondroplasia mates with a person who does not have achondroplasia, what percentage of their children would be expected to have achondroplasia? 50% 100% 75% 0%

50%

Attached earlobes are recessive to free earlobes. What is the probability of having a child with attached earlobes when an individual with attached earlobes mates with an individual heterozygous for free earlobes? 0% 25% 50% 75%

50%

Which of the following equations best summarizes photosynthesis? 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O 6 CO2 + 6 O2 → C6H12O6 + 6 H2O

6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Human body cells are approximately ________ water. 50-55% 70-95% 25-35% 95-99%

70-95%

An uncharged atom of gold has an atomic number of 79 and an atomic mass of 197. This atom has ________ protons, ________ neutrons, and ________ electrons. 79... 34... 79 118... 276... 118 118... 79... 118 79... 118... 79

79... 118... 79

On a lab bench, there are four balloons filled with identical volumes of different salt solutions: 0% (balloon A), 5% (balloon B), 10% (balloon C), and 15% (balloon D). There are also four beakers each filled with identical volumes of a 10% salt solution. The balloons are semi-permeable; that is, only water can enter and exit the balloon. All four balloons are placed in separate beakers at the same time and are allowed to come to equilibrium. Which is the correct order of balloon volumes at equilibrium, from largest to smallest? D < C < B < A A < B < C < D D < B < A < C All balloons will be of equal volume at equilibrium.

A < B < C < D

Which of these crosses will only produce heterozygous offspring? Aa × aa Aa × Aa AA × Aa AA × aa

AA × aa

A DNA molecule has the sequence AGTTCAACT. The equivalent RNA molecule would have the sequence ________. AGTTCAACT UGUUCUUCU UGTTCUUCT AGUUCAACU

AGUUCAACU

What compound directly provides energy for cellular work? fat ATP sugar DNA

ATP

What compound directly provides energy for cellular work? glucose ATP C6H12O6 fat

ATP

The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are ________. ATP and NADH ATP and NADP+ ATP and NADPH RuBP and O2

ATP and NADPH

The Calvin cycle requires ________ and ________ from the light reactions in order to operate. RuBP... NADP+ electrons... NADH ATP... NADPH glucose... carbon dioxide

ATP... NADPH

Hypophosphatemia (vitamin Dresistant rickets) is inherited as a sex-linked dominant trait. The relevant gene is found on the X chromosome. What is the expected outcome of a cross between a homozygous recessive woman and a man with hypophosphatemia? All of their sons and none of their daughters exhibit hypophosphatemia. Fifty percent of their daughters and fifty percent of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia. Twenty-five percent of their offspring exhibit hypophosphatemia. All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.

All of their daughters and none of their sons exhibit hypophosphatemia.

Which one of the following is TRUE? Enzymes work generally on a broad range of substrates. An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape. Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions. Enzymes emerge changed from the reactions they catalyze.

An enzyme's function depends on its three-dimensional shape.

Several students were talking about which came first in the history of the Earth. Which student has the best understanding of what happened? Anaerobic bacteria must have come first because there was no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Photosynthetic producers must have come first to provide food for other organisms. Anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere. Photosynthetic producers must have come first to provide oxygen for other organisms.

Anaerobic organisms must have come first because there was no oxygen in the atmosphere.

How can radiation be controlled and safely used in medicine? Apply radiation throughout the body at uncontrolled doses. Apply radiation to specific parts of the body at controlled doses. Apply radiation to specific parts of the body at uncontrolled doses. Apply radiation throughout the body at controlled doses.

Apply radiation to specific parts of the body at controlled doses.

Which domain(s) consist(s) of prokaryotic cells? Bacteria and Archaea Bacteria only Eukarya only Archaea and Eukarya

Bacteria and Archaea

What is the difference between a benign and a malignant tumor? Benign tumors are not the result of a failure of a cell cycle control system; malignant tumors are. Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do. Benign tumors do not form lumps; malignant tumors do form lumps. Benign tumors are composed of cancer cells; malignant tumors are not.

Benign tumors do not metastasize; malignant tumors do.

Carbohydrates typically include ________. an NH2 group a PO4 group N and S atoms C, H, and O atoms

C, H, and O atoms

What are the reactant(s) in the following chemical reaction? C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O C6H12O6, H2O, and O2 C6H12O6, H2O, O2, CO2, and H2O O2 only CO2 and H2O

C6H12O6, H2O, and O2

If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence GTCCAT, what is the sequence of the other strand? ACTTGC TGAACG CAGGUA CAGGTA

CAGGTA

The Calvin cycle makes direct use of ________ to make ________. CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar light energy and CO2... sugar light energy, CO2, and water... sugar and O2 CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar and O2

CO2, ATP, and NADPH... sugar

________ is an example of an element. Salt Glucose Water Carbon

Carbon

Which of the following occurs during interphase? Sister chromatids separate. The mitotic spindle forms. Chromatin becomes tightly coiled. Chromosome duplication.

Chromosome duplication.

Which of the following is a characteristic seen in prophase I that does NOT occur in prophase II? Crossing over occurs. Spindle formation occurs. The number of chromosomes doubles. Chromosomes move to the middle of the cell.

Crossing over occurs.

The recombination frequency between gene B and gene C is 11%. The recombination frequency between gene B and gene D is 5%. The recombination frequency between gene C and gene D is 15%. What would be the arrangement of these genes on a linkage map? BCD More information is needed. DBC CDB

DBC

Scientific research companies sell kits that allow researchers to produce proteins in test tubes via a process known as "in vitro translation." Which one of following components is NOT needed in these kits? DNA amino acids transfer RNA ribosomes

DNA

What are eukaryotic genes composed of? organelles RNA and DNA DNA RNA

DNA

Chromatin consists of ______. protein only DNA only RNA and protein DNA and protein

DNA and protein

In humans, the presence or absence of dimples is a trait controlled by a single gene. What is the genotype of an individual who is heterozygous for dimples? dd DD Dd DI

Dd

Which of the following is NOT a potential impact of ocean acidification? Coral bleaching Increasing carbonic acid concentrations Changes in metabolism of marine animals Decreasing H+ concentrations

Decreasing H+ concentrations

What is the difference between discovery science and hypothesis-driven science? Discovery science "discovers" new knowledge, whereas hypothesis-driven science does not. Discovery science involves predictions about outcomes, whereas hypothesis-driven science involves tentative answers to specific questions. Discovery science is based on deductive reasoning, whereas hypothesis-driven science is based on inductive reasoning. Discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hypothesis-driven science tries to explain nature.

Discovery science is mostly about describing nature, whereas hypothesis-driven science tries to explain nature.

Information flow in biological systems is necessary for negative or regulative feedback to operate. Which of these examples does NOT involve flow of information providing feedback? Heat receptors send signals to promote sweating. Drought kills many trees. Bacterial genes for breaking down lactose are activated in the presence of lactose. Low blood sugar causes the liver to convert starch to sugar to be released in the blood.

Drought kills many trees.

In meiosis, how does prophase I differ from prophase II? During prophase I there is one diploid cell; during prophase II there are two haploid cells. During prophase I the chromosomes coil up; the chromosomes are not coiled up during prophase II. During prophase I chromosomes line up single file in the middle of the cell; during prophase II the chromosomes line up in double file in the middle of the cell. In prophase I the sister chromatids are attached; in prophase II the sister chromatids are separated.

During prophase I there is one diploid cell; during prophase II there are two haploid cells.

What molecules are scientists currently trying to use to power nanotechnology devices, such as microscopic robots? DNA Enzymes Cell membranes Lipids

Enzymes

Which one of the following is TRUE? Enzymes are the products in a chemical reaction. Enzymes are the reactants in a chemical reaction. Enzymes' functions require inhibitors. Enzymes catalyze specific reactions.

Enzymes catalyze specific reactions.

______ is a steroid. Estrogen Sucrose Butter Amino acid

Estrogen

A newly discovered multicellular organism obtains food by digesting dead organisms. Such an organism is most likely a member of the kingdom ______. Animalia Fungi Protista Plantae

Fungi

______ store the information necessary to produce proteins. Lysosomes Ribosomes Carbohydrates Genes

Genes

The endomembrane system includes ________. Golgi apparatus, nucleolus, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, ribosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum

What was a surprising feature about the deadly nature of the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus? H1N1 affected birds. H1N1 affected healthy young people. H1N1 affected the elderly. H1N1 affected pigs.

H1N1 affected healthy young people.

Which of the following is the source of electrons for the light reactions? H2O CO2 C6H12O6 NADPH

H2O

________ is the source of the oxygen gas released by a photosystem. H2O Chlorophyll a CO2 C6H12O6

H2O

In photosynthesis, redox reactions ultimately transfer electrons from ________ to ________. C6H12O6... O2 H2O... C6H12O6 H2O... CO2 O2... CO2

H2O... CO2

Which of the following is an acid? CH4 NaCl HCl NaOH

HCl

In Texas, a man showed up at a medical facility claiming that he felt drunk when he had not ingested any alcohol. Indeed his blood alcohol measured 0.37, many times the legal limit. Although he was a home brewer, he claimed that this intoxication had been happening often without his drinking any alcohol. Which of these hypotheses and actions might be most useful in diagnosing this problem? The fumes from the alcohol that he is using as a cleaning solution might be getting into his bloodstream. Ask him if he is using alcohol externally. His home brew concoctions have created a type of alcohol that lasts a long time. Have him refrain from home brewing for a week and recheck his blood alcohol. Maybe he feels drunk because he has been eating mushrooms that have sprouted during this very wet weather. Check him for fungal toxins. He might have recently had a round of antibiotics that killed the bacteria that usually live in his gut and allowed a yeast species to overgrow. Put him on probiotics and a low carb diet for a week and recheck his blood alcohol.

He might have recently had a round of antibiotics that killed the bacteria that usually live in his gut and allowed a yeast species to overgrow. Put him on probiotics and a low carb diet for a week and recheck his blood alcohol.

Which of the following is the best description of the events of anaphase I? Homologous chromosomes randomly separate and migrate to opposite poles. All of the chromosomes inherited from the mother go to one pole of the cell, and all of the chromosomes inherited from the father go to the other pole. Sister chromatids separate and the daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles. Half of the chromosomes inherited from the mother go to one pole along with half of the chromosomes inherited from the father.

Homologous chromosomes randomly separate and migrate to opposite poles.

Which of these would be a valid scientific hypothesis? Human history is determined by a series of supernatural events. Humans are controlled by forces beyond our understanding. Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code. Humans should help in the conservation of other animal species.

Humans and bacteria share a common genetic code.

You try to start your car, but it does not start. Which of these is a prediction? If I recharge the battery, then my car will start. My car's battery is dead. My car is too old to function properly. What is wrong with my car?

If I recharge the battery, then my car will start.

You are riding on your bike and stop pedaling, coasting along the road. Eventually, your bike slows down and stops. What happened to the energy of your motion when your bike stopped? It was returned to the bicycle. It was converted back to chemical energy. It was used to chemically break down the tires. It was released as heat.

It was released as heat.

A(n) ______ is an example of an organism that can sometimes reproduce asexually. human mouse Komodo dragon cat

Komodo dragon

________ genes violate Mendel's principle of independent assortment. Recessive Pleiotropic Codominant Linked

Linked

An individual with the genotype AaBb produces four different gametes in equal proportions. This is a demonstration of ______. Mendel's law of independent assortment Mendel's principle of segregation linkage the chromosomal theory of inheritance

Mendel's law of independent assortment

You try to start your car, but it does not start. Which of these is a hypothesis? What is wrong with my car? My car's battery is dead. If I recharge the battery, then my car will start. My car is too old to function properly.

My car's battery is dead.

The first electron acceptor of cellular respiration is ______. O2 NAD+ CO2 H2O

NAD+

Red-green color blindness is inherited as a sex-linked recessive trait. The gene is found on the X chromosome. Can a man with normal color vision father a daughter who is red-green color-blind? No, the expression of the trait skips a generation. Yes, if the man is heterozygous for red-green color blindness. Yes, if the woman with whom he mates is red-green color-blind. No, he can't (unless there is a mutation).

No, he can't (unless there is a mutation).

Which of the following is produced during the light reactions of photosynthesis? O2 ADP CO2 C6H12O6

O2

______ is a hydroxyl group. OH H -COOH NH2

OH

Which of the following statements is true? Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons. Glucose is a product of aerobic respiration; lactic acid is a product of anaerobic respiration. Oxygen is a product of cellular respiration; carbon dioxide is a product of photosynthesis. Lactic acid is a product of aerobic respiration; ethyl alcohol is a product of fermentation.

Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.

During cellular respiration, electrons move through a series of electron acceptor molecules. Which of the following is a true statement about this process? The electrons gain energy as they move from one electron acceptor to another. Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water. Glucose is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water. The electrons release large amounts of energy each time they are transferred from one electron acceptor to another.

Oxygen is eventually reduced by the electrons to form water.

Which of the following molecules spontaneously form membranes when mixed in water and most likely were one of the first organic compounds formed on Earth? Phospholipids DNA RNA Enzymes

Phospholipids

________ are the major lipids of plasma membranes. Phospholipids Starches Fatty acids Steroids

Phospholipids

Which of the following is not a property of life? Populations of organisms rarely change over time. Living things exhibit complex but ordered organization. Organisms reproduce their own kind. Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life's activities.

Populations of organisms rarely change over time.

Which kingdom of Eukarya consists primarily of unicellular organisms? Bacteria Plantae Fungi Protista

Protista

How does RNA differ from DNA? RNA is double-stranded; DNA is single-stranded. RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine. RNA is a polymer of amino acids; DNA is a polymer of nucleotides. In RNA G pairs with T; in DNA G pairs with C.

RNA contains uracil; DNA contains thymine.

Which of the following enzymes is responsible for RNA synthesis? DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase RNA polymerase ribosome

RNA polymerase

Translation converts the information stored in ________ to ________. RNA... DNA DNA... RNA RNA... a polypeptide DNA... a polypeptide

RNA... a polypeptide

How do radioactive isotopes differ from isotopes? Radioactive isotopes have more neutrons than do isotopes. Radioactive isotopes are stable; isotopes are unstable. Radioactive isotopes have fewer neutrons than do isotopes. Radioactive isotopes are unstable; isotopes are stable.

Radioactive isotopes are unstable; isotopes are stable.

Which of these statements is CORRECT? Science does not require observations that other people can confirm. Science can be used to prove or disprove the idea that deities or spirits cause earthquakes and other natural disasters. Scientific ideas are subjected to repeated testing. Only discovery science can lead to important conclusions about nature.

Scientific ideas are subjected to repeated testing.

Which of the following will help prevent cancer and increase survival? Seek early detection of tumors. Eat a high-fiber, low-fat diet. Limit exercise. Smoke only cigarettes.

Seek early detection of tumors.

Which of these events occurs during anaphase? Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes. Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell. The nuclear envelope reappears. The nuclear envelope breaks up.

Sister chromatids become separate chromosomes.

If one strand of a DNA double helix has the sequence AGTACTG, what will be the sequence of the other strand? TCATGAC GTCATGA AGTACTG GACGTCA

TCATGAC

Which of the following is TRUE with regard to a DNA molecule? The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine. The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of uracil. The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of guanine, and the amount of thymine is equal to the amount of cytosine. The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of cytosine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of thymine.

The amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine.

Extremophilic bacteria are able to survive in hostile environments, including scalding hot water as well as springs and vents that reach temperatures over 100°C. Researchers studying these bacteria measured the function of a protein from an extremophile bacterium at 100°C, and they also measured the function of a similar protein from a human cell at 100°C. Which of the following results do you think the researchers obtained? The human protein functioned normally, whereas the bacterial protein did not. Neither the human protein nor the bacterial protein functioned normally. The bacterial protein functioned normally, whereas the human protein did not. The bacterial protein and the human protein both functioned normally.

The bacterial protein functioned normally, whereas the human protein did not.

Regulation in biological systems depends on feedback, which is an example of information flow. When diabetes destroys insulin-producing cells, what information flow is disrupted? The pancreas is unable to produce enzymes to break down proteins. Appetite signals no longer regulate feeding. The body is unable to send signals that indicate the amount of sugar in the blood. Cells in the bladder are no longer able to send signals when the bladder fills.

The body is unable to send signals that indicate the amount of sugar in the blood.

What is the key to the recognition of codominance? The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. The alleles affect more than one trait. The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes. The phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.

The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes.

Which of the following occurs during prophase? Sister chromatids separate. Chromosomes line up on the midline of the cell. The nuclear envelope forms. The mitotic spindle begins to form.

The mitotic spindle begins to form.

Why is water considered a polar molecule? The oxygen atom attracts the hydrogen atoms. The oxygen atom is found between the two hydrogen atoms. The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge. Both hydrogen atoms are at one end of the molecule, and the oxygen atom is at the other end.

The oxygen end of the molecule has a slight negative charge, and the hydrogen end has a slight positive charge.

What is the key to the recognition of incomplete dominance? The heterozygote expresses the phenotype of both homozygotes. The alleles affect more than one trait. The trait exhibits a continuous distribution. The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.

The phenotype of the heterozygote falls between the phenotypes of the homozygotes.

A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains a 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. Which of the following is TRUE? The solution in the balloon is isotonic; the solution in the beaker is hypertonic. The solution in the balloon is hypotonic relative to the solution in the beaker. The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker. The solution in the beaker is hypertonic relative to the solution in the balloon.

The solution in the balloon is hypertonic relative to the solution in the beaker.

Why (if you are careful) are you able to float a needle on the surface of water? The surface tension that is a result of water's cohesive properties makes this possible. A single needle is less dense than water. Water has adhesive properties. The covalent bonds that hold a water molecule together make this possible.

The surface tension that is a result of water's cohesive properties makes this possible.

What is key to recognition of a trait whose expression is determined by the effects of two or more genes (polygenic inheritance)? All of the alleles of the gene for that trait are equally expressed. A mating between a homozygous and a heterozygous individual produces more than the expected number of offspring expressing the dominant trait. Pleiotropy occurs. The trait varies along a continuum in the population.

The trait varies along a continuum in the population.

Which of these results would you predict to occur if climate change results in increased warming global temperatures? The tree line (at which it is too cold for trees to grow) moves toward the north and south poles. Species competition will result in slower evolution in the tropics. Land animals will suffer fewer consequences than marine animals. Winters will be longer toward the poles.

The tree line (at which it is too cold for trees to grow) moves toward the north and south poles.

As an experiment, you infect bacteria with an unknown virus to see how the bacteriophage affects the bacteria. After a few days, you notice that the bacterial population is growing normally and that the cells appear healthy. Assuming that the infection occurred, what can you conclude from your observations? The virus is a retrovirus that is reproducing the lysogenic cycle. The virus is a bacteriophage that is reproducing the lysogenic cycle. The virus is a bacteriophage that is reproducing the lytic cycle. The virus is a retrovirus that is reproducing the lytic cycle.

The virus is a bacteriophage that is reproducing the lysogenic cycle.

A balloon permeable to water but not to glucose contains a 10% glucose solution. A beaker contains a 5% glucose solution. What will happen when the balloon is submerged in the beaker? The amount of glucose in the beaker will decrease. The volume of water in the beaker will increase. The volume of water in the beaker will decrease. The amount of glucose in the beaker will increase.

The volume of water in the beaker will decrease.

A purebred plant that produces yellow seeds is crossed with a purebred plant that produces green seeds. The seeds of all of the offspring are yellow. Why? The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele. The alleles are codominant. All of the offspring are homozygous yellow. The yellow allele is recessive to the green allele.

The yellow allele is dominant to the green allele.

How do hypotheses differ from theories? Hypotheses are derived from experimentation, whereas theories are derived from observation. Theories must be testable; hypotheses do not need to be testable. Theories are more comprehensive than hypotheses. Hypotheses are educated guesses, and theories are tentative explanations.

Theories are more comprehensive than hypotheses.

Tobacco smokers (and those exposed to tobacco smoke) are at greater risk of an ectopic (tubal) pregnancy. Based on your understanding of the structures of the cytoskeleton, what is the BEST explanation? Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus. Tobacco interferes with the functioning of the flagella propelling sperm. Tobacco interferes with the microtubule network of eggs thus weakening their structure. Tobacco interferes with microfilament formation in sperm, thereby forcing the zygote to implant in a fallopian tube.

Tobacco interferes with the sweeping motion of cilia that aids in the movement of the egg toward the uterus.

Relative to a pH of 6, a pH of 4 has a ________. 200 times higher H+ concentration 20 times higher H+ concentration 100 times lower H+ concentration 100 times higher H+ concentration

When a base is added to a buffered solution, the buffer will ________. donate H+ ions accept water molecules donate OH ions form covalent bonds with the base

Evidence for the spiral nature of DNA came from ______. base rule studies X-ray crystallography studies studies of disease-causing bacteria bacteriophage studies

X-ray crystallography studies

What protects mRNA from attack by cellular enzymes? RNA splicing the removal of exons a cap and tail the lack of RNA-digesting enzymes in the cytoplasm

a cap and tail

Amino acids include a side group as well as ________. a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group a central nitrogen, a carbon atom, an amino group, and a carbonyl group a central nitrogen, a carbon atom, a hydroxyl group, and a carbonyl group a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, a hydroxyl group, and a carbonyl group

a central carbon, a hydrogen atom, an amino group, and a carboxyl group

The nuclear envelope is composed of ______. a double membrane DNA carbohydrates chromatin

a double membrane

Plants are susceptible to bacterial infections, which can damage their structure or even kill them. Which of the following would be the best antibiotic to treat a plant that is infected with bacteria? a drug that destroys the central vacuole a drug that blocks gene expression in circular chromosomes a drug that disrupts cell wall structure and function a drug that interferes with mitochondria function

a drug that blocks gene expression in circular chromosomes

The backbone of DNA consists of ________. nitrogenous bases a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern a repeating sugar-nucleotide-sugar-nucleotide pattern paired nucleotides

a repeating sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate pattern

What is a gene? an organelle that houses DNA a type of eukaryotic cell a unit of inheritance a type of prokaryotic cell

a unit of inheritance

Which of the following would NOT likely develop as an emerging virus? a virus that affects primarily rabbits mutates and infects humans a virus that begins to infect people in New York City, a popular tourist destination a virus harmful to humans that changes very slowly over time A virus that is normally harmless to humans undergoes rapid mutations.

a virus harmful to humans that changes very slowly over time

What must pyruvic acid be converted to before it can enter the citric acid cycle? lactic acid citric acid ethyl alcohol acetyl CoA

acetyl CoA

The region of an enzyme to which a substrate binds is called the ________ site. active inactive substrate enzymatic

active

Which of the following processes could result in the net movement of a substance into a cell, if the substance is more concentrated in the cell than in the surroundings? diffusion active transport osmosis facilitated diffusion

active transport

The shared genetic code of all life on Earth is evidence that ________. the genetic code arose relatively late in the history of life on Earth DNA replication is error-free bacterial cells arose earlier than eukaryotic cells all life shares a common ancestry

all life shares a common ancestry

In what way(s) is the science of biology influencing and changing our culture? by revealing how mutations in genes can lead to disease by helping us understand the relevance of evolution to human health by providing new tools for forensic investigations all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following is a way that a molecule releases energy gained by absorption of a photon? heat light fluorescence all of the above

all of the above

Which of these is required for natural selection to occur? unequal reproductive success individual variation inheritance all of the above

all of the above

Microtubules are associated with ________. cell shape cilia flagella all of the answer choices

all of the answer choices

Active transport ________. uses ATP as an energy source can involve the transport of ions can move solutes against their concentration gradient all of the answer options

all of the answer options

Sexual reproduction in humans ________. produces an individual with 23 chromosomes produces a haploid individual combines two diploid gametes, producing a zygote allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell

allows a haploid sperm cell to fertilize a haploid egg cell

Alleles are described as ______. environmental factors that affect gene expression alternate phenotypes alternate versions of a gene homologous chromosomes

alternate versions of a gene

Proteins are polymers constructed from ______ monomers. amino acid hydrocarbon nucleotide fatty acid

amino acid

Peptide bonds form between ________. an mRNA transcript and the small ribosomal subunit amino acids an mRNA codon and a tRNA anticodon a tRNA and the amino acid it is carrying

amino acids

Which of the following techniques is used to collect fetal cells during pregnancy for genetic testing? pedigree analysis dihybrid cross amniocentesis testcross

amniocentesis

A friend of yours appears to have put on a lot of muscle very quickly. At the same time, you notice that your friend seems to have a lot of mood swings and appears depressed. It is reasonable for you to suspect that your friend has begun to take ______. an anabolic steroid amino acid supplements creatine protein powder

an anabolic steroid

A horse eating some hay is an example of ________. an autotroph eating a producer a consumer eating a producer a consumer eating a heterotroph an autotroph eating a consumer

an autotroph eating a producer

The way Earth moves about the sun is most like ________. a neutron and electron moving around a proton a neutron moving about a proton an electron moving around the nucleus of an atom a proton moving about an electron

an electron moving around the nucleus of an atom

Some ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol of a cell, whereas other ribosomes _______. are attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum are attached to the outside of the nucleus make proteins inside the nucleus are found on the plasma membrane

are attached to the outside of the nucleus

What accounts for the different breeds of domesticated dogs? artificial selection natural selection competition overproduction

artificial selection

A hormone that will be secreted from a cell is manufactured by ribosomes ________. inside the nucleus attached to the Golgi apparatus attached to the plasma membrane attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called ______. nonhomologous chromosomes homologous chromosomes sex chromosomes autosomes

autosomes

In a hypotonic solution, a plant cell will ________. undergo plasmolysis become turgid burst become flaccid

become turgid

Which of the following is lowest in unsaturated fats? canola oil corn oil beef salmon

beef

If a plant appears blue to us, what wavelength of light is being reflected? yellow red blue green

blue

What name is given to substances that resist changes in pH? bases solutions buffers acids

buffers

How does taxonomy assist biologists? by reducing life to its smallest common denominator, the cell by categorizing diverse items into smaller and smaller numbers of groups by providing easily remembered scientific names for organisms all of the above

by categorizing diverse items into smaller and smaller numbers of groups

Which of the following are produced as a result of cellular respiration? carbon dioxide, water, and ATP ATP and water oxygen and glucose carbon dioxide and ATP

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

The four most common elements found in living organisms are ________. carbon, oxygen, potassium, and calcium oxygen, calcium, hydrogen, and carbon nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and carbon carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen

carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen

What is responsible for the yellow-orange coloration of leaves in the fall? chlorophyll a RuBP carotenoids chlorophyll b

carotenoids

An individual who is homozygous ______. carries two different alleles for a gene carries two copies of the same allele for a gene expresses the dominant trait expresses the recessive trait

carries two copies of the same allele for a gene

Homologous chromosomes ______. are a set of chromosomes that the cell received from one parent include only the autosomes carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics carry the same versions of all genes

carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics

Which theory states that all living things are composed of cells? cell theory Mendel's law Hooke's rule evolutionary theory

cell theory

Plant cells, unlike animal cells, are characterized by the presence of a ________. nucleus and a cell wall nucleus and a contractile vacuole cell wall and a contractile vacuole cell wall and a central vacuole

cell wall and a central vacuole

Which of the following structures can perform all the activities required for life? nuclei cells DNA molecules organelles

cells

Sexual reproduction appears to be absent in bdelloid rotifers. Which of these, if found in this group, would bring into question the idea that they reproduce ONLY asexually? related groups (not bdelloid rotifers) which reproduce both sexually and asexually. significant differences of two different alleles among different populations (one population having mostly allele A and one having mostly a). female rotifers with eggs cells in which meiosis occurs

cells in which meiosis occurs

Which of the following is hydrophilic? butter cholesterol cellulose testosterone

cellulose

In plant cells, ______ may contain organic nutrients, pigments, and poisons. mitochondria lysosomes central vacuoles chloroplasts

central vacuoles

Sister chromatids are joined at the ______. centrosome spindle centriole centromere

centromere

Glucose molecules provide energy to power the swimming motion of sperm. In this example, the sperm are changing ________. kinetic energy into potential energy kinetic energy into chemical energy chemical energy into kinetic energy chemical energy into potential energy

chemical energy into kinetic energy

What compound is found at the reaction center of a photosystem? chlorophyll b phycobilins chlorophyll a carotenoids

chlorophyll a

Which plant organelle is responsible for photosynthesis? chloroplast ribosome smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondrion

chloroplast

The structural combination of DNA and protein forms ________. RNA ribosomes chromatin nucleoli

chromatin

During metaphase ______. chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell the nuclear envelope breaks up centromeres divide sister chromatids separate

chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Which part of cellular respiration produces the most NADH? citric acid cycle fermentation electron transport chain glycolysis

citric acid cycle

An individual with the blood group genotype LMLN has the phenotype MN. What is the relationship between the LM and LN alleles? codominance LN is dominant incomplete dominance pleiotropy

codominance

During translation, what is the CORRECT order of events that occur as an amino acid is added? peptide bond formation, translocation, codon recognition initiation, codon recognition, termination codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation translocation, codon recognition, termination

codon recognition, peptide bond formation, translocation

The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together is called ________. cohesion bonding polarity adhesion

cohesion

The principle that energy cannot be created or destroyed is known as ________. entropy conservation of heat cellular respiration conservation of energy

conservation of energy

Humans are ______. consumers producers and consumers producers and decomposers producers

consumers

Which of the following is a result of glycolysis? conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid conversion of NADH to NAD+ production of CO2 a net loss of two ATPs per glucose molecule

conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid

The hydrogen and oxygen atoms of a water molecule are held together by ________ bonds. ionic covalent hydrogen polar

covalent

What name is given to bonds that involve the sharing of electrons? covalent ionic hydrogen polar

covalent

The ability to tolerate lactose throughout life most likely arose in ________. cultures that keep dairy herds Native Americans populations that live in cold climates populations that live in wet climates

cultures that keep dairy herds

In eukaryotic cells, what name is given to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane? cytoplasm chloroplast phospholipid bilayer nucleoid

cytoplasm

Where in the cell does glycolysis occur? endoplasmic reticulum (ER) cytoplasm within the fluid just inside the inner mitochondrial membrane between the inner and outer mitochondrial membrane

cytoplasm

If you provided your shade-tolerant plants with their preferred wavelength of light, but only minimal amounts of water, which of the following would you expect to occur? increased plant growth decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants increased growth of the plants' leaves increased amounts of oxygen released by the plants

decreased amounts of ATP being produced by the plants

Enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by ________. increasing the temperature of the substrates contributing electrons to the reaction changing the pH of the environment decreasing activation energy

decreasing activation energy

What name is given to the following reaction? galactose + glucose → lactose + water hydrolysis dehydration glycolysis hydrogenation

dehydration

What name is given to the following reaction? glycerol + 3 fatty acids → triglyceride + 3 water molecules dehydration hydrogenation glycolysis hydrolysis

dehydration

If a cell's lysosomes burst, the cell would ______. shrivel digest itself divide into two cells need to manufacture more lysosomes

digest itself

Lysosomes are responsible for ______. cellular respiration digestion of organic matter inside the cell protein synthesis lipid synthesis

digestion of organic matter inside the cell

Complete the equation: monosaccharide + monosaccharide → ______ + water polysaccharide disaccharide fat polypeptide

disaccharide

In the following equation, lactose is a ______. galactose + glucose → lactose + water fatty acid dipeptide nucleic acid disaccharide

disaccharide

When a base is added to a buffered solution, the buffer will ________. donate H+ ions accept water molecules donate OH ions form covalent bonds with the base

donate H+ ions

After replication, ______. each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand one new DNA double helix consists of two old strands and the other new DNA double helix consists of two new strands each new DNA double helix consists of two new strands each new DNA double helix consists of two old strands

each new DNA double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand

Adjacent water molecules are connected by the ________. electrical attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule electrical attraction between the hydrogen atoms of adjacent water molecules sharing of electrons between adjacent oxygen molecules sharing of electrons between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule

electrical attraction between the hydrogen of one water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule

Which of the following is found in both cellular respiration and in the light reactions of photosynthesis? citric acid cycle glycolysis Calvin cycle electron transport chain

electron transport chain

Which of the following is not recycled but is lost from ecosystems? nitrogen magnesium carbon energy

energy

Which of the following is a measure of randomness in a system? kinetic energy chemical energy entropy potential energy

entropy

Substances that plug up an enzyme's active site are ________. enzyme inhibitors enzyme substrates enzyme products enzyme catalysts

enzyme inhibitors

What waste product do yeast produce under anaerobic conditions? ethyl alcohol lactic acid pyruvic acid creatine

ethyl alcohol

Humans are composed of ______ cells. eukaryotic bacterial prokaryotic plant

eukaryotic

Sweating cools your body by ________. evaporative cooling hydrogen bonding radiation cohesion

evaporative cooling

The branch of biology that explains both the diversity and the unity of life is ______. evolution microbiology taxonomy genetics

evolution

When a molecule absorbs a photon, one of its electrons is raised to the ________ state. excited positive energetic quantum

excited

When two solutions that differ in solute concentration are placed on either side of a selectively permeable membrane, and osmosis is allowed to take place, the water will ________. exhibit a net movement to the side with higher water concentration exhibit an equal movement in both directions across the membrane exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration exhibit a net movement to the side with lower solute concentration

exhibit a net movement to the side with lower water concentration

Certain cells that line the stomach synthesize a digestive enzyme and secrete it into the stomach. Which of the following processes could be responsible for its secretion? passive transport exocytosis phagocytosis endocytosis

exocytosis

When a person cries, tears are exported from cells through the process of ________. active transport endocytosis facilitated diffusion exocytosis

exocytosis

The expressed (coding) regions of eukaryotic genes are called ________. introns caps promoters exons

exons

A karyotype (a chromosome display) would be unable to determine ________. sex eye color Down syndrome Turner syndrome

eye color

A glycerol with three fatty acids attached is referred to as a ______. steroid prostaglandin fat nucleic acid

fat

Cellulose is an example of ______. fat fiber a steroid a polypeptide

fiber

How much genetic material is present in a cell during prophase I compared to a cell that has completed meiosis II? four times as much one-half as much twice as much one-quarter as much

four times as much

According to Mendel's law of segregation, ________. gametes have one allele copy for each gene gametes are diploid two alleles segregate into each gamete more gametes carrying the dominant allele are produced than gametes carrying the recessive allele

gametes have one allele copy for each gene

What is the function of stomata? Calvin cycle location of photosystems water absorption gas exchange

gas exchange

A specific stretch of DNA that programs the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is a ________. nucleic acid enzyme protein gene

gene

ATP synthase plays a role in ______. generating ATP pumping hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane glycolysis pulling electrons down the electron transport chain

generating ATP

Crossing over during prophase I results in ________. reciprocal translocation duplication nondisjunction genetic recombination

genetic recombination

Which of these equations describes aerobic cellular respiration? energy + carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen + water glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy glucose → lactic acid + energy none of the above

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water + energy

Which of the following are isomers? glucose and fructose glucose and sucrose sucrose and glucose lactose and maltose

glucose and fructose

Animals store carbohydrates as ______. starch maltose cellulose glycogen

glycogen

Which of the following metabolic pathways is common to both aerobic and anaerobic processes of sugar breakdown? the citric acid cycle glycolysis the electron transport chain conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid

glycolysis

Which of these stages of cell respiration can occur without the others? the citric acid cycle lactic acid fermentation the electron transport chain glycolysis

glycolysis

Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration? electron transport, glycolysis, citric acid cycle citric acid cycle, electron transport, glycolysis glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport citric acid cycle, glycolysis, electron transport

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport

The shorter the wavelength of visible light, the ________. redder the color greater the energy more photons it contains less energy absorbed by photosynthetic pigments

greater the energy

The energy of wavelengths that appear ________ is LEAST useful to photosynthesis. red orange green blue

green

Plant cells ________. do not need mitochondria because their chloroplasts meet their energy needs have chloroplasts and mitochondria do not need chloroplasts because their mitochondria meet their energy needs use carbon dioxide but do not use oxygen

have chloroplasts and mitochondria

When mixed with water, phospholipids spontaneously form membranes because they ______. have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water have hydrophilic heads that are attracted to their hydrophobic tails have hydrophilic fatty acid tails that are attracted to water and hydrophobic phosphate groups that avoid water are both fluid and mosaic

have hydrophilic phosphate groups that are attracted to water and hydrophobic fatty acid tails that avoid water

One difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells is that eukaryotic cells ______ prokaryotic cells. have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in have DNA, which is lacking in have a nucleoid region, which is lacking in have a plasma membrane, which is lacking in

have membrane-enclosed structures called organelles, which are lacking in

A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would ______. not have completed anaphase have less genetic material than it started with have its chromosomes lined up in the middle of the cell have two nuclei

have two nuclei

In humans, the inheritance of ________ is best explained as being polygenic. blood type sickle-cell disease cystic fibrosis height

height

Humans are both ________. heterotrophs and consumers producers and decomposers autotrophs and producers heterotrophs and producers

heterotrophs and consumers

Mendel crossed purebred purple-flowered plants with purebred white-flowered plants, and all of the resulting offspring produced purple flowers. The offspring are all ______, and the allele for purple flowers is ______. heterozygotes... recessive homozygotes... dominant homozygotes... recessive heterozygotes... dominant

heterozygotes... dominant

During metaphase I, ______. homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell crossing over occurs the nuclear envelope breaks up sister chromatids separate and migrate to opposite poles

homologous chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

A mating between a purebred purple-flowered pea plant and a purebred white-flowered pea plant would produce a(n) ______. P generation hybrid purebred variety F2 generation

hybrid

Adjacent water molecules are joined by ________ bonds. covalent only hydrogen ionic polar and covalent

hydrogen

Saturated fats are saturated with ______. oxygen carbon nitrogen hydrogen

hydrogen

What type of chemical bond joins the bases of complementary DNA strands? ionic covalent hydrophilic hydrogen

hydrogen

What is the name given to the reaction that breaks peptide bonds? glycolysis dehydration hydrolysis hydrogenation

hydrolysis

What name is given to the following reaction? sucrose + water → glucose + fructose glycolysis dehydration hydrolysis hydrogenation

hydrolysis

Sometimes when I have my morning coffee, which I drink black with no cream or sugar, I notice a thin film floating on top of the coffee. Since I have just read Chapter 3 of the text, I now realize the nature of this substance and so I run to my friend screaming, "Look at this ________ in my coffee!" polysaccharide hydrophobic substance disaccharide hydrophilic substance

hydrophobic substance

A protist that contains contractile vacuoles most likely lives ______. in ice within the cells of another organism in fresh water in a marine environment

in fresh water

The light reactions of photosynthesis take place ________. in the mitochondria in the cytosol in the stroma in the thylakoid membrane

in the thylakoid membrane

An individual with (naturally) curly hair and an individual with (naturally) straight hair mate; all of their offspring have (naturally) wavy hair. What is the relationship between the alleles for hair texture? codominance wavy hair dominant to both straight and curly hair pleiotropy incomplete dominance

incomplete dominance

h of these is NOT considered an advantage of biofuels from food crops? increased fuel efficiency increased crop prices reduced carbon emissions a renewable resource

increased crop prices

Which of the following is a health effect of a diet high in saturated fats? increased risk of infectious disease increased risk of heart attack decreased risk of atherosclerosis decreased risk of stroke

increased risk of heart attack

Scientists are working to create a better biofuel factory through which of the following processes? restricting hydrocarbon production increasing the genetic diversity of groups of algae increasing the rate at which certain algae reproduce developing strains of algae that can clean up oil spills

increasing the genetic diversity of groups of algae

Mad cow disease is caused by a retrovirus similar to HIV. small circular RNA molecules called viroids. infectious proteins called prions. an enveloped virus

infectious proteins called prions.

Many human traits, such as our performance on intelligence tests or our susceptibility to heart disease, are ________. influenced by both genes and the environment determined only by our genes not affected by our genes determined by genes in some people and by the environment in other people

influenced by both genes and the environment

The CORRECT sequence of events occurring during transcription is ________. initiation, elongation, termination elongation, initiation, termination tailing, capping, splicing splicing, capping, tailing

initiation, elongation, termination

More than half of all known species are ________. plants insects bacteria vertebrates

insects

Lactic acid build up in muscles is a sign that ________. insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles the muscles will be able to operate continuously for a long time aerobic respiration capacity has not been reached respiration is operating effectively

insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles

Which of the following elements, essential to life, is a trace element? calcium phosphorus iodine carbon

iodine

An atom with an electrical charge is a(n) ________. isotope molecule compound ion

ion

In the following reaction, what type of bond is holding the two atoms together? K+Cl → K+ + Cl- → KCl ionic hydrophilic hydrophobic covalent

ionic

The bond between oppositely charged ions is a(n) ________ bond. covalent polar hydrogen ionic

ionic

An individual heterozygous for cystic fibrosis ________. is a carrier cannot have children with cystic fibrosis will have children who are all carriers of cystic fibrosis has cystic fibrosis

is a carrier

To determine the genotype of an individual who expresses a dominant trait, you would cross that individual with an individual who ______. expresses the dominant trait is heterozygous for that trait is homozygous recessive for that trait is homozygous dominant for that trait

is homozygous recessive for that trait

Some protozoans have special organelles called contractile vacuoles that continually eliminate excess water from the cell. The presence of these organelles tells you that the environment ________. is hypertonic to the protozoan is isotonic to the protozoan contains a higher concentration of solutes than the protozoan is hypotonic to the protozoan

is hypotonic to the protozoan

A cell that neither gains nor loses a net amount of water at equilibrium when it is immersed in a solution is ________. metabolically inactive hypotonic to its environment isotonic to its environment hypertonic to its environment

isotonic to its environment

As water freezes, ________. it loses its polarity its hydrogen bonds break apart it cools the surrounding environment its molecules move farther apart

its molecules move farther apart

Which one of the following is most similar to the mechanism of an enzyme inhibitor? driving the wrong way on a one-way street changing the tires on a car forgetting to put a cap back on a pen keeping someone from parking by parking in their designated spot

keeping someone from parking by parking in their designated spot

C4 plants conserve water by ________. keeping their stomata closed when the weather is hot and dry shuttling CO2 from the Calvin cycle to the water-splitting photosystem growing very deep roots running the Calvin cycle at night

keeping their stomata closed when the weather is hot and dry

An object at rest has no ________ energy, but it may have ________ energy resulting from its location or structure. stored... potential kinetic... potential kinetic... conserved potential... kinetic

kinetic... potential

People with lactose intolerance do not have enough ______. lactose lactase fructose glucose

lactase

Relative to prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells are usually ______. larger and equally complex larger and more complex smaller and more complex smaller and simpler

larger and more complex

What is the best explanation for a BbCc × bbcc cross producing offspring in a 5:5:1:1 phenotypic ratio? polygenic inheritance linked genes incomplete dominance codominance

linked genes

Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ________. lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and storage of genetic information steroid synthesis, protein synthesis, and drug detoxification lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification lipid synthesis, protein synthesis, and drug detoxification

lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification

Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, you would expect to find a large amount of smooth ER in ______ cells. intestinal brain liver muscle

liver

Linked genes are usually ________. found on the Y chromosome located close together on a chromosome codominant found on the X chromosome

located close together on a chromosome

What name is given to the specific location of a gene on a chromosome? genotype allele phenotype locus

locus

Tay-Sachs disease results from ______ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme. the Golgi apparatus the endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes mitochondria

lysosomes

Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ______. rough endoplasmic reticulum DNA smooth endoplasmic reticulum mRNA

mRNA

Transcription is the ________. manufacture of a protein based on information carried by RNA modification of a strand of RNA prior to the manufacture of a protein manufacture of two new DNA double helices that are identical to an old DNA double helix manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

manufacture of a strand of RNA complementary to a strand of DNA

Vacuoles are ______. manufactured by ribosomes found only in plant cells membranous sacs composed of microtubules

membranous sacs

The RNA that is translated into a polypeptide is ________ RNA. transfer viral ribosomal messenger

messenger

The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur in organisms is called ________. hydrolysis cellular synthesis metabolism conservation of energy

metabolism

During a race such as a marathon, the skeletal muscle cells in your legs use a lot of energy to continually contract and power your muscles. What organelle is most likely abundant in skeletal muscle cells? smooth endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus rough endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria

mitochondria

Electron transport takes place in the ______. chloroplasts ribosomes mitochondria cytoplasm

mitochondria

One difference between mitosis and meiosis is ________. mitosis requires only one parent cell, but meiosis requires two parent cells mitosis produces more daughter cells for each division than meiosis mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not mitosis produces haploid cells, but meiosis produces diploid cells

mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not

In the following reaction, galactose is a ______. galactose + glucose → lactose + water protein polysaccharide monomer polymer

monomer

The lower the pH of a solution, the ________. less toxic the solution more acidic the solution higher the OH concentration greater the number of oxygen atoms

more acidic the solution

In order to have a positive charge, an atom must have ________. more protons than electrons more electrons than protons more protons than neutrons more neutrons than protons

more protons than electrons

A fat that is hydrogenated is ______. easier to digest more unsaturated more solid less likely to cause strokes

more solid

What is the ultimate source of all diversity? mutation meiosis sexual recombination natural selection

mutation

How many chromosomes can a gamete possess as a result of nondisjunction? 2n + 1 or n - 1 2n + 1 or 2n - 1 2n - 1 only n + 1 or n - 1

n + 1 or n - 1

Taxonomy is the ______. study of cells study of organisms and their interaction with the environment naming and classifying of species study of genes

naming and classifying of species

Which of these is most closely associated with Darwin? energy flow ecosystem structure natural selection the three domains of life

natural selection

An atom's ________ are found in its nucleus. neutrons and electrons protons only electrons, protons, and neutrons neutrons and protons

neutrons and protons

Which of the following structures manufactures the components of ribosomes? endoplasmic reticulum nucleus nucleolus cytoplasm

nucleolus

DNA and RNA are polymers composed of ________ monomers. nucleotide amino acid fatty acid carbohydrate

nucleotide

Nucleic acids are polymers of ________ monomers. monosaccharide DNA fatty acid nucleotide

nucleotide

The DNA of a eukaryotic cell is found within the ______. insulin prokaryotic cell nucleus archaea

nucleus

The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are found in the ______. Golgi apparatus centriole nucleolus nucleus

nucleus

What are the two main processes that ecosystems depend upon? speciation and evolution decomposition and nutrient recycling sunlight and photosynthesis nutrient recycling and energy flow

nutrient recycling and energy flow

Which of the following is a producer? cat oak tree sun earthworm

oak tree

Discovery science is primarily based on ________. hypothesis testing deduction experimentation observation

observation

Which of the following are the proper components of the scientific method? observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, results, conclusion observation, question, opinion, conclusion, hypothesis question, observation, experiment, analysis, prediction experiment, conclusion, application

observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, results, conclusion

Plant viruses ________. often use RNA, rather than DNA, as their genetic material do not exist, as viruses attack only animals benefit plants, rather than causing disease cause diseases that can be easily cured

often use RNA, rather than DNA, as their genetic material

Where does protein synthesis take place? on ribosomes in the nucleolus in the nucleus on smooth endoplasmic reticulum

on ribosomes

What is the smallest number of nucleotides that must be added or subtracted to change the triplet grouping of the genetic message? one two three four

one

CAM plants conserve water by ________. opening their stomata only at night keeping their stomata closed at night running the Calvin cycle at night incorporating CO2 into RuBP

opening their stomata only at night

What name is given to the functional compartments of a cell? genes nuclei organelles genomes

organelles

The following molecule is best described as a(n) ________. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2 organic compound protein carbohydrate inorganic compound

organic compound

A process is referred to as aerobic if it requires ________. carbon dioxide carbohydrates oxygen ATP

oxygen

The final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration is ______. ATP NAD+ oxygen lactic acid

oxygen

Diffusion is an example of ________. phagocytosis passive transport active transport endocytosis

passive transport

What data or test would you seek to determine whether or not a trait is sex linked? DNA sequence blood test pedigree karyotype

pedigree

The act of a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is ________. phagocytosis diffusion exocytosis osmosis

phagocytosis

What name is given to the collection of traits exhibited by an organism? genetic code phenotype genome genotype

phenotype

Energy is transferred from ATP to other molecules by transferring a(n) ________. phosphate group heat unit ADP adenosine

phosphate group

The concept of a membrane as a fluid mosaic reflects the ability of ______. phospholipids but not proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane most proteins but not phospholipids to drift about in the plane of the membrane carbohydrates to drift into and out of the membrane structure phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane

phospholipids and most proteins to drift about in the plane of the membrane

What name is given to a discrete packet of light? quantum wavelength photon phaser

photon

Which of the following is a feature of prokaryotic cells but not eukaryotic cells? pili cell wall DNA flagella

pili

Which of the following is an autotroph? pine tree mushroom human fish

pine tree

You find a cell of a type you have never seen before. The cell has both a nucleus and a cell wall. Therefore, you conclude that it is likely to be a(n) ________ cell. prokaryotic plant animal bacterial

plant

Marfan syndrome is the result of inheriting a single allele. Individuals with Marfan syndrome are tall and long-limbed, and have both cardiovascular and eye defects. Of what type of inheritance is the phenotype of Marfan syndrome an example? codominance homozygous recessive pleiotropy incomplete dominance

pleiotropy

For good health, it is important to include ______ in our diets. monosaccharides polysaccharides fructose disaccharides

polysaccharides

A rock on the top of a mountain contains ________ energy. conserved potential kinetic no

potential

Diffusion ________. proceeds until equilibrium is reached is the result of the potential energy of atoms occurs when particles spread from areas where they are less concentrated to areas where they are more concentrated requires an input of cellular energy

proceeds until equilibrium is reached

Human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to ________. produce ATP using the electron transport chain produce ATP without O2 produce more ATP than is possible through complete aerobic respiration regenerate NADH

produce ATP without O2

Members of the kingdom Plantae differ from members of the other kingdoms of Eukarya in that most members of the kingdom Plantae ______. are decomposers produce their own food are consumers are unicellular

produce their own food

Photosynthetic organisms are ________. producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules producers that make all of their organic matter from organic molecules that they take in decomposers that obtain nutrients from the soil consumers that obtain organic molecules from other living organisms

producers that make all their own organic matter from inorganic molecules

Respiration describes the exchange of gases between your blood and the air. Cellular respiration ________. produces ATP produces glucose uses carbon dioxide produces oxygen

produces ATP

Ordinary cell division produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical. This type of cell division is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT asexual reproduction. production of sperm and eggs. growth of a multicellular organism. cell replacement.

production of sperm and eggs.

When using a microscope to view cells you obtained from scraping under your fingernails, you notice that the cells lack nuclei; therefore, you conclude that the cells must be a type of ________ cell. eukaryotic prokaryotic plant fungal

prokaryotic

The region of DNA where RNA synthesis begins is the ________. start codon stop codon terminator promoter

promoter

A(n) ________ is to bacteria as a ________ is to animal cells. prophage... provirus RNA virus... DNA virus phage... prophage retrovirus... virus

prophage... provirus

The CORRECT sequence of stages of mitosis is ________. telophase, prophase, anaphase, metaphase prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase anaphase, interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophase interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The extracellular matrix of animal cells ________. provides avenues for the exchange of DNA is primarily a site of dead matter and waste materials is a warehouse for the storage of extra lipids and carbohydrates protects and support cells

protects and support cells

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus? digestion of organic matter inside the cell cell respiration protein modification drug detoxification

protein modification

Enzymes are ______. monosaccharides phospholipids amino acids proteins

proteins

Usually, enzymes are ________. fats steroids proteins chemical reactions

proteins

All atoms of an element have the same number of ________. electrons protons neutrons protons plus neutrons

protons

Isotopes of an element have the same number of ________ and different numbers of ________. protons... neutrons electrons... protons neutrons... protons protons... electrons

protons... neutrons

Over a span of two decades, scientists measured changes in the beak size of a population of Galápagos ground finches. This ________. led Darwin to his theory of evolution through natural selection is an example of artificial selection is an example of overproduction provided evidence of natural selection in action

provided evidence of natural selection in action

A product of glycolysis is ______. lactic acid ethyl alcohol pyruvic acid O2

pyruvic acid

Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane? regulate the production of proteins in the cell regulate the production of DNA in and out of the nucleus regulate the traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell regulate the production of lipids in the cell

regulate the traffic of chemicals in and out of the cell

A base ________. removes OH ions from a solution decreases the pH of a solution removes H+ ions from a solution removes H2O molecules from a solution

removes H+ ions from a solution

DNA replication is a very fast process that results in numerous errors. requires DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. requires the cooperation of over a dozen enzymes and other proteins. is a slow process that results in virtually no errors.

requires the cooperation of over a dozen enzymes and other proteins.

A mutation within a gene that will insert a premature stop codon in mRNA would ________. result in a shortened polypeptide chain have the same effect as deleting a single nucleotide in the gene result in a longer polypeptide chain change the location at which transcription of the next gene begins

result in a shortened polypeptide chain

Anything that prevents ATP formation will most likely ________. force the cell to rely on ADP for energy force the cell to rely on lipids for energy have no effect on the cell result in cell death

result in cell death

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) must use its own ________ to reproduce. RNA polymerase DNA polymerase reverse transcriptase tRNA

reverse transcriptase

Where is translation accomplished? ribosomes lysosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum nucleoli

ribosomes

Through what structure(s) do plants obtain most of their water? stomata roots interior cells leaves

roots

Cells in the thyroid gland produce and secrete thyroid hormone (a polymer of amino acids) that helps to regulate metabolism. What organelle is most likely abundant in cells of the thyroid gland? free ribosomes lysosomes mitochondria rough endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

The best definition of a purebred plant is one that ______. cannot be cross-fertilized self-fertilizes to produce hybrid offspring self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent produces sterile offspring when cross-fertilized

self-fertilizes to produce offspring identical to the parent

Which of these describes the type of reproduction that is most adaptive in a rapidly changing environment with many different parasitic diseases present? asexual reproduction because the currently successful genotypes can reproduce quickly sexual reproduction because the diversity of genotypes increases the likelihood that there is one which can survive in a new environment asexual reproduction, because asexual reproduction uses less energy, which leaves more for each individual to adapt to the changing environment sexual reproduction because this type of reproduction allows the production of a greater number of offspring thus providing more individuals to take advantage of any environmental challenges presented

sexual reproduction because the diversity of genotypes increases the likelihood that there is one which can survive in a new environment

A protein's function is most dependent on its ________. shape size pH weight

shape

An enzyme's function is most dependent on its ________. shape pH size temperature

shape

If a strand of DNA has the sequence AAGCTC, transcription will result in a(n) ________. DNA double helix with the sequence AAGCTC for one strand and TTCGAG for the complementary strand single RNA strand with the sequence TTCGAG single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG RNA double helix with the sequence UUCGAG for one strand and AAGCUC for the complimentary strand

single RNA strand with the sequence UUCGAG

A duplicated chromosome consists of two ______. centrosomes sister chromatids centromeres genomes

sister chromatids

Sugar dissolves when stirred into water. The sugar is the ________, the water is the ________, and the sweetened water is the ________. solution... solvent... solute solvent... solute... solution solution... solute... solvent solute... solvent... solution

solute... solvent... solution

What are grana? pigments found in chloroplasts stacks of membranous sacs thick fluids inside chloroplasts convolutions of the inner chloroplast membrane

stacks of membranous sacs

Which of the following is an example of a polysaccharide? maltose starch sucrose glucose

starch

Plants use photosynthesis to harvest energy, and they use cellular respiration to store chemical energy. change light energy into sugars. store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy. change light energy into chemical energy as well as to harvest chemical energy.

store chemical energy, and they use cellular respiration to harvest energy.

Cellular respiration can be described as the conversion of the energy ________. stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP stored in ATP to energy used to do work of sunlight to energy stored in organic compounds stored in ATP to energy stored in food molecules

stored in food molecules to energy stored in ATP

Which component of the following reaction is the enzyme? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose fructose sucrose sucrase glucose

sucrase

Which component of the following reaction is the substrate? sucrose + sucrase + water → sucrase + glucose + fructose sucrase fructose glucose sucrose

sucrose

Table sugar is ________. glucose, a disaccharide sucrose, a monosaccharide sucrose, a disaccharide glucose, a monosaccharide

sucrose, a disaccharide

Similar to the nucleus, chloroplasts and mitochondria are ________. surrounded by two membranes manufactured by the nucleolus able to synthesize lipids able to synthesize carbohydrates

surrounded by two membranes

Photosynthesis contributes to plant growth by ________. converting sugar to oxygen and water taking in oxygen and making wood synthesizing carbon dioxide and making cellulose taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates)

taking in carbon dioxide and making sugars (carbohydrates)

Cytokinesis typically begins during the ______ stage of mitosis. prophase telophase metaphase anaphase

telophase

Which of the following is a stage of mitosis? cytokinesis telophase DNA synthesis interphase

telophase

A hypothesis is a(n) ________. observation theory guess tentative answer to a question

tentative answer to a question

Experience with dog breeding has taught geneticists ________. that, given enough time, any desired trait can be bred into dogs that geographically isolated groups of dogs may be selected for quite different traits, resulting in a different dog breed that, while physical traits can be molded through artificial selection, behavioral traits cannot that purebred dogs have offspring with qualities identical to the parents, because all purebred dogs are alike genetically

that purebred dogs have offspring with qualities identical to the parents, because all purebred dogs are alike genetically

Which of the following parts of a cell is (are) most like the shipping center of a company? mitochondria the nucleolus chloroplasts the Golgi apparatus

the Golgi apparatus

What does "adaptation" mean in an evolutionary context? the way an individual's body adjusts to its environment the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time the ability of organisms to alter their appearance under changing environmental conditions all of the above

the accumulation of favorable variations in a population over time

What is the basis of Mendel's laws? the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I and prophase II of meiosis the behavior of chromosomes during mitotic anaphase the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis the behavior of chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis only

the behavior of chromosomes during metaphase I and anaphase I of meiosis

What is energy? the capacity to cause movement the capacity to cause change a measure of calories a measure of disorder

the capacity to cause change

Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that in anaphase II ________ and in mitotic anaphase ________. crossing over occurs... crossing over does not occur the cells are diploid... the cells are haploid the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate... the cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell and sister chromatids separate chromosomes line up double file in the middle of the cell... chromosomes line up single file in the middle of the cell

the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate... the cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell and sister chromatids separate

The second stage of aerobic respiration is ______. the citric acid cycle lactic acid fermentation ATP production glycolysis

the citric acid cycle

Which of the following is an adaptation to increase the surface area of a part of a cell that is involved in cellular respiration? the grana of a chloroplast the endoplasmic reticulum the outer membrane of a chloroplast the cristae of a mitochondrion

the cristae of a mitochondrion

Osmosis can be defined as ________. the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane the diffusion of a solute across a selectively permeable membrane active transport across a selectively permeable membrane the diffusion of nonpolar molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Genetic variation is accomplished by all but one of the following. Choose the exception. independent assortment the events of meiosis II crossing over the events of meiosis I

the events of meiosis II

During telophase, ________. the events of prophase are reversed chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell the nuclear envelope breaks up sister chromatids become separate chromosomes

the events of prophase are reversed

Science is ________. the search for truth the inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature an organized set of principles for how to behave ethically and morally all of the above

the inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature

Some friends are trying to make wine in their basement. They've added yeast to a sweet grape juice mixture and have allowed the yeast to grow. After several days they find that sugar levels in the grape juice have dropped, but there's no alcohol in the mixture. The most likely explanation is that ______. the mixture needs less sugar; high sugar concentrations stimulate cellular respiration, and alcohol is not a by-product of cellular respiration the mixture needs more sugar; yeast need a lot of energy before they can begin to produce alcohol the mixture needs more oxygen; yeast need oxygen to break down sugar to produce alcohol the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen

the mixture needs less oxygen; yeast only produce alcohol in the absence of oxygen

In cellular respiration, most ATP is produced directly as a result of ______. the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane fermentation the electron transport chain the citric acid cycle

the movement of hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane

A child is born with a rare disease in which mitochondria are missing from certain skeletal muscle cells. Physicians find that the muscle cells function. Not surprisingly, they also find that ______. the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise the muscles require extremely high levels of oxygen to function the muscle cells cannot split glucose to pyruvic acid the muscles contain large amounts of carbon dioxide following even mild physical exercise

the muscles contain large amounts of lactic acid following even mild physical exercise

Antibiotic resistance evolves in bacteria when ________. the antibiotics create resistance genes in bacteria farmers do not use enough antibiotics in animal feed the presence of antibiotics favors bacteria that already have genes for resistance none of the above

the presence of antibiotics favors bacteria that already have genes for resistance

The absence of a terminator in transcription will result in ________. the creation of a virus the production of a shorter RNA molecule the production of a longer RNA molecule a strand of mRNA that lacks its cap and tail

the production of a longer RNA molecule

If placed in tap water, an animal cell will undergo lysis, whereas a plant cell will not. What accounts for this difference? the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall the relative impermeability of the plant cell wall to water the relative impermeability of the plant cell membrane to water expulsion of water by the plant cell's central vacuole

the relative inelasticity and strength of the plant cell wall

What is biology? the scientific study of ecosystems the scientific study of life the scientific study of DNA the scientific study of the environment

the scientific study of life

The ultimate source of the energy in food is ________. consumers ATP producers the sun

the sun

The color that we see when looking at a pigmented object is ________. the wavelengths that the pigmented object created after interacting with sunlight the wavelengths that are absorbed by the pigmented object the wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object the wavelengths that have been raised to an excited state by the pigmented object

the wavelengths that are reflected or transmitted by the pigmented object

How many nucleotides make up a codon? four five two three

three

In photosynthesis, an H+ ion gradient forms across the ________. thylakoid membrane endomembrane inner chloroplast membrane outer chloroplast membrane

thylakoid membrane

Where are photosystems located? mitochondria stroma chlorophyll thylakoid membrane

thylakoid membrane

What name is given to the membranous sacs found within a chloroplast? mitochondria stroma vesicles thylakoids

thylakoids

Within the inner membrane of a chloroplast, interconnected sacs of membrane called ________ are suspended in a thick fluid called the ________. chlorophyll... thylakoid thylakoids... grana grana... thylakoid thylakoids... stroma

thylakoids... stroma

Thymine and cytosine differ from adenine and guanine in that ________. thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are only found in RNA thymine and cytosine are only found in DNA, whereas adenine and guanine are found in both DNA and RNA thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures thymine and cytosine are larger nitrogenous bases

thymine and cytosine are single-ring structures, whereas adenine and guanine are double-ring structures

DNA nucleotides include ________. thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine thymine, uracil, adenine, and cytosine uracil, guanine, adenine, and cytosine thymine, guanine, adenine, and uracil

thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine

In a DNA double helix, adenine pairs with ________ and guanine pairs with ________. guanine... adenine uracil... cytosine cytosine... thymine thymine... cytosine

thymine... cytosine

What is one reason why plants have accessory pigment molecules, like chlorophyll b and carotenoids? to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll a cannot because plants cannot make enough chlorophyll a for all of their energy needs to give them different colors to reflect more energy

to absorb energy in parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that chlorophyll a cannot

Facilitated diffusion across a biological membrane requires ________ and moves a substance ________ its concentration gradient. energy and transport proteins... against energy... down transport proteins... against transport proteins... down

transport proteins... down

What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgi apparatus? transport vesicles nucleolus central vacuole transport proteins

transport vesicles

The mitotic cell cycle results in the production of ________. two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information four cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information four cells, each with the same amount of genetic material but with different genetic information

two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information

Upon completion of telophase I and cytokinesis, there is(are) ______ cell(s). two diploid four haploid two haploid one diploid

two haploid

By definition, what type of fatty acid has double bonds? triglyceride unsaturated saturated steroid

unsaturated

RNA contains the nitrogenous base ________ instead of ________, which is found only in DNA. thymine... uracil uracil... thymine a deoxyribose sugar... a ribose sugar uracil... guanine

uracil... thymine

Photosynthetic organisms like grass are able to ________. use substances in the air as a major source of carbon. make all of their organic matter from organic molecules in the soil. convert light energy to chemical energy in mitochondria use water they take in through their leaves as a final electron acceptor.

use substances in the air as a major source of carbon.

How can bacteriophage DNA be spread from cell to cell without causing cell death? via a lysogenic cycle by changing the length of its DNA molecules by altering the way a cell splices its RNA via a lytic cycle

via a lysogenic cycle

The waste products of cellular respiration include ________. water and glucose water only water and carbon dioxide carbon dioxide only

water and carbon dioxide

The ________ is most commonly found in nature. parental type wild-type trait dominant trait recessive trait

wild-type trait